Answers for Concept 1: What is a Force?

1. What is the unit of force?

Answer: Newton (N).

2. Describe how forces are generated from the interaction

between two objects.
Answer: Forces are generated when two objects interact. They can
be seen as pushes or pulls.

3. Give a key stage 2 definition for a force.

Answer: A force is a push or pull that can change an object's speed,
direction, or shape.

4. Give 3 examples of forces.

Answer:

o Gravity

o Friction

o Air resistance

5. Why are forces useful?

Answer: Forces are useful because they help objects start moving,
change speed, change direction, or stop moving.

6. What do we measure forces in?

Answer: Forces are measured in Newtons (N).

7. What instrument can be used to measure the size of a force?

Answer: A force meter (Newton meter).

8. How are forces represented on diagrams?

Answer: Forces are represented by arrows that show the size and
direction of the force.

Let me continue to the next part: Momentum and Balanced Forces.

Key Idea: Momentum

1. Which tennis ball is the hardest to stop?

Answer: B - Harder to stop ball 2.

2. How would you explain your answer?

Answer: C - It has more force.

Question: Shopping Trolleys

1. Which shopping trolley is harder to push around a corner?
Answer: A - Harder to turn trolley 1.

2. How would you explain your answer?

Answer: C - It weighs more.

Force or Momentum?

1. Hitting a rounders ball:

 Momentum: The ball has high momentum after being hit.

 Force: James had to use a lot of force to stop the ball.

2. Riding a shopping trolley:

 Momentum: Jane needed a lot of momentum to make the heavy

trolley move.

 Force: She used a lot of force to stop the trolley.

I’ll continue to the next section: Balanced Forces and Resultant

Forces.

Concept 2: Balanced Forces

1. What is the motion of the car if all forces are balanced?

Answer: The car will either remain stationary or move at a constant
speed.

2. Name a force that may act on a swimmer.

Answer: Water resistance.

3. If a runner wants to increase their speed (accelerate), what

must they do in terms of the forces acting on them?
Answer: The runner must increase the forward force or reduce opposing
forces like air resistance.

4. How do we represent forces on diagrams?

Answer: By using arrows to indicate the size and direction of the forces.

5. What name is given to the size of a force?

Answer: Magnitude.

I'll now move to Resultant Forces.

Concept 3: Resultant Forces

1. Can you ever have a single force acting alone on an object?
Answer: No, forces always come in pairs due to interactions between
objects.

2. State two ways you could change the forces on an object to

make it accelerate.
Answer:

 Increase the driving force (e.g., thrust).

 Decrease the opposing forces (e.g., friction or air resistance).

3. What can be done to reduce the force of friction?

Answer: Use a lubricant like oil or ball bearings to reduce friction
between surfaces.

4. If you stand on the floor, what force acts against your weight?
Answer: Reaction force (normal force).

5. Are forces scalar or vector quantities?

Answer: Forces are vector quantities because they have both magnitude
and direction.

Let me now work on Non-Contact and Contact Forces next.

Concept 4: Non-Contact and Contact Forces

1. How do we represent forces on diagrams?

Answer: By drawing arrows that show the direction and size (magnitude)
of the force.

2. What are the units of force?

Answer: Newtons (N).

3. What do we call the overall forces on an object?

Answer: Resultant force.

4. What happens to an object that has a non-zero resultant force?

Answer: It will accelerate in the direction of the resultant force.

5. What word would describe the motion of an object with a 0N

resultant force?
Answer: The object will either be stationary or move at a constant speed.

6. What does the term ‘contact’ mean?

Answer: Contact means that two objects must touch each other for the
force to act.
Categorizing Forces:

Non-Contact Contact
Forces Forces

Gravity Friction

Magnetic force Air resistance

Electrostatic force Tension

I'll continue with the Extended Writing Task on falling objects next.

Extended Writing Task: Forces on a Falling Object

Describe the forces acting on an object as it falls from a great

height. How do these forces affect its velocity?

1. At the start of the fall:

o The force of gravity (weight) is stronger than air resistance.

o The object accelerates downwards.

2. As the object accelerates:

o Air resistance increases as the speed of the object increases.

o The object does not accelerate as quickly.

3. Eventually:

o Air resistance becomes equal to the force of gravity.

o The forces are balanced, and the object falls at a constant

speed.

o This constant speed is called terminal velocity.

Next, I'll handle the Forces on Objects section.

Forces on Objects

The Forces on a Falling Raindrop:

1. Name Force 1:
Gravity (Weight)

2. Name Force 2:
Air Resistance

3. Which way does the resultant force point?

Downwards
 4. Describe the motion of the raindrop:
The raindrop accelerates at first. Eventually, air resistance balances
gravity, and it falls at a constant speed (terminal velocity).

The Forces on a Crate Being Pushed Across a Floor:

1. Name Forces 1, 2, 3, and 4:

o Force 1: Thrust (pushing force)

o Force 2: Friction (opposes movement)

o Force 3: Weight (gravity pulling down)

o Force 4: Reaction force (normal force from the floor)

2. Which way does the resultant force point?

In the direction of thrust (forwards)

3. Describe the motion of the crate:

The crate accelerates in the direction of the resultant force.

I'll now proceed with Resultant Forces and Calculations.

Calculating Resultant Forces

1. What is the resultant force on a bicycle if the forward force

is 60N and the backward force is 15N?
Answer:
Resultant force = 60N - 15N = 45N forward.

2. What is the resultant force on a bicycle if two forward forces

of 40N and 10N are acting?
Answer:
Resultant force = 40N + 10N = 50N forward.

Balanced vs. Unbalanced Forces

1. If forces are balanced, the object will either:

o Stay at rest

o Move at a constant speed

2. If forces are unbalanced, the object will:

o Accelerate in the direction of the resultant force

Next, I'll cover Force Diagrams and Tug of War Questions.

Force Diagrams and Tug of War Questions

1. Which tug of war has the biggest resultant force?

✅ A - Tug of War A

2. How would you explain your answer?

✅ C - Carl and David have the biggest difference in force.

Key Points:

 Balanced Forces:
When forces acting on an object are equal and opposite, the object
stays at rest or moves at a constant speed.

 Unbalanced Forces:
When the forces on an object are not equal, the object accelerates
in the direction of the resultant force.

Questions on Resultant Forces:

1. A car is moving with a forward force of 50N and an air

resistance of 30N. What is the resultant force?
Answer:
Resultant force = 50N - 30N = 20N forward.

2. A box is pushed with a force of 20N to the right and 15N to

the left. What is the resultant force?
Answer:
Resultant force = 20N - 15N = 5N to the right.

I’ll now proceed with the Speed and Calculations section.

Concept 5: Speed and Calculations

Core Speed Questions:

1. What is the equation to calculate speed?

Answer:
Speed = Distance ÷ Time
 2. What are the SI units of distance?
Answer:
Metres (m)

3. What are the SI units of time?

Answer:
Seconds (s)

4. What are the SI units of speed?

Answer:
Metres per second (m/s)

5. Rearrange the speed equation to make distance the subject.

Answer:
Distance = Speed × Time

6. Rearrange the speed equation to make time the subject.

Answer:
Time = Distance ÷ Speed

Common Speeds:

1. Walking pace: 1.4 m/s

2. Car in a built-up area: 10.5 m/s

3. Car on a motorway: 31 m/s

4. Sound in air: 330 m/s

5. Light in a vacuum: 300,000,000 m/s

I’ll now solve a few speed calculation examples.

Speed Calculation Examples:

1. A train travels 440m in 8 seconds. How fast is the train

travelling?
Answer:
Speed = Distance ÷ Time
Speed = 440m ÷ 8s = 55 m/s

2. A driver on the motorway looks away from the road for 2

seconds and travels 62m during that time. How fast was the
car going?
Answer:
 Speed = Distance ÷ Time
Speed = 62m ÷ 2s = 31 m/s

3. A ferry covers 72m in 4 seconds. Show that its speed is less

than the speed of the train in question 1.
Answer:
Speed = Distance ÷ Time
Speed = 72m ÷ 4s = 18 m/s
The train’s speed was 55 m/s, which is faster than 18 m/s.

Next, I'll cover Distance-Time Graphs and the Speed Triangle.

Distance-Time Graphs & Speed Triangle

1. Draw the equation triangle for speed:

scss

Copy code

Distance (d)

-------------------

Speed (s) × Time (t)

Use this triangle to rearrange the formula as needed:

 Speed = Distance ÷ Time

 Distance = Speed × Time

 Time = Distance ÷ Speed

Distance-Time Graphs Explanation:

1. What does a straight, sloping line on a distance-time graph

show?
Answer: Constant speed.

2. What does a flat line on a distance-time graph represent?

Answer: The object is stationary.

3. What does a steeper slope on a distance-time graph

indicate?
Answer: The object is moving faster.

Example Questions:
 1. If someone cycles at 6 m/s for 12 metres, how long would it
take them to get there?
Answer:
Time = Distance ÷ Speed
Time = 12m ÷ 6m/s = 2 seconds

2. If a car travels at 250 m/s for 30 seconds, how far did it

travel?
Answer:
Distance = Speed × Time
Distance = 250m/s × 30s = 7,500 metres (7.5 km)

Next up: Scalar and Vector Quantities.

Concept 9: Scalar and Vector Quantities

1. What is a scalar quantity? Give an example.

Answer:
A scalar quantity has only magnitude (size).
Example: Speed, mass, temperature.

2. What is a vector quantity? Give an example.

Answer:
A vector quantity has both magnitude and direction.
Example: Velocity, acceleration, force.

Examples: Scalar or Vector?

1. The football player was running 10 miles an hour towards

the goal.
Answer: Vector (because it includes direction).

2. The temperature of the room was 15 degrees Celsius.

Answer: Scalar (it only has magnitude).

3. The car accelerated north at a rate of 4 m/s².

Answer: Vector (it has both magnitude and direction).

Next, I'll move on to Force Diagrams and Representing Forces.

Force Diagrams and Representing Forces

Key Points: How are forces represented?

  Arrows show the size (magnitude) and direction of forces.

 The length of the arrow represents the size of the force.

 The direction of the arrow shows the direction in which the force
is acting.

Free-Body Diagrams:

1. What do the arrows on a force diagram show?

Answer:

o The size of the force.

o The direction of the force.

2. What two things can happen if forces are unbalanced?

Answer:

o The object will accelerate (speed up).

o The object will change direction.

Balanced vs. Unbalanced Forces (Summary):

Scenario Forces Motion

Forces are Constant speed or

Equal
balanced stationary

Forces are Not Acceleration or change in

unbalanced equal motion

Contact and Non-Contact Forces

Contact Forces:

These forces occur when two objects are physically touching.

Examples of Contact Forces:

1. Friction

2. Air resistance

3. Tension

4. Reaction force
Non-Contact Forces:

These forces act at a distance without physical contact.

Examples of Non-Contact Forces:

1. Gravity

2. Magnetic force

3. Electrostatic force

Assessment Task: Describing a Pair of Forces (Push & Reaction)

1. Force A is the force of the table on my hand.

✅ Correct. The table pushes back on the hand with an equal and
opposite force.

2. The force the table pushes on my hand is in the opposite

direction to the force I push the table with.
✅ Correct. Forces act in opposite directions.

3. If I push harder, the table pushes harder on my hand.

✅ Correct. Forces are equal in size according to Newton’s third law.

4. The force the table pushes on my hand is the same size as

the force I push on the table.
✅ Correct. Action and reaction forces are always equal.

Next, I'll move on to Calculating Speed and Rearranging Equations.

Concept 8: Rearranging the Speed Equation

Speed Equation Recap:

 Speed = Distance ÷ Time

 Rearrange to find distance:

Distance = Speed × Time

 Rearrange to find time:

Time = Distance ÷ Speed

Example Questions:

1. An object travels 45m in 12s. What is its speed?

Answer:
 Speed = Distance ÷ Time
Speed = 45m ÷ 12s = 3.75 m/s

2. A ball travels at 2m/s. How long does it take to travel 32m?

Answer:
Time = Distance ÷ Speed
Time = 32m ÷ 2m/s = 16 seconds

3. A train travelling at 40m/s sounds its horn for 3.5 seconds.

How far does it travel during that time?
Answer:
Distance = Speed × Time
Distance = 40m/s × 3.5s = 140 metres

4. A teenager walks toward school at 0.15m/s. If they are 12m

away, how long will it take them to reach the school gate?
Answer:
Time = Distance ÷ Speed
Time = 12m ÷ 0.15m/s = 80 seconds

I’ll now move to Vector vs. Scalar Quantities and Terminal Velocity
concepts.

Concept 9: Scalar and Vector Quantities

Definitions:

 Scalar Quantity:
A quantity with magnitude only.
Examples: Speed, mass, temperature, time.

 Vector Quantity:
A quantity with magnitude and direction.
Examples: Velocity, acceleration, force.

Examples: Scalar or Vector?

1. Speed:
Scalar (It has magnitude only).

2. Velocity:
Vector (It includes direction).

3. Mass:
Scalar (It has magnitude only).
 4. Force:
Vector (It has both magnitude and direction).

Terminal Velocity Explanation:

1. At the start of a fall:

Gravity is stronger than air resistance, so the object accelerates.

2. During the fall:

As speed increases, air resistance increases until it balances the
force of gravity.

3. At terminal velocity:
The forces are balanced, and the object falls at a constant speed.

Next, I’ll cover Distance-Time Graphs and Common Speed

Calculations.

Distance-Time Graphs & Speed Calculations

Key Concepts:

1. What does a straight, sloping line on a distance-time graph

show?
Answer: Constant speed.

2. What does a flat line on a distance-time graph represent?

Answer: The object is stationary.

3. What does a steeper slope on a distance-time graph

indicate?
Answer: The object is moving faster.

Example Speed Calculations:

1. A train travels 150m in 50 seconds. What is its speed?

Answer:
Speed = Distance ÷ Time
Speed = 150m ÷ 50s = 3 m/s

2. A cyclist covers 72m in 12 seconds. How fast is the cyclist

going?
Answer:
Speed = Distance ÷ Time
Speed = 72m ÷ 12s = 6 m/s
 3. A car travels at 25 m/s for 20 seconds. How far does it
travel?
Answer:
Distance = Speed × Time
Distance = 25m/s × 20s = 500 metres

I’ll now move on to Forces Acting on Moving Objects and Balanced

vs. Unbalanced Forces.

Forces Acting on Moving Objects

Forces on a Falling Object (Raindrop Example):

1. Name Force 1:
Gravity (Weight)

2. Name Force 2:
Air Resistance

3. Which way does the resultant force point?

Downwards (in the direction of gravity)

4. Describe the motion of the raindrop:

The raindrop accelerates at first. Eventually, air resistance balances
gravity, and it falls at a constant speed, known as terminal
velocity.

Balanced vs. Unbalanced Forces (Recap):

Forces Effect on Motion

Object remains stationary or moves at a

Balanced Forces
constant speed.

Unbalanced
Object accelerates or changes direction.
Forces

Example: Balanced or Unbalanced?

1. A car is being driven with equal forward and backward

forces of 100N each.
Answer: Balanced — the car will move at a constant speed.

2. A person is pushing a box with a forward force of 50N, while

friction opposes with 30N.
 Answer: Unbalanced — the box will accelerate in the direction of
the forward force

Momentum and Tug-of-War Scenarios

Key Idea: Momentum

 Momentum is the product of an object's mass and velocity.

 An object with greater momentum is harder to stop.

Tennis Ball Question:

1. Which tennis ball is the hardest to stop?

✅ B - Harder to stop ball 2.

2. How would you explain your answer?

✅ C - It has more force.

Shopping Trolley Question:

1. Which shopping trolley is harder to push around a corner?

✅ A - Harder to turn trolley 1.

2. How would you explain your answer?

✅ C - It weighs more.

Tug-of-War Question:

1. Which tug of war has the biggest resultant force?

✅ A - Tug of War A.

2. How would you explain your answer?

✅ C - Carl and David have the biggest difference in force.

Momentum Example (Rounders Ball):

1. John hit the ball with a lot of ________.

Answer: Momentum

2. The ball flew through the air with so much ________ that
James found it hard to stop.
Answer: Momentum

3. James had to use a lot of ________ to stop the ball.

Answer: Force
Next, I'll cover Force and Motion Scenarios.

Force and Motion Scenarios

Scenario 1: Hitting a Rounders Ball

1. John hit the rounders ball with a lot of momentum.

2. It flew through the air with so much momentum that James

found it hard to stop.

3. James had to use a lot of force to stop it.

Scenario 2: Riding a Shopping Trolley

1. Jane needed a lot of force to make the heavy trolley move.

2. It was hard to stop because it had a lot of momentum.

3. She needed a lot of force to stop it.

Balanced or Unbalanced Forces:

1. A cyclist is pedaling steadily on a flat road.

Answer: Balanced — The cyclist moves at a constant speed.

2. A plane is accelerating during takeoff.

Answer: Unbalanced — The thrust force is greater than the
opposing forces.

Key Concept:

 Balanced forces = No change in motion (constant speed or

stationary).

 Unbalanced forces = Change in motion (acceleration or

deceleration).