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The document provides an overview of the modern periodic table, detailing the classification of elements into groups and periods, as well as the properties of metals, nonmetals, and metalloids. It explains the concepts of molecules and ions, including the differences between cations and anions, and outlines the naming conventions for ionic and molecular compounds, acids, and bases. Additionally, it discusses hydrated compounds and their formulas.

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15 views30 pages

gen chem

The document provides an overview of the modern periodic table, detailing the classification of elements into groups and periods, as well as the properties of metals, nonmetals, and metalloids. It explains the concepts of molecules and ions, including the differences between cations and anions, and outlines the naming conventions for ionic and molecular compounds, acids, and bases. Additionally, it discusses hydrated compounds and their formulas.

Uploaded by

unicaeli2020
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Atoms, Molecules and Ions

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
The Modern Periodic Table
Alkali Earth Metal
Alkali Metal

Noble Gas
Group

Halogen
Period

½ of elements discovered between (1800-1900)


Only noble gases exist as single atoms called monoatomic
2
Group : similar chemical properties Period : increasing Z
metals metalloids nonmetals

Metals -good conductors of heat and electricity


-occupy most of the table

Nonmetals -not good conductors of heat and electricity


-only 17 elements

METALLOIDS - INTERMEDIATE BETWEEN META


AND NONMETALS
-ONLY 8 ELEMENTS
Hydrogen Oxide
Hydrogen = H+
H+ O-2 = H2O Hydride = Hˉ
Chlorine = Cl+
Nitrogen Hydride Chloride = Cl-
N3+ H- = NH3
S+2 S-2
O+2 O-2
Sodium Sulfate N+3 N-3
Na+ SO4-2 = Na2SO4

Carbon Hydride
C4+ H- = CH4

4
Molecules and Ions
A molecule is an aggregate of two or more atoms in a
definite arrangement held together by chemical forces

H2 H 2O NH3 CH4
A diatomic molecule contains only two atoms

H2, N2, O2, Br2, I2, HCl, CO


diatomic elements

A polyatomic molecule contains more than two atoms


5
O3, H2O, NH3, CH4
An ion is an atom, or group of atoms, that has a net
positive or negative charge.
cation – ion with a positive charge
If a neutral atom loses one or more electrons
it becomes a cation.

11 protons 11 protons
Na 11 electrons Na +
10 electrons

anion – ion with a negative charge


If a neutral atom gains one or more electrons
it becomes an anion.
17 protons 17 protons
Cl 17 electrons Cl -
18 electrons
6
Barium Cyanide
Ba2+ CN-
Ba(CN)2
Ammonium Chlorite
NH4+ ClO2- = NH4ClO2

Chloride = Cl- Sulfide = S-2 Phosphide = P+3


Chlorite = ClO2- Sulfite = SO3-2 Phosphite = PO3 _3
Chlorate = ClO3- Sulfate = SO4-2 Phosphate = PO4-3
Copper (I) = Cu+1
Copper (II) = Cu+2
Copper (I) Sulfite ; Copper (II) Chlorate
Cu+ SO3-2 = Cu2SO3 ; Cu+2 ClO3- = Cu(ClO3)2
= Cuprous Sulfite Cupric Chlorate
7
Iron (II) = Fe+2 = Ferrous
Iron (III) = Fe+3 = Ferric
Cobalt (II) = Co+2 = Cobaltous
Cobalt (III) = Co+3 = Cobaltic

Iron (II) Nitrate / Ferric Nitrate


Fe+2 NO3_ = Fe(NO3)2

8
A monatomic ion contains only one atom
Na+, Cl-, Ca2+, O2-, Al3+, N3-

A polyatomic ion contains more than one atom


OH-, CN-, NH4+, NO3-

9
Common Ions Shown on the Periodic Table

10
Naming Compound
Ionic Compounds
– Often a metal + nonmetal
– Anion (nonmetal), add “ide” to element name
BaCl2 barium chloride

K 2O potassium oxide

Mg(OH)2 magnesium hydroxide

KNO3 potassium nitrate

11
12
• Transition metal ionic compounds
– indicate charge on metal with Roman numerals

FeCl2 2 Cl- -2 so Fe is +2 iron(II) chloride

FeCl3 3 Cl- -3 so Fe is +3 iron(III) chloride


Cr2S3 3 S-2 -6 so Cr is +3 (6/2) chromium(III) sulfide
13
If transition metals can form more tha one type of
cations we use (–ic ) for higher charge and (-ous )
for lower charge .

FeCl2 iron(II) chloride becomes ferrous chloride

FeCl3 iron(III) chloride becomes ferric chloride

CuCl cupper(I) chloride becomes cupperous chloride

CuCl2 cupper(II) chloride becomes cupperic chloride


15
Molecular compounds
− They are usually composed of nonmetallic elements.
− Many molecular compounds are binary compounds.
− Naming binary molecular compounds is similar to
naming binary ionic compounds.
− We place the name of the first element in the formula
first, and the second element is named by adding
-ide to the root of the element name.

HCl hydrogen chloride


HBr hydrogen bromide
SiC silicon carbide
− If a pair of elements form more
than one compound, use prefixes
to indicate number of each kind of
atom
Notes in naming compounds with
prefixes:
❑The prefix “mono-” may be omitted for
the first element.
For example, PCl3 is named
phosphorus trichloride, not
monophosphorus trichloride.
❑For oxides, the ending “a” in the
prefix is sometimes omitted.
For example, N2O4 may be called
dinitrogen tetroxide rather than
dinitrogen tetraoxide.
N3O6 = Trinitrogen Hexoxide
N4H8 = Tetranitrogen Octahydride
C2H7 = Dicarbon Heptahydride

18
Name the following compounds?
HI hydrogen iodide

NF3 nitrogen trifluoride

SO2 sulfur dioxide

N2Cl4 dinitrogen tetrachloride

NO2 nitrogen dioxide

N2O dinitrogen monoxide


19
Acids
❑ An acid can be defined as a substance that yields
+
hydrogen ions (H ) when dissolved in water.
For example: HCl gas and HCl in water

❑ Pure substance, hydrogen chloride

+ −
❑ Dissolved in water (H3O and Cl ),
hydrochloric acid

❑ Anions whose names end in “-ide” form acids with a


“hydro-” prefix and an “-ic” ending.

HCl hydrogen chloride


HCl hydrochloric acid
Some Examples of acids
Naming Oxoacids and Oxoanions
An oxoacid is an acid that contains hydrogen, oxygen, and
another element.
nitric acid carbonic acid phosphoric acid

The formulas of oxoacids are usually written with the H first,


followed by the central element and then O.

H2CO3 (carbonic acid), HClO3 (chloric acid),


HNO3 (nitric acid), H3PO4 (phosphoric acid), H2SO4
(sulfuric acid) 22
Two or more oxoacids have the same central atom but a
different number of O atoms; the following rules to name
these compounds.
1. Addition of one O atom to the “-ic” acid: The acid is
called “per . . -ic” acid. ( --ate)
HClO3 chloric acid
HClO4 perchloric acid
2. Removal of one O atom from the “-ic” acid: The acid is
called “-ous” acid. ( --ite)

HNO3 nitric acid


HNO2 nitrous acid
3. Removal of two O atoms from the “-ic” acid: The acid is
called “hypo . . . -ous” acid.
HBrO3 Bromic acid
HBrO hypobromous acid.
o The rules for naming oxoanions, anions of oxoacids,
are as follows:
1. When all the H ions are removed from the “-ic” acid, the
anion’s name ends with “-ate.”
2. When all the H ions are removed from the “-ous” acid,
the anion’s name ends with “-ite.”
3. The names of anions in which one or more but not all the
hydrogen ions have been removed must indicate the
number of H ions present.
For example:
– H3PO4 phosphoric acid
– H2PO4- dihydrogen phosphate
– HPO4 2- hydrogen phosphate
– PO43- phosphate
parent acid for all halogenic acids is
HXO3 Halogenicic acid
26
Bases
A base can be defined as a substance that yields hydroxide
ions (OH-) when dissolved in water.

NaOH sodium hydroxide

KOH potassium hydroxide

Ba(OH)2 barium hydroxide

27
Hydrated compounds
Hydrates are compounds that have a specific number
of water molecules attached to them.

BaCl2•2H2O barium chloride dihydrate


LiCl•H2O lithium chloride monohydrate
MgSO4•7H2O magnesium sulfate heptahydrate
Sr(NO3)2 •4H2O strontium nitrate tetrahydrate

CuSO4•5H2O CuSO4

28
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END…

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