History — Chapter 6: The Age of the

Multiple Choice QUESTIONs

QUESTION 1
Which of the following is true according to the Chinese traveller, Fa-hien?
1. Though people were prosperous, they led simple lives
2. Though people were poor, they led extravagant lives
3. People were rich and extravagant
4. Though the cities were flourishing, people were poor
ANSWER
Though people were prosperous, they led simple lives
QUESTION 2 According to Fa-hien which of the following was a major city in
the Gupta
empire?
1. Rajagriha 2. Vaishali 3. Patliputra 4. Mathura ANSWER Patliputra
QUESTION 3
The Prayaga Prashasti was composed by ............... in honour of ............... .
1. Fa-hien, Chandragupta II 2. Harisena, Samudragupta
3. Harisena, Chandragupta II 4. Fa-hien, Chandragupta I
ANSWER
Harisena, Samudragupta
QUESTION 4
Who was the first independent king with the little of 'Maharajadhiraja' or 'the
king of kings'?
1. Chandragupta I 2. Chandragupta II
3. Samudragupta 4. Srigupta
ANSWER Chandragupta I
QUESTION 5
How did Samudragupta or the Napoleon of India rule the southern
kingdoms?
1. He kept the kingdoms under his direct control.
2. He allowed the defeated rulers to rule their kingdoms.
3. The defeated rulers paid tribute and attended Samudragupta's court.
4. All of the above
ANSWER
He allowed the defeated rulers to rule their kingdoms.
QUESTION 6
Which of the following is incorrect
1. Vikramaditya : Sakari 2. Chandragupta II : Vikramaditya
3. Chandragupta I : Maharajadhiraja 4. Samudragupta : Sakari
ANSWER Samudragupta : Sakari
QUESTION 7
Who is represented as slaying a lion on some coins with the legend Simha-
Vikrama?
1. Chandragupta I 2. Chandragupta II 3. Samudragupta 4. Rudrasena II
ANSWER Chandragupta II
QUESTION 8
Which of the following is incorrect?
1. Bhukti : Uparika 2. Vishaya: Vishayapati
3. Vithis : Vithipala 4. Janapadas: Purapala
ANSWER Vithis : Vithipala
Select Correct Relationship
QUESTION 1
(A) Fa-hein made careful unbiased observations about conditions during the
Gupta period.
(B) According to him, the Gupta Empire was prosperous and governed by
enlightened principles.
1. (B) contradicts (A) 2. (B) is the reason for (A)
3. (A) is true but (B) is false. 4. (A) and (B) are independent of each other.
ANSWER (B) is the reason for (A)
Explanation — The Gupta Empire was indeed prosperous and governed by
enlightened principles. Fa-hein’s unbiased observations about the Gupta
period could have been influenced by the prosperity and enlightened
principles of the Gupta Empire
QUESTION 2
(A) Samudragupta uprooted the nine rulers of Aryavrata and made their
kingdoms a part of his empire.
(B) Samudragupta defeated the twelve rulers of Dakshinapatha and annexed
their kingdoms.
1. (B) contradicts (A) 2. (B) is the reason for (A)
3. (A) is true but (B) is false. 4. (A) and (B) are independent of each other.
ANSWER
(A) is true but (B) is false.
Explanation — Samudragupta defeated the twelve rulers of Dakshinapatha
but did not annex their kingdoms. When they surrendered, they were
liberated and allowed to rule again over their kingdoms.
QUESTION 3
(A) Unlike the Mauryan Empire, the Gupta administration was decentralised
in nature.
(B) Local kings and smaller chiefs ruled a large part of the Gupta empire.
1. (B) contradicts (A) 2. (B) is the reason for (A)
3. (A) is true but (B) is false. 4. (A) and (B) are independent of each other.
ANSWER (B) is the reason for (A)
Explanation — The Gupta administration was decentralised in nature, which
is explained by the fact that local kings and smaller chiefs ruled a large part
of the Gupta empire.
QUESTION 4
(A) Unlike the earlier phase in history, the Gupta temples were not made of
perishable material.
(B) The Gupta period marked the beginning of writing of important works like
the Puranas.
1. (B) contradicts (A) 2. (B) is the reason for (A)
3. (A) is true but (B) is false. 4. (A) and (B) are independent of each other.
ANSWER (A) and (B) are independent of each other.
Explanation — The Gupta period marks the beginning of the writing of the
literature known as Puranas. These texts refer to the stories about the Hindu
gods.
 Short ANSWER QUESTIONs
QUESTION 1
Who was Fa-hien? What did he say about India?
ANSWER : Fa-hien was a Chinese pilgrim who visited India on a religious
mission during
the reign of Chandragupta II. He made careful unbiased observations about
the conditions at that time.
Fa-hien gave following accounts about India:
1. Magadha was a prosperous country with large towns and wealthy
population.
2. Pataliputra was a flourishing city with numerous charitable institutions
including a hospital.
3. People led a simple life, observing the Buddhist rules of conduct even
though they were wealthy.
4. Vaishnavism, Shaivism, Buddhism and Jainism were main religions.
People had no ill-will towards other sects.
5. Hindu Gods and Goddesses were depicted on coins and also in sculptures
and paintings.
6. The penal code was mild and the offences were ordinarily punished by
fines only.
QUESTION 2
Who was the ruler when Fa-hien visited India? Name the three places of
pilgrimage that Fa-hien visited in India.
ANSWER Chandragupta II was the ruler when Fa-hien visited India.
The three places of pilgrimage that Fa-hien visited in India were:
1. Mathura 2. Kannauj 3. Kapilavastu
QUESTION 3
Name two dramas written by Kalidasa.
ANSWER
Two dramas written by Kalidasa were: 1. Abhijnanashakuntalam 2.
Malavikagnimitram
QUESTION 4
Why is the Gupta period known as the Golden Age of Indian culture?
ANSWER The Gupta period is known as the Golden Age of Indian culture
because of
the high level of civilisation and culture of this period. Along with the revival
of Hinduism, the power of creativity was unleashed in the fields of education,
literature, arts, architecture and science. This period also saw the extension
of this influence beyond India's frontiers.
QUESTION 5
How was Samudragupta a bold and great conquerer?
ANSWER Samudragupta was a bold and great conquerer as he defeated all the
rulers
of his time and extended his empire from Brahmaputra in east to rivers
Yamuna and Chambal in the west and from Himalayas in the north to
Narmada in south. It is because of his bravery and generalship that he is
known as 'Napoleon of India'. During his famous Deccan campaign he
covered more than 3000 miles through dense forests. Though he defeated
many powerful rulers, he did not annex southern territories. He made the
 southern kings accept his authority and allowed them to rule.
QUESTION 6
Name the famous university that existed during the Gupta period. In which
present day state is it?
ANSWER The famous university that existed during the Gupta period was
Nalanda University. It is presently located at Nalanda in Rajagriha in Bihar.
QUESTION 7
Name any two titles adopted by the Gupta rulers.
ANSWER
Two titles adopted by the Gupta rulers were:
1. Parameshvara 2. Maharajadhiraja
QUESTION 8
During the Gupta period name the officer who (i) collected toll tax; and (ii) the
one who was incharge of a province or bhukti.
ANSWER
1. The officer who collected toll taxes was Shaulkika.
2. The officer who was incharge of a province or bhukti was Uparika.
QUESTION 9
Name any two famous literary figures of the Gupta Age.
ANSWER
Two literary figures of the Gupta Age were:
1. Kalidasa 2. Harisena
QUESTION 10
What contribution did Aryabhatta make in the field of science?
ANSWER
Aryabhatta was a great astronomer and mathematician. The main
contributions he made in the field of science are:
1. He said that the earth moves around the sun.
2. He discovered the rule for finding the area of a triangle.
3. He calculated the exact value of pi which was equal to 3.1416. The credit
for development of trigonometry should actually go to him.
4. In his work Surya Siddhanta, he explained the exact causes of solar and
lunar eclipses.
5. He was well acquainted with the decimal system and use of 'zero'.
Structured QUESTIONs
QUESTION 1
With reference to the sources of information about the Gupta Age, write
short notes on the following:
(a) Accounts of Fa-hien (b) The Allahabad Pillar Inscription
(c) Nalanda University
ANSWER
(a) Accounts of Fa-hien — Fa-hien was the earliest Chinese pilgrim who
visited India on a religious mission during the reign of Chandragupta II.
During his stay in India, he went to Mathura, Kannauj, Kapilavastu,
Kushinagar, Vaishali, Pataliputra, Kashi and Rajagriha. He gave unbiased
details of that period. He gave following accounts:
1. According to him, Magadha was a prosperous country with large towns.
2. Pataliputra was a flourishing city with numerous charitable institutions
including a hospital.
3. People were wealthy but led simple lives following the Buddhist rule of
conduct.
4. Vaishnavism, Shaivism, Buddhism and Jainism were main religions.
People had no ill-will towards other sects.
5. Hindu Gods and Goddesses were depicted on coins and also in sculptures
and paintings.
6. The penal code was mild and the offences were ordinarily punished by
fines only.
(b) The Allahabad Pillar Inscription — It is one of the important epigraphic
evidences of the Imperial Guptas. It is also known as Prayag Prashasti and is
written in praise of Samudragupta by his court poet Harisena. It describes
the reign of Guptas in ancient India. It provides an impressive list of Kings
and Tribal republics that were conquered by Samudragupta. The inscription
is also important because of the political geography of India that it indicates
by naming the different Kings and people who populated India in the first half
of the 4th century AD.
(c) Nalanda University — It was the most renowned educational institution of
ancient India. It was located at Nalanda in Rajagriha in Bihar. The University
of Nalanda had imposing buildings. There were at least eight colleges built
by different patrons including one by Balaputradeva, King of Sumatra.
According to Hiuen Tsang the whole university area was enclosed by a brick
wall. The Nalanda University provided various facilities to the students for
their studies. There were three great libraries called Ratnasagar, Ratanadadhi
and Ratnaranjak. There were more than 10,000 students and teachers. They
came from Korea, Mangolia, Japan, China, Tibet, Ceylon and various parts of
India. The subjects of study at Nalanda University were all the four Vedas,
logic, grammar, medicine, sankya, yoga, nyaya and the Buddhist works of the
different schools. Nalanda university was a post graduate institution. Only
the most brilliant were admitted to the university through an admission
examination in which hardly 20% students qualified. It was destroyed by
Mohammad-bin-Bakhtiyar Khilji, a general of Mohammad Ghori.
QUESTION 2
With reference to the Age of Guptas,

ANSWER the following QUESTIONs:

(a) Explain the extent of Samudragupta's Empire based on the information
given in the Allahabad Pillar Inscription.
(b) Explain how Chandragupta II expanded his empire.
(c) Briefly mention any four observations of Fa-hien about Chandragupta II's
reign.
ANSWER
(a) According to The Allahabad inscription, the empire of Samudragupta
extended from Brahmaputra in east to rivers Yamuna and Chambal in the
west and from Himalayas in the north to Narmada in south. He further
extended his empire upto the Chambal river by defeating the Naga kings of
Mathura, Gwalior and Ahichhatra.
(b) Chandragupta II expanded his empire by conquering the territories of
Sakas of Malwa, Gujarat and Saurashtra. For this he was given the title
'Sakari'. Chandragupta II entered into matrimonial alliance as a part of
 foreign policy, he married Kuberanaga of the Naga family. The Nagas were a
powerful ruling clan and this matrimonial alliance helped the Gupta ruler in
expanding his empire. The marriage of Chandragupta's daughter, Prabhavati
with Vakataka ruler, Rudrasena II helped him to establish his political
influence in the Deccan.
(c) Four observations of Fa-hien about Chandragupta II's reign were:
1. Magadha was a prosperous country with large towns and wealthy
population.
2. Pataliputra was a flourishing city with numerous charitable institutions
including a charitable hospital.
3. Although people were wealthy yet they led simple lives, observing the
Buddhist rules of conduct.
4. Vaishnavism, Shaivism, Buddhism and Jainism were main religions.
People had no ill-will towards other sects.
QUESTION 3
With reference to the administrative system of the Guptas,
ANSWER the following QUESTIONs:
Ques (a) Explain the position and powers of the king during the Gupta Age.

Ans (a) During the Gupta period, Monarchy was the prevailing form of
government. Theory of the divinity of kings became popular. The Gupta Kings
were compared to different Gods such as Yama, Varuna, Indra, Kubera and
also Vishnu as they were preservers and protectors of the people. They
enjoyed a large number of powers which covered the political, administrative,
military and judicial fields. They were the commanders-in-chief of the army.
The kings appointed all the governors and important military and civil
officers and they all worked under the guidance and control of the king. The
king was the source of all honours and titles. All land in the country was the
property of the king. He could construct dams, give shelter to foreigners,
impose, recover and remit taxes and give justice. All unclaimed property
went into the coffers of the king.
Ques b) Describe briefly the administration of villages during the Gupta period.

Ans (b) The village administration was managed by the village headman. The
small towns or villages were called vithis. Leading local elements
participated in the administration of the village. No land transaction could be
effected without their consent and this may have been also true of other
important affairs. Thus, villages in the Gupta period were managed from
grassroot level.
Ques (c) According to the Allahabad Pillar which kinds of rulers were there?
How
did Samudragupta deal with them?

Ans (c) The Allahabad Pillar Inscription of Samudragupta describes four

different
kinds of rulers and tells us about Samudragupta's policies towards them:
1. The nine rulers of Aryavarta were uprooted and their kingdoms were made
a part of Samudragupta's empire.
2. The twelve rulers of Dakshinapatha (South India), who surrendered to
Samudragupta after being defeated, were liberated and allowed to rule
again over their kingdoms.
3. The inner circle of neighbouring states, including Assam, Coastal Bengal,
Nepal and a number of Gana Sanghas in the north west paid tribute,
followed his orders and attended his court.
4. The rulers of the outlying areas submitted to him and offered their
daughters in marriage.
QUESTION 4
With reference to the picture given alongside,
ANSWER the following:

(a) Identify the temple given in the picture. Where is it located? To which God
is this temple dedicated?
(b) Mention the architectural features of this temple.
(c) Briefly describe the educational institution set up during this period.
ANSWER
(a) The given temple is Dashavatara Temple (also called Vishnu temple). It is
located in Deogarh.
This temple is dedicated to Lord Vishnu, the God of preservation, who is
shown asleep on the coil of the giant serpent called Sheshnaga.
(b) The architectural features of Dashavatara temple are:
1. It was built of stone and bricks on a 1.5 metre high platform.
2. Four stairways outside the platform provide access to the temple.
3. Its exterior is decorated with scenes from Ramayana. The entrance and
pillars were adorned with countless paintings and carvings.
4. It was the first North Indian temple with a Shikhara or tower, although a
part of it has disappeared.
(c) The educational institution set up during this period was Nalanda
University. It was the most renowned educational institution of ancient India.
It was located at Nalanda in Rajagriha in Bihar. The University of Nalanda had
imposing buildings. There were at least eight colleges built by different
patrons including one by Balaputradeva, King of Sumatra. The Nalanda
University provided various facilities like libraries to the students. There were
three great libraries called Ratnasagar, Ratanadadhi and Ratnaranjak. There
were more than 10,000 students and teachers. They came from Korea,
Mangolia, Japan, China, Tibet, Ceylon and various parts of India. The
subjects of Study at Nalanda University were all the four Vedas, logic,
grammar, medicine, sankya, yoga, nyaya and the Buddhist works of the
different schools. Nalanda university was a post graduate institution. Only
the most brilliant were admitted to the university through an admission
examination in which hardly 20% students qualified. It was destroyed by
Mohammad-bin-Bakhtiyar Khilji, a general of Mohammad Ghori.
Thinking Skills
QUESTION 1
Imagine a meeting between Fa-hein and Harisena. Write down the
discussion between them about religion in Gupta period. How would they
had conversed with each other due to the barrier of language the two had?
ANSWER
Fa-hien was the earliest chinese pilgrim who visited India on a religious
mission. He met Harisena, a poet in the court of Samudragupta. Harisena
told him that the Gupta Kings are followers of Hinduism and worship hindu
gods like Vishnu, Lakshmi, Narashimha, Vamana. But there is great religious
tolerance in the society and the main religions that are flourishing are
Buddhism, Jainism, Shaivism. The Gupta kings are great patrons of religion.
They built many temples and supported religious institutions of all kinds.
They also promoted religious tolerance and did not discriminate against any
particular religion. The common people have a great deal of freedom to
practice their religion in their own way.
Fa-hien was a translator. He learned Sanskrit and translated a large number
of Sanskrit Buddhist texts into Chinese. Hence, he would have conversed
with Harisena in Sanskrit overcoming the language barrier.
QUESTION 2
What role did the Gupta Kings play in promoting religion? Do you think that
the religion followed by the rulers gained prominence? Give reasons to
support your ANSWER.
ANSWER
The Gupta king played an important role in promoting Hinduism. They
worshipped Lord Vishnu. They built many temples with remarkable details.
Dashavatara temple is one of them. They followed the culture of Vedic
sacrifices like Ashwamedha Yajna. The Gupta kings remained tolerant
towards other religions. Their main aim was development and growth of
people and not the religion.
Yes, during the reign of the Gupta Kings, Hinduism gained prominence. The
theory of divinity of kings became popular during this period and the Gupta
Kings were compared to different Gods such as Yama, Varuna, Indra, Kubera
and Vishnu. During Gupta period temples were built with elaborate details
which helped in promoting Hinduism. The lack of royal partonage is also
cited as one of the reasons for decline of other religions like Buddhism and
Jainism.

History — Chapter 5: The Sangam Age Aditya krishna

Multiple Choice QUESTIONs
QUESTION 1
The word 'Sangam', literally means:
1. Association 2. Involvement 3. Opposite 4. Kingdom ANSWER Association
QUESTION 2
Titukkural is a collection of Tamil couplets organised into ............... chapters.
1. 134 2. 133 3. 113 4. 143 ANSWER 133
QUESTION 3
What are the box-like structures erected with the stone slabs, resting on each
other without any mortar called?
1. Megaliths 2. Tirukkural 3. Couplets 4. Malaiyar
ANSWER
Megaliths
QUESTION 4
The Tirukkural had three sections, namely
1. Aram, Porul and Inbam 2. Vanavar, Malaiyar and Udiyan
3. Tolkappiyam, Tirukkural and Tiruvalluvar 4. None of the above
 ANSWER Aram, Porul and Inbam
QUESTION 5
How are Megaliths or memorial stones a source of information?
1. Information about religious beliefs 2. Information about tools and
implements
3. Information about life of people 4. All of the above
ANSWER
All of the above
QUESTION 6
Which of the following is not a sobriquet for Chera kings?
1. Vanavar 2. Villavar 3. Malaiyar 4. Udiyan ANSWER Udiyan
QUESTION 7
Which of the following is incorrect?
1. Chera Kingdom : bow and arrow 2. Chola Kingdom : Tiger
3. Pandya kingdom : crocodile 4. Pandya kingdom : fish
ANSWER Pandya kingdom : crocodile
QUESTION 8
The names of the Sangam Chola kingdom indicate
1. Powerful kings 2. Rich water resources
3. Overseas trade 4. All of the above.
ANSWER Rich water resources
QUESTION 9
Karikalan was the most popular Sangam Chola ruler because
1. he was a great warrior and diplomat 2. he fortified his capital making it a
trade-centre
3. he encouraged growth of agriculture and commerce 4. All of the above
ANSWER All of the above
QUESTION 10
The Velirs extended patronage to poets who acted as
1. administrative agents 2. diplomats and caretakers
3. patrons of other arts 4. All of the above
ANSWER All of the above
QUESTION 11
Referring to the Sangam society which of the following is incorrect?
1. Uzhavar : ordinary ploughmen 2. Vellalars : landed aristocrats
3. Adimai : priests 4. Kadasiyar : landless labourers
ANSWER Adimai : priests
Select Correct Relationship
QUESTION 1
(A) Tamil literature comprises five epics, besides the Tirukkural.
(B) Megaliths acted as burial sites or commemorative memorials.
1. (B) contradicts (A) 2. (B) is the reason for (A)
3. (A) is true but (B) is false. 4. (A) and (B) are independent of each other.
ANSWER
(A) and (B) are independent of each other.
Explanation — Megaliths are large stones used in various types of ancient
structures, often as burial sites or commemorative memorials.
QUESTION 2
(A) The capital of the Cheras was Vanji and their chief port was Thondi.
 (B) Their symbol on the flag was tiger.
1. (B) contradicts (A) 2. (B) is the reason for (A) 3. (A) is true but (B) is false.4.
(A) and (B) are independent of each other.
ANSWER (A) is true but (B) is false.
Explanation — The symbol of Cheras on the flag was bow and arrow.
QUESTION 3
(A) The Chola Kingdom was rich in water resources.
(B) The river Kaveri flowed through the Chola Kingdom.
1. (B) contradicts (A) 2. (B) is the reason for (A) 3. (A) is true but (B) is false. 4.
(A) and (B) are independent of each other.
ANSWER (B) is the reason for (A)
Explanation — The Chola Kingdom was rich in water resources because of
river Kaveri. It made the soil fertile.
QUESTION 4
(A) The most popular rulers of the Sangam Cholas was Karikalan, who was a
great warrior.
(B) He not only defeated the Cheras and the Pandya Kings but also a
confederacy of nine princes.
1. (B) contradicts (A) 2. (B) is the reason for (A) 3. (A) is true but (B) is false. 4.
(A) and (B) are independent of each other.
ANSWER (B) is the reason for (A)
Explanation — Karikalan was a great warrior and also a great ruler who
carried out many developmental works in his kingdom.
QUESTION 5
(A) The local chieftains who ruled in different parts of Tamil Nadu were called
Velirs.
(B) They helped to resolve the disputes among the rulers.
1. (B) contradicts (A) 2. (B) is the reason for (A)
3. (A) is true but (B) is false. 4. (A) and (B) are independent of each other.
ANSWER (A) and (B) are independent of each other.
Explanation — In Sangam literature, Velirs are portrayed as independent
chieftains who ruled in bordering areas of the major ruling dynasties. They
helped in settling disputes among the rulers and were also known for
extending patronage to Tamil poets.
QUESTION 6
(A) During the Sangam Age, the Brahmanas were a respectable and learned
community.
(B) They used to serve the kings as priests and astrologers and occasionally
as judicial officers.
1. (B) contradicts (A) 2. (B) is the reason for (A)
3. (A) is true but (B) is false.4. (A) and (B) are independent of each other.
ANSWER
(B) is the reason for (A)
Explanation — Brahmans were indeed respected during Sangam Age as they
were learned man. Even the king used to respect him.
QUESTION 7
(A) During the Sangam Age, the inhabitants of parched zone used to live by
plunder and cattle lifting.
(B) The inhabitants of the hilly areas subsisted on shifting agriculture and
animal husbandry.
1. (B) contradicts (A) 2. (B) is the reason for (A)
3. (A) is true but (B) is false. 4. (A) and (B) are independent of each other.
ANSWER
(A) and (B) are independent of each other.
Explanation — The given two statements discuss different groups of people
living in different geographical areas and their respective ways of life.
QUESTION 8
(A) During the Sangam Age, paddy constituted the most commonly accepted
medium of exchange.
(B) Paddy was sold by mentioning its price in terms of salt.
1. (B) contradicts (A) 2. (B) is the reason for (A)
3. (A) is true but (B) is false. 4. (A) and (B) are independent of each other.
ANSWER
(B) is the reason for (A)
Explanation — Paddy was the most commonly accepted medium of
exchange during the Sangam Age. Paddy was sold by mentioning its price in
terms of salt.
QUESTION 9
(A) There was an extensive trade with the foreign countries during the
Sangam Age.
(B) The gold and silver coins from the Roman Empire found in the interior of
Tamil land indicate the extent of foreign trade.
1. (B) contradicts (A) 2. (B) is the reason for (A)
3. (A) is true but (B) is false. 4. (A) and (B) are independent of each other.
ANSWER
(B) is the reason for (A)
Explanation — The gold and silver coins from the Roman Empire found in the
interior of Tamil land indicate the extent of foreign trade.
QUESTION 10
(A) During the Sangam Age, there were female ascetics belonging to
Buddhist or Join tradition.
(B) The status af women in the Sangam Age was equal to that of men.
1. (B) contradicts (A) 2. (B) is the reason for (A)
3. (A) is true but (B) is false.\ 4. (A) and (B) are independent of each other.
ANSWER
(A) is true but (B) is false.
Explanation — The status af women in the Sangam Age was not equal to
that of men.
Short ANSWER QUESTIONs
QUESTION 1
Who was the author of Tirukkural? Name the three sections into which the
chapters of Tirukkural are categorised.
ANSWER
The author of Tirukkural was Tiruvalluvar, Tamil poet and philosopher.
The three sections into which the chapters of Tirukkural are categorised are:
1. Aaram (Righteousness) 2. Porul (Wealth) 3. Inbam or Kamam (Pleasure)
QUESTION 2
What are Megaliths? Why are they so called?
ANSWER
The Megaliths are box-like structures erected with the stone slabs, resting on
each other without any mortar. Sometimes there was an opening cut into
one of the sides. Some megaliths are seen on surface while some are
underground with stone circles or boulders placed on surface to serve as
signpost to find the burial site.
Megaliths are called so because they are huge stones that acted as either
burial sites or commemorative memorials. They are also known as memorial
stones.
QUESTION 3
Name any four divisions (tinais) mentioned in the Sangam literature.
ANSWER
Four divisions (tinais) mentioned in the Sangam literature are:
1. Backwoods (Kurinji) 2. Parched zones (Palai) 3. Pastoral tract (Mullai)
4. Wet land (Marutam)
QUESTION 4
Who were the Vellalars during the Sangam Age?
ANSWER
The Vellalars were landed aristocrats, who cultivated the wetlands during the
Sangam Age. They had close associations and held high positions of office
with the three main dynasties, Cheras, cholas and Pandyas. They also carried
out trade.
QUESTION 5
Name the main crops grown during the Sangam Period.
ANSWER
The main crops grown during the Sangam Period were rice, cotton, ragi,
sugarcane, pepper, ginger, cardamom, turmeric, cinnamon, different varieties
of fruits etc.
QUESTION 6
Name one centre of cotton trade and the products exported to foreign
countries during the Sangam Age.
ANSWER
Uraiyur was one major centre of cotton trade.
The products exported to foreign countries during the Sangam Age were
Pepper, Ginger, Cardamom, Cinnamon, Turmeric, Ivory products, Pearls and
Precious Stones.
QUESTION 7
Name the social divisions of this period and the occupations associated with
each one of them.
ANSWER
During the Sangam period, society was divided into different social divisions,
each associated with specific occupations:
1. Ruling Class — This was the ruling class, which included kings and
warriors.
2. Brahmins — The Brahmins were priests and scholars, and they occupied
the highest position. They often played the role of Judicial officer.
3. Vaishyas — This group was engaged in trade and commerce. They were
traders and artisans.
4. Vellalars — The Vellalars were primarily engaged in agriculture. They were
landed aristocrats.
5. Tinai groups — They were hunters, gatherers or carried shifting agriculture
or lived on animal husbandry.
Structured QUESTIONs
QUESTION 1
With reference to the picture given alongside, ANSWER the following:
(a) Identify the lady whose statue this picture is. Why was the lady revered?
(b) What was the position of women during the Sangam Age?
(c) What does the Tolkappiyam say about ways of living of the people during
the Sangam age?
(picture)
ANSWER
(a) The lady in the picture is Kannagi.
Kannagi, a legendary Tamil woman is revered for her Chastity and Loyalty.
Kannagi is described as a chaste woman who stays with her husband
Kovalan despite his adultery. When Kovalan was wrongfully executed by the
Pandya king for a crime he did not commit, Kannagi fought for justice. This
made Kannagi a symbol of justice throughout the kingdom.
(b) The status of women in Sangam society was not equal to that of men.
However, women enjoyed freedom of movement in society and the number
of women poets of the age is a proof that the women were provided with
good education. The Sangam society consisted of different kinds of women.
There were married women who had settled down as dutiful housewives
looking after their husbands and children. There were female ascetics
belonging to Buddhist or Jain tradition like Kaundi Adigal and Manimegalai.
There were a large number of courtesans.
(c) The Tolkappiyam was written by Tolkappiar, in second Sangam. It has
mentioned four castes, namely, Brahmanas, Kings, Traders and Farmers. It
ignores most of the other names of people. This show the influence of the
Sanskritic social ideal. The Brahmans during the Sangam Age were a
respectable and learned community. They served the king occasionally as
judicial officers and always as priests and astrologers. The Vaishyas were
assigned the duties of learning, performing sacrifice, making gifts,
agriculture, protection of cows etc. The Vellalars were landed aristocrats who
cultivated wetlands. The ordinary ploughmen were known as uzhavar and the
landless labourers were known as kadasiyar and adimai.
QUESTION 2
With reference to Sangam Age,
ANSWER the following QUESTIONs:
(a) State why the Sangam Age is so called.
(b) Name the three kingdoms along with their capitals that existed during the
Sangam Age.
(c) Describe the achievements of Chera ruler, Senguttuvan; and Chola ruler,
Karikalan.
ANSWER
(a) The word Sangam is the Tamil form of the Sanskrit 'Sangha' which means
confluence or an assembly or an association. The Sangam Age refers to a
period when bulk of Tamil literature was composed by a body of Tamil
scholars and poets in three successive literary gatherings called Sangam.
Hence, Sangam refers to Gatherings of poets and bards.
(b) The three kingdoms along with their capitals that existed during the
Sangam Age are:
Sl. no. Kingdom Capital
1 Chera Vanji
2 Chola Uraiyur
3 Pandyan Madurai
(c) Achievements of Senguttuvan — He was the most popular king of the
Sangam Cheras. The sangam works, Padirruppattu and Ahananuru provide a
lot of information about him. His brother Illango Vadigal composed the Tamil
Epic, Silappadikaram, which tells about his military achievements.
Senguttuvan led an expedition up to the Himalayas. He crossed the river
Ganges and defeated his enemies. He reached the Himalayas and hoisted
the chera flag. Pattini cult, that is the worship of kannagi as the ideal wife,
was started by him.
Achievements of Karikalan — He was the most popular king of Sangam
cholas. At a very young age he proved his extraordinary ability of settling the
disputes in his kingdom. He was a great warrior. He defeated the Chera and
Pandaya kings at Venni. In another battle, Karikalan defeated a confederacy
of nine princes. He extended his kingdom beyond Kanchipuram. Karikalan
had become popular for the development activities in his kingdom. He built
dam called Kallanai across river Kaveri. He fortified the port-city
Kaveripoompattinam or Puhar and made it his capital. Karikalan also
patronised Tamil poets.
QUESTION 3
With reference to the economy during the Sangam Age,
ANSWER the following
QUESTIONs:
(a) What was the main occupation of the people and the activities
associated with it?
(b) Explain the organisation of internal trade.
(c) Explain the extent and significance of external trade.
ANSWER
(a) Agriculture was the main occupation of the people. The main crop was
Rice while other crops included Cotton, Ragi, Sugarcane, Pepper, Ginger,
Cardamom, Turmeric, Cinnamon, different varieties of fruits, etc.
Construction of embankments and canals for irrigation was undertaken by
the state. Rural activities like the cultivation of ragi and sugarcane, the
making of sugar from the cane, and the harvesting and drying of grain are
described in the Sangam poems in detail.
(b) Markets called Angadi were established in bigger towns. Internal trade
was carried by caravans of Merchants with carts and pack-animals which
carried their merchandise from place to place. Most of the trade was carried
on by barter. Paddy constituted the most commonly accepted medium of
exchange. Salt was sold for paddy. Paddy was sold by mentioning its price in
terms of salt. Honey and roots were exchanged for fish oil. There were also
hawkers who carried goods to the houses of the people.
(c) During the Sangam Age there was an extensive trade with foreign
countries. According to the Sangam literature the Tamil land had certain
commodities which were in great demand in foreign markets. These included
pepper, ginger, cardamom, cinnamon, turmeric, ivory products, pearls and
precious stones. The main imports included horse, gold and glass. The port
cities were the center of foreign trade. Saliyur in the Pandya country and
Bandar in Chera were the most important ports. The Gold and Silver coins
from the Roman empire found in the interior of the Tamil land indicate the
extent of the trade. The Periplus of the Red Sea that describes navigation
and trade of the Roman empire gives information on trade between India and
the Roman empire. It also mentions Uraiyur where all the Pearls from coast
was sent and exported. Naura, Tyndis and Muziris were leading ports on
west coast.
Thinking Skills
QUESTION 1
How was the society in the Sangam Age different from that in the Vedic Age?
ANSWER
The society in the Sangam Age was different from that in the Vedic Age in
following ways:
1. The society in the Sangam Age was organised by occupational groups
while the society in Vedic Age was organised on the basis of castes.
2. Women in Sangam age were respected and were allowed intellectual
pursuits. There were women poets like Avvaiyar and Nachchellair. Women
in Vedic Age were also in respectable position but their education was not
given importance. Also their position in society declined towards later
Vedic age.
3. Sati-pratha was prevalent in Sangam Age while Vedic Age women could
remarry after death of husband.
4. Primary deity of Sangam age was Murugan and that of Vedic age were
Indra, Agni and Varuna.
5. Economy of Sangam Age was based on agriculture while Vedic economy
was pastoral.
QUESTION 2
Imagine you are transported in the Sangam Age by time-machine. Describe
the position of women, as seen by you.
ANSWER
The women here are enjoying respectable position in the society. They are
free to move. Most of them are educated. A few women are very good poets.
I can see that the women are not being suppressed. They are getteng
education without any discrimination. Some are dutiful home makers. They
are ascetics belonging to Buddhits or Jain tradition. Some women are artists
(singers or dancers). The women here are free to choose their life partners.
QUESTION 3
Find out structures similar to megaliths or commemorative memorials in
other civilisations of the world. List the similarities and dissimilarities
between the megaliths and these structures.
ANSWER
Some structures similar to megaliths or commemorative memorials in other
civilisations of the world are:
1. Newgrange site of Ireland
2. Gobekli Tepe of Turkey
3. Malta's megalithic temples
4. Stonehenge of England
5. Pyramids of ancient Egypt
Similarities:
1. They all are of neolithic period, built around 3000 BC to 2000 BC.
2. All are stone structure, made without using mortar.
Dissimilarities:
1. The differ in their height, shape and size.
2. Some have erect stones (pillars) while others have flat stone pieces.
Stepped stones were used in pyramids.
3. Some of them are dome shaped (like Newgrange of Ireland), while a few
are long barrow type(tumulus).
QUESTION 4
Read the plot of the two epics — Sillapadikaram and Manimekalai. Compare
and contrast the women characters in these two epics with those of
Ramayana and Mahabharata.
ANSWER
The Sillapadikaram and Manimekalai are two outstanding works of Tamil
Literature. Manimekalai is sequel of Sillapadikaram.
Sillapadikaram is story of Kovalan and his wife Kannagi. In this story Kovalan
betrays Kannagi for other women and later realises his mistake and returns
back to her. They then move to Madurai. The king of Madurai executes
Kovalan on false charges of stealing anklet. Kannagi curses the king due to
which he dies. Later Kannagi is worshipped like a Devi.
Manimekalai is the story of daughter of Kovalan and Madhavi. She was very
beautiful artist. She was chased by a prince who wanted to marry her. She
was helped by Buddhist angels to escape. Later the prince was killed and she
walked away free.
Both these stories potray women who suffered and were harassed by the
society in similar way as Sita and Draupadi suffered in Ramayana and
Mahabharata, respectively. The women characters in Sillapadikaram and
Manimekalai tend to have more agency and independence compared to
those in Ramayana and Mahabharata. However, all the four epics feature
women who exhibit strength, loyalty, and bravery in their own unique ways.
History — Chapter 4: The Mauryan Empire | Solutions
for Class 9 ICSE Total History & Civics Morning Star |
Aditya krishna
Multiple Choice QUESTIONs
QUESTION 1
Chandragupta Maurya established a vast empire overthrowing
1. Guptas and Chalukyas 2. Nandas and Greek Satraps
3. Rashtrakutas and Nandas 4. Greek Satraps and Guptas
ANSWER
Nandas and Greek Satraps
QUESTION 2
Which of the following is correct?
1. Bindusara : Slayer of foes 2. Chandragupta : The most beautiful one
3. Bindusara : Favourite of gods 4. Ashoka : The greatest one
ANSWER
Bindusara : Slayer of foes
QUESTION 3
Ashoka abandoned ............... and embraced ............... .
1. Bherigosha, Digvijay 2. Dhammagosha, Bherigosha
3. Bherigosha, Dhammagosha 4. Dhammagosha, Digvijay
ANSWER
Bherigosha, Dhammagosha
QUESTION 4
Which of the following was NOT a consequence of the Kalinga War?
1. Ashoka abandoned the life of luxury 2. Increased agricultural output
3. Increased military preparedness 4. Increased Buddhist missionary activity
ANSWER
Increased military preparedness
QUESTION 5
What was an advantage of the Mauryan administration having a pan-Indian
character?
1. More attention paid to socio-economic life of people
2. Increased uprising in small provinces
3. Increased area to be protected from foreign invaders
4. All of the above.
ANSWER
More attention paid to socio-economic life of people
QUESTION 6
Which of the following were provinces in the Mauryan Empire?
1. Magadha, Avanti, Kalinga and Cholamandalam
2. Magadha, Gandhara, Avanti, Kalinga and Southern Province
3. Magadha, Takshila, Ujjain and Tosali
4. None of the above
ANSWER
Magadha, Gandhara, Avanti, Kalinga and Southern Province
QUESTION 7
Which of the following were officers in the Provincial Government?
1. Purohit, Senapati, Sannidhata, Samaharta
2. Mahamatra, Prashika, Rajuka, Yukta
3. Pradeshika, Rajuka, Yukta
4. Bali, Bhaga
ANSWER
Pradeshika, Rajuka, Yukta
Select Correct Relationship
QUESTION 1
(A) The Mauryan Empire was founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 4th
century B.C.
(B) Chandragupta Maurya was succeeded by Ashoka.
1. (B) contradicts (A)
2. (B) is the reason for (A)
3. (A) is true but (B) is false.
4. (A) and (B) are independent of each other.
ANSWER
(A) is true but (B) is false.
Explanation — Chandragupta Maurya was succeeded by Bindusara and
Bindusara was succeeded by Ashoka.
QUESTION 2
(A) Most of the Ashokan Edicts are engraved in the Brahmi lipi, written from
left to right.
(B) The Ashokan edicts provide a useful insight into the life and ideals of
Ashoka.
1. (B) contradicts (A)
2. (B) is the reason for (A)
3. (A) is true but (B) is false.
4. (A) and (B) are independent of each other.
ANSWER
(A) and (B) are independent of each other.
Explanation — Ashokan Edicts are indeed engraved in the Brahmi script,
which is written from left to right. The Ashokan edicts do provide a useful
insight into the life and ideals of Ashoka. They are the oldest, best preserved,
and precisely dated records of India.
QUESTION 3
(A) In pursuance of his policy of non-violence, Ashoka prohibited the killing of
animals for sacrifices.
(B) After the Kalinga war, Ashoka made a resolve not to take up arms and to
shun violence.
1. (B) contradicts (A)
2. (B) is the reason for (A)
3. (A) is true but (B) is false.
4. (A) and (B) are independent of each other.
ANSWER
(B) is the reason for (A)
Explanation — After the Kalinga war, Ashoka was deeply moved by the
sufferings and atrocities of the war. He made a solemn resolve not to take up
arms any more and prohibited killing of animal sacrifices.
QUESTION 4
(A) The Buddhist Stupa represents the spiritual body of Buddha containing
his relics like hair, teeth or bones.
(B) Buddha is represented by symbols like the peepal tree, lotus or wheel on
the Sanchi Stupa.
1. (B) contradicts (A)
2. (B) is the reason for (A)
3. (A) is true but (B) is false.
4. (A) and (B) are independent of each other.
ANSWER
(A) and (B) are independent of each other.
Explanation — A stupa is a mound-like or hemispherical structure containing
relics like hair, teeth or bones. It is used as a place of meditation. On the
Sanchi Stupa, Buddha is indeed represented by symbols like the peepal tree,
lotus or wheel. These symbols are used to depict the Buddha. For example,
the lotus represents the Buddha’s birth, the wheel represents his first sermon,
and the Bodhi tree represents his enlightenment.
QUESTION 5
(A) Chandragupta Maurya defeated Greek general Seleucus.
(B) The Greek historian Athenacus called Ashoka a ‘slayer of foes.’
1. (B) contradicts (A)
2. (B) is the reason for (A)
3. (A) is true but (B) is false.
4. (A) and (B) are independent of each other.
ANSWER
(A) is true but (B) is false.
Explanation — The Greek historian Athenacus called Bindusara a ‘slayer of
foes.’
QUESTION 6
(A) The land revenue was the chief source of income in the Mauryan empire.
(B) Bhaga was a religious tribute in the Mauryan empire.
1. (B) contradicts (A)
2. (B) is the reason for (A)
3. (A) is true but (B) is false.
4. (A) and (B) are independent of each other.
ANSWER
(A) is true but (B) is false
Explanation — Bhaga was levied on agricultural produce and cattle at the
rate of one-sixth whereas Bali was a religious tribute.
Short ANSWER QUESTIONs
QUESTION 1
State any two sources of information about the Mauryan Empire.
ANSWER
Two sources of information about the Mauryan Empire are:
1. Arthashastra of Kautilya — It was written by Kautilya or Chanakya, the
Prime minister of Chandragupta Maurya. It is a comprehensive manual
that deals with politics, rules of diplomacy, principles of administration
and other political topics.
2. Indika — This book was written by Magasthenes, a greek ambassador at
the court of Chandragupta Maurya. This book contains his impressions of
what he heard and saw during his stay in India.
QUESTION 2
Who wrote Arthashastra? What is its importance?
ANSWER
Arthashastra was written by Kautilya, also known as Chanakya and
Vishnugupta. He was advisor and Prime Minister of Chandragupta Maurya.
Arthashastra is one of the most important source of information about
Mauryan times. It is a comprehensive manual that deals with politics, rules
of diplomacy, principles of administration and other such political topics.
QUESTION 3
What is the importance of Ashoka's edicts?
ANSWER
The edicts of Ashoka form the most important source of Mauryan history.
They are the oldest, best preserved and precisely dated records of India. The
Ashoka's edicts provide an insight into the life and ideals of Ashoka in
particular and about the history of the Mauryas in general. Details about
Kalinga war, call for non-violence and peace are mentioned on these edicts.
QUESTION 4
Who wrote the Indika? What does it contain?
ANSWER
Indika was written by Megasthenes, a greek ambassador. It contains his
impressions of what he heard and saw during his stay in India.
QUESTION 5
What is a Stupa? Name one Stupa built by Ashoka.
ANSWER
A Stupa is a semi-spherical solid dome like structure made of unburnt bricks
and stones. It represents the spiritual body of Buddha containing his relics
such as hair, teeth or bones.
Ashoka built the Sanchi Stupa in Madhya Pradesh.
QUESTION 6
How did the Chandragupta Maurya establish the Mauryan Dynasty?
ANSWER
Chandragupta Maurya was dismissed from the service of Nandas who ruled
before him. He then met Kautilya, a Brahmin at Takshila. They joined hands
to destroy the Nanda dynasty. After a long series of battles with
Chandragupta, the Nanda capital at Pataliputra fell. This led to the
emergence of Mauryan Dynasty with Chandragupta Maurya as the emperor.
QUESTION 7
What is the importance of the Kalinga war in the personal life of Ashoka?
ANSWER
Kalinga war changed Ashoka's personal life. He stopped hunting and eating
meat and abandoned the life of luxury. He embraced Buddhism and followed
some of the Buddhist principles in his state policy like non-violence and
disapproval of empty rituals. He went on tours to preach Buddhism to
people. He also sent missionaries to the various parts of the world. He sent
his daughter Sanghamitra and son Mahindra to Sri Lanka to propogate
Buddhism.
QUESTION 8
What was the impact of Ashoka embracing the policy of Dhammaghosha?
ANSWER
The impact of Ashoka embracing the policy of Dhammaghosha was:
1. Ashoka abandoned the policy of 'conquest by force' (bherigosha) and
ambition of 'victory in all directions' (Digvijay).
2. He stopped hunting and eating meat and abandoned the life of luxury.
3. The prisoners of war were used for agricultural work. It resulted in an
increase in production and brought about economic prosperity in his
empire.
4. Ashoka started preaching Buddhism, sent missionaries to various parts of
the world and sent his daughter, Sanghmitra and son, Mahindra to Sri
Lanka to propagate Buddhism.
5. He followed Buddhist principles in his State policy like non-violence and
dissaproval of empty rituals.
6. He erected several pillars and edicts, gave donations to Viharas and
ordered construction of Stupas to keep the relics of Buddha.
7. There was decline in military preparedness and efficiency due to
abandonment of wars.
QUESTION 9
Name the two taxes mentioned in the Edicts of Ashoka.
ANSWER
The two taxes mentioned in the Edicts of Ashoka are:
1. Bhaga — It was levied on agricultural produce and cattles.
2. Bali — It was religious tribute.
QUESTION 10
How did the king keep himself abreast with whatever was happening in his
kingdom?
ANSWER
The king has a wide network of spies in his empire. They kept the king
informed about the important developments in his kingdom. The king was
always kept informed of the working of the bureaucracy.
QUESTION 11
What is meant by Ashoka's Dhamma?
ANSWER
Ashoka's Dhamma was a 'Common Code of Conduct' or a 'Moral Law' or an
'Ethical Order' that was based on the unifying principles of all major religions
of the world. It was not a religion or religious system. He wanted his subjects
to follow this Dhamma instead of imposing any religion on them.
QUESTION 12
Give the basic principles of Ashoka's Dhamma.
ANSWER
The basic principles of Ashoka's Dhamma were:
1. Respect for elders and love for children.
2. Ahimsa or non-violence.
3. Good deeds or good karma would give happiness to man in the next birth.
4. He taught people to respect all religions.
5. He disapproved empty rituals.
QUESTION 13
What was the impact of Dhamma on Ashoka's policies?
ANSWER
The impacts of Dhamma on Ashoka's policies were:
1. Religious unity — People belonging to different religions followed their
emperor's policy of religious tolerance.
2. Moral values — People under the influence of Dhamma started living a
moral life.
3. End of crimes — Due to policy of Ahimsa, thefts, crimes and other such
activities almost came to an end.
4. Public welfare — With the policy of conquests and wars having come to an
end, officials undertook public welfare and public work schemes. This
resulted in prosperity and helped people to lead a peaceful life.
Structured QUESTIONs
QUESTION 1
With reference to the sources of information on the Mauryan Empire, explain
briefly the significance of the following:
(a) Arthashastra
(b) Indika
(c) Sanchi Stupa
ANSWER
(a) Arthashastra — Discovered in 1909, it is the most important of all the
sources on the history of Mauryas. It was written by Kautilya also known as
Chanakya and Vishnugupta. Written in sanskrit, Arthashastra is a
comprehensive manual that deals with politics, rules of diplomacy, principles
and art of administration and other such political topics. It gives us
information about the central and provincial governments and their officials.
(b) Indika — It was written by Megasthenes, who was a Greek ambassador
sent by Seleucus, at the court of Chandragupta Maurya. Although original
Indika has been lost but its fragments are available in the writings of later
Greek authors like Strabo, Arrian and Diodorus. Indika contains whatever
Megasthenes saw and heard during his stay. It tells us about the
administration and political conditions of Mauryans. It also mentions about
the ruler of Kalinga.
(c) Sanchi Stupa — It is located at Sanchi, 45 km from Bhopal in Madhya
Pradesh. Its foundation was laid by Ashoka. It represents the spiritual body
of Buddha containing his relics such as hair, teeth or bones. There are four
gateways in four directions. They have carved panels depicting events from
the life of Buddha and some tales from Jataka stories. Buddha is
represented by Symbols like the peepal tree, lotus or a wheel. The pillars are
surmounted by capitals which contain sculptures of lions. Sanchi Stupa
reflects information about architecture and importance of Buddhism during
Mauryan period.
QUESTION 2
With reference to Mauryan Empire, ANSWER the following QUESTIONs:
(a) Give a brief account of how Chandragupta established the Mauryan
Empire.
(b) Give a brief account of the Kalinga war and its consequences.
(c) Name four important ways in which Buddhism spread under the royal
patronage during the Mauryan times.
ANSWER
(a) Chandragupta Maurya worked with Nandas, who ruled before him. He
was dismissed from the services by Nandas. He then met Kautilya, son of a
brahmin, at Takshilla (Kautilya later became famous as Chanakya). Kautilya
too was wronged by the Nandas. They joined hands with each other to
destroy Nandas. After a long series of Battles, Chandragupta Maurya
defeated Nandas and established the Mauryan Empire. Chandragupta
Maurya took over the territories conquered by Alexander in the NorthWestern
part of India after Alexander's death. Later on he defeated Seleucus
and got Kabul, Kandahar, Herat and Baluchistan from him. His empire
extended from Kabul and Kandahar in the North-West to Mysore in the south;
and from Bengal in the east to Saurashtra in the west.
(b) The Kalinga war was fought between the ruler of Kalinga and Ashoka.
The ruler of Kalinga was very powerful and that's why Ashoka faced tough
resistance. Ashoka won the war but both sides suffered heavy losses. The
death and destruction caused by the Kalinga war brought about a great
change in the personal and political life of Ashoka. He abandoned the policy
of 'conquest by force' (bherigosha) and ambition of 'victory in all directions'
(Digvijay) and embraced the policy of religion (Dhammagosha). He stopped
 hunting, eating meat and abandoned the life of luxury. He embraced
Buddhism and engaged himself in spreading it. He adopted the policy of
nonviolence
and disapproved empty rituals. The prisoners of war were used for
agricultural work that resulted in the increase in production and brought
economic prosperity in his empire.
(c) Four important ways in which Buddhism spread under the royal
patronage during the Mauryan times were:
1. Huge donations were given by Mauryan kings to Buddhist Viharas.
2. Ashoka got erected several pillars and edicts to spread the teachings of
Buddhism. These pillars had Buddhist teachings engraved on them.
Ashoka ordered for construction of 84,000 Stupas to keep the relics of
Buddha.
3. Ashoka himself went on tours to preach Buddhism to people. He also sent
missionaries to various parts of the world.
4. Ashoka sent his daughter, Sanghamitra and son, Mahindra to Sri Lanka to
propagate Buddhism.
QUESTION 3
With reference to Mauryan administration,
ANSWER the following QUESTIONs:
(a) Why is Chandragupta Maurya regarded as the chief architect of the
system of administration?
(b) Briefly describe the main features of civil and military administration
under Mauryan rule.
(c) Explain briefly the Pan-Indian character of Mauryan administration.
ANSWER
(a) Chandragupta Maurya is regarded as the chief architect of the system of
administration because he laid the foundation of an elaborate system of
administration, under the guidance of Chanakya. Chanakya wrote a book
Arthashastra in which he describes the principles of politics and the art of
administration. The Mauryan administration had two main divisions — civil
administration and military administration. There was a council of ministers
and each minister was responsible for his own department.
(b) The main features of civil and military administration under Mauryan rule
are described below:
Civil Administration
1. The civil administration had two main divisions — the Central Government
and the Provincial Government.
2. The Mauryan Government was centralised and was managed by several
officials at different ranks.
3. The king was supreme authority and supreme judge. His throne was
hereditary.
4. The king was assisted by the council of ministers headed by prime
minister.
5. The provincial government was headed by Kumar or Aryaputra and the
district administration was looked after by Pradeshika, Rajuka and Yukta.
6. There were Mahamatras to assist Kumars. Pradeshika was the tax
collector.
7. There was an efficient Spy system to keep the king informed.
8. Two kinds of taxes, namely Bali and Bhaga were levied.
Military Administration
1. There was a huge army consisting of infantry, cavalry, elephants and
chariots. The army had 6,00,000 infantry, 30,000 cavalry, 9000 war
elephants and 8000 chariots
2. The chief weapon used were bows, arrows, shields, swords etc.
3. The king was the commander in chief of army.
4. The whole army was under a military commission of thirty members and
they had a well laid recruitment policy.
5. The soldiers were paid in cash.
6. The Mauryan king had built forts at strategic places for safety and
security of empire.
(c) The Mauryan Empire extended from Hindukush in north-west to river
Pennar in south. The chief advantages of the Pan-Indian character of
Mauryan Empire were the following:
1. It marked the end of small states.
2. It helped in establishing trade links with foreign countries.
3. It made India strong and helped the Mauryan kings face foreign
aggressions successfully.
4. This helped the Mauryan kings to pay more attention to social and
economic life of the people. Hence, there was an all-round economic
prosperity.
QUESTION 4
With reference to the Mauryan administration, write short notes on the
following:
(a) The Central Government
(b) District Administration
(c) Revenue system
ANSWER
(a) The Central Government — The Mauryan Government was centralised.
The king was supreme authority as well as the supreme judge. His throne
was hereditary. He was assisted by a council of ministers or Mantri Parishad.
The council of ministers was headed by Prime Minister. Each minister was
responsible for his department. The council of ministers included Pujari
(Purohit), Senapati (War related matters), Sannidhata (the treasure head),
Samaharta (taxation expert), etc. The other officers were Accountant
General, one incharge of Agriculture, Superintendent of Mines,
Superintendent of ports, Controller of Commerce, as well as the
Superintendent of Weights and Measures.
(b) District Administration — During Mauryan period, the provinces were
further divided into Districts also known as Janapadas. Officers like
Pradeshika (tax collector), Rajuka (revenue officer) and Yukta (the treasurer)
looked after the administration of districts.
Important cities and the capital of provinces had their own administrative
system. The head of the city was called Nagaradhyaksha.
(c) Revenue System — The Revenue System of Mauryan period was very
efficient. It was regulated by Samaharta in the ministerial council. The land
revenue was the main source of income. Two kinds of taxes were imposed
namely Bali and Bhaga. Bhaga was levied on agricultural produce and cattles
at the rate of one-sixth while Bali was religious tribute. Toll tax was imposed
on articles which were brought for sale. Taxes were also imposed on liquor
shops, gambling houses, forests and mines. The income from the revenue
collected was used to develop various facilities like roads, irrigation,
hospitals and meet expenses of the state.
QUESTION 5
Study the Ashokan edict and ANSWER the following QUESTIONs:
(a) What is an edict? Where are these edicts inscribed?
(b) What is the significance of edicts as a source of information?
(c) Explain briefly the importance of Ashoka's edicts giving example from one
of his edicts.
ANSWER
(a) An edict is a decree issued by a sovereign. They are the oldest, best
preserved and precisely dated records of India.
These edicts are inscribed on rocks and pillars throughout the country and
include 14 major rock edicts, 7 pillar edicts and a number of minor rock
edicts.
(b) The significance of edicts as a source of information lies in the fact that
they provide us useful insight into the life and ideals of Ashoka in particular
and about the history of Mauryans in general. They are most precisely dated
records of Mauryan period.
(c) The edicts provide us the most accurate records and information about
the ideals and political scenario of Mauryan empire. Taking Ashoka's Rock
Edict-I as an example, reference to protection of animals is made in this
edict. It tells us that in pursuance of his policy of non-violence, Ashoka
prohibited killing of animals for sacrifices; advocated restraint in the number
that had to be killed for consumption; protected some of animals, and in
general condemned cruel act against animals.
QUESTION 6
Study the picture given below and ANSWER the following QUESTIONs:
(a) Name the structure given in the picture. Name the dynasty and the king
who built it.
(b) Where is it located? Mention any two architectural features of this
structure.
(c) What is the significance of a Buddhist Stupa?
ANSWER
(a) The structure given in the picture is Sanchi Stupa. It was built by King
Ashoka of Mauryan dynasty.
(b) It is located at Sanchi, 45km from Bhopal in Madhya Pradesh.
Two architectural features of this structure are:
1. Stupa has a semi-spherical solid dome-like structure made of unburnt
bricks and stones.
2. There are four gateways in four directions. They have carved panels
depicting events from the life of Buddha and some tales from Jataka
stories.
(c) A Buddhist Stupa has special significance. It represents the spiritual body
of Buddha containing his relics such as hair, teeth or bones. A casket
containing these relics is placed at the base of the dome.
Thinking Skills
QUESTION 1
Imagine that you met a person, whose family suffered the consequences of
the Kalinga War waged by Ashoka. Describe the horrors of the war as told by
him. State the differences which you find between the Kalinga War and the
modern warfare.
ANSWER
I met a person, who fought in the Kalinga war along with his two brothers. He
told me that he lost both his brothers in the war. The war left him
handicapped. There was no one to earn and feed the family. Many others lost
their lives, many wounded. The loss was unprecedented.
The description about Kalinga war has been mentioned in Rock Edict XIII.
The Kalinga war involved the use of infantry, cavalary and elephants. On the
contrary mordern warfare include use of guns, tanks, missiles, fighter
aircrafts, etc. Modern warfare has the potential for even greater destruction
and loss of life.
QUESTION 2
Explain the symbolism preached by the sculpture on the Emblem of India.
ANSWER
The Emblem of India is an adaptation of the Lion Capital of Ashoka. The
Emblem features four lions standing back to back, with the Ashoka Chakra (a
wheel with 24 spokes) in the center. The lions are said to represent power,
courage, pride, and confidence, and they are standing on a circular base
which represents the Dharma Chakra or the wheel of law.
The Ashoka Chakra, which is at the center of the Emblem, represents the
constant motion and progress of the country. It has 24 spokes which are
said to represent the 24 hours of the day.
The Emblem of India represents the country's rich cultural heritage and its
commitment to principles of justice, truth, and non-violence, which were
important to Ashoka and are enshrined in the country's constitution.
QUESTION 3
You are given an opportunity to pen the text of an Ashokan Edict. Briefly list
what would you write.
ANSWER
Below is the text of the Ashokan Edict that I will write:
"I have always been concerned about the welfare of my subjects, and I am
always seeking new ways to improve their lives. To this end, I have
established hospitals and clinics throughout my empire to provide free
medical care to those in need. I have also built rest houses and shelters
along the roads for the use of travellers and pilgrims. These are places where
they can rest and find food and water, and where they can be safe from
harm.
In addition, I have issued orders to my officials to act with fairness and
justice in all their dealings with the people. They must not take bribes or
engage in corruption, and they must always be mindful of their duty to serve
the public. I have also ordered that taxes be levied fairly and that the burden
be distributed equally among all sections of society.
I hope that my subjects will take inspiration from my example and strive to
lead virtuous and compassionate lives. Let them show kindness and
generosity to all, and let them work to build a just and harmonious society.
 This is the path to true happiness and fulfilment."

History — Chapter 3: Jainism and Buddhism

Multiple Choice QUESTIONs
QUESTION 1
Which of the following means "Three Baskets" of Buddhist cannon?
1. Jataka 2. Tripitikas 3. Angas 4. Dwadashangi
ANSWER
Tripitikas
QUESTION 2
Besides the ............... vows and other general doctrines of Jainism, Jains are
expected to have knowledge of the ............... truths.
1. seven 2. Five 3. Ten 4. nine

ANSWER
five, nine
QUESTION 3
Jataka tales gives information about
1. Buddha's life 2. Socio-economic conditions
3. Climatic conditions 4. None of the above
ANSWER
Buddha's life
QUESTION 4
Vardhamana Mahavira was the
1. Twenty fourth tirthankara 2. Sixth tirthankara
3. First tirthankara 4. Tenth tirthankara
ANSWER
Twenty fourth tirthankara
QUESTION 5
Tirthankaras are
1. saints preaching doctrines of Hinduism 2. saints preaching doctrines of
Buddhism
3. saints preaching doctrines of Jainism 4. None of the above
ANSWER
saints preaching doctrines of Jainism
QUESTION 6
Jain texts were composed in
1. Local languages 2. Prakrit
3. Sanskrit 4. Both 1 and 2
ANSWER
Prakrit
QUESTION 7
Buddha's Great Renunciation was a result of
1. The four great sights 2. His marriage to a princess
3. His turning into an ascetic 4. All of the above
ANSWER
The four great sights
QUESTION 8
Which of the following is incorrect?
 1. Mahabhiskramana : The Great Renunciation 2. Dharmachakrapravartana :
Turning of the wheel of sacred law
3. Chaudharma : Four Noble Truths 4. Ashtangika Marg : Eightfold Path
ANSWER
Chaudharma : Four Noble Truths
QUESTION 9
The members of the monastic orders of Buddhism are called ............... and
............... .
1. Bhikshus; Bhikshunis 2. Bikhu; Bikani
3. Sangha; Sanghi 4. Vinaya; Vinayaka
ANSWER
Bhikshus; Bhikshunis
QUESTION 10
Buddhist texts were mainly composed in
1. Sanskrit 2. Pali 3. Parakrit 4. All of the above
ANSWER
Pali
QUESTION 11
Semi-circular solid domes are called ...............; monasteries are called
............... and ............... are large rectangular prayer halls.
1. Stupas, viharas, chaityas 2. Viharas, Chaityas, stupas
3. Chaityas, viharas, stupas 4. Stupas, chaityas, viharas
ANSWER
Stupas, viharas, chaityas
QUESTION 12
Which of the following vows means "practising chastity"?
1. Asteya 2. Ahimsa
3. Aparigraha 4. Brahmacharya
ANSWER
Brahmacharya
Select Correct Relationship
QUESTION 1
(A) In the sixth century BC, orthodox religious beliefs and practices were
challenged by the new sects.
(B) During this period, Jainism and Buddhism emerged as important
religious reform movements.
1. (B) contradicts (A) 2. (B) is the reason for (A)
3. (A) is true but (B) is false. 4. (A) and (B) are independent of each other.
ANSWER
(B) is the reason for (A)
Explanation — Jainism and Buddhism emerged as important religious
reform movements against the orthodox religious beliefs.
QUESTION 2
(A) Angas and Upangas are Jain texts which were orally passed on by
religious leaders to their pupils.
(B) Tripitikas are the most important literary works of Jains.
1. (B) contradicts (A)
2. (B) is the reason for (A)
3. (A) is true but (B) is false.
 4. (A) and (B) are independent of each other.
ANSWER
(A) is true but (B) is false.
Explanation — Tripitikas are the most important literary works of Buddhists.
QUESTION 3
(A) Jainism and Buddhism grew and spread as a reaction against ritualism
prevalent in the existing religious practises.
(B) Most of the Vedic literature was composed in Sanskrit and difficult to be
understood by the common people.
1. (B) contradicts (A)
2. (B) is the reason for (A)
3. (A) is true but (B) is false.
4. (A) and (B) are independent of each other.
ANSWER
(B) is the reason for (A)
Explanation — Most of the Vedic literature was composed in Sanskrit and
difficult to be understood by the common people. This led to need of a
religion that was easy to understand and follow. Jainism and Buddhism used
languages like Prakrit and Pali, which was easily understood by common
people.
QUESTION 4
(A) Mahavira attained salvation at Pavapuri in Bihar.
(B) Mahavira gave his first sermon at Deer Park in Sarnath near Varanasi.
1. (B) contradicts (A)
2. (B) is the reason for (A)
3. (A) is true but (B) is false.
4. (A) and (B) are independent of each other.
ANSWER
(A) is true but (B) is false.
Explanation — It was Gautama Buddha, not Mahavira, who gave his first
sermon at Deer Park in Sarnath near Varanasi.
QUESTION 5
(A) According to Jainism, good deeds alone liberate a man from the cycle of
life and death.
(B) Jains believe in Moksha or freedom from the cycle of births and rebirths.
1. (B) contradicts (A)
2. (B) is the reason for (A)
3. (A) is true but (B) is false.
4. (A) and (B) are independent of each other.
ANSWER
(B) is the reason for (A)
Explanation — Moksha or freedom from the cycle of births and rebirths is the
ultimate goal of Jainism. Good deeds or ethical conduct, which includes
nonviolence,
truth, non-stealing, chastity, and non-attachment, are believed to
help in the liberation of a soul from the cycle of life and death.
QUESTION 6
(A) Mahavira adopted the language of the common people, i.e., Prakrit to
preach his doctrines.
(B) Buddhists adopted Pali language in their literature.
1. (B) contradicts (A)
2. (B) is the reason for (A)
3. (A) is true but (B) is false.
4. (A) and (B) are independent of each other.
ANSWER
(A) and (B) are independent of each other.
Explanation — Use of Prakrit and Pali was the reason behind the popularity of
Buddhism and Jainism.
QUESTION 7
(A) Jains believed in Nine Truths and Tri-ratnas.
(B) Buddhists believed in Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path.
1. (B) contradicts (A)
2. (B) is the reason for (A)
3. (A) is true but (B) is false.
4. (A) and (B) are independent of each other.
ANSWER
(A) and (B) are independent of each other.
Explanation — In Jainism, nine truths are followed and the Tri-ratnas or Three
Jewels are Right Faith, Right Knowledge and Right Conduct. In Buddhism,
the Four Noble Truths explain the nature of suffering and the Eightfold Path
provides a way to achieve freedom from suffering and enlightenment.
QUESTION 8
(A) Hinayana does not believe that Buddha was God.
(B) Mahayana believes that Buddha was an incarnation of God.
1. (B) contradicts (A)
2. (B) is the reason for (A)
3. (A) is true but (B) is false.
4. (A) and (B) are independent of each other.
ANSWER
(A) and (B) are independent of each other
Explanation — Hinayana considered Buddha as a human being who attained
enlightenment. The Mahayana tradition, on the other hand, viewed the
Buddha as a divine being or an incarnation of God.
QUESTION 9
(A) Both Jainism and Buddhism did not accept the Vedas.
(B) Buddhism believes in the middle path whereas Jainas believed in hard
penance.
1. (B) contradicts (A)
2. (B) is the reason for (A)
3. (A) is true but (B) is false.
4. (A) and (B) are independent of each other.
ANSWER
(A) and (B) are independent of each other.
Explanation — Both Jainism and Buddhism did not accept the authority of
the Vedas. Buddhism believes in the Middle Way, which avoids the extremes
of self-indulgence and self-mortification.
Short ANSWER QUESTIONs
QUESTION 1
What are angas? What is the subject matter of these angas?
ANSWER
The teachings of Lord Mahavira after gaining omniscience, was compiled by
his disciples in 12 parts called Angas.
The Angas discuss religious rites, stages of householder's life, the vows of
chastity, rules of conduct and other features of Jain philosophy.
QUESTION 2
What are Tripitikas? Name the three Tripitikas.
ANSWER
Tripitikas are most important literary works of Buddhists which were written
on long and narrow leaves in Pali language and were stored in baskets. The
word Tripitikas means "The Three Baskets".
The three Tripitikas are:
1. The Vinaya Pitaka
2. The Sutta Pitaka
3. The Abhidhamma Pitaka
QUESTION 3
State two important causes for the rise of Jainism and Buddhism.
ANSWER
The two important causes for the rise of Jainism and Buddhism are:
1. Corruption in religion — Priests were extracting money from common
people in the name of rituals. Brahmins had become stronger and their
hold on society needed to be weakened.
2. Rigid caste system — The rigid caste system had resulted in so many
restrictions and did not allow social mobility. People were in need of a
liberal religion.
QUESTION 4
Who was Vardhamana Mahavira? Give the significance of both parts of his
name.
ANSWER
Vardhamana Mahavira was the twenty-fourth and the last tirthankara. He is
considered as the founder of Jainism.
He was called Mahavira because he was very brave and had also saved his
colleagues. At the time of his birth, his father's kingdom was very prosperous
and so he was called Vardhamana (meaning prosperity).
QUESTION 5
List any four vows prescribed for the Jains.
ANSWER
The four vows prescribed for the Jains are:
1. Ahimsa: Non-violence
2. Achaurya or Asteya: Not stealing
3. Satya: Not telling a lie
4. Aparigraha: Not possessing property
QUESTION 6
What are known as the Triratnas?
ANSWER
The Triratnas or the Three Jewels are the principles to be followed to attain
the ultimate goal of salvation. The Triratnas are:
1. Right faith
2. Right knowledge
3. Right conduct or action
QUESTION 7
Give two causes for the spread of Jainism.
ANSWER
The two causes for the spread of Jainism are:
1. Local Dialect — Mahavira adopted the language of common people, i.e,
Prakrit instead of Sanskrit to preach his doctrines.
2. Royal Patronage — Jainism received royal patronage of Chalukyas and
Rashtrakutas. Chandragupta Maurya is also said to have converted to
Jainism. Kharvela helped in spread of Jainism in eastern India.
QUESTION 8
Name the two sects into which Jainism got divided. Why were they so
called?
ANSWER
The two sects into which Jainism got divided were:
1. Shvetambaras or White clad.
2. Digambaras or sky-clad.
Digambara sect is called so as the sanskrit word Digambar means sky-clad,
referring to their traditional monastic practice of neither possessing nor
wearing any clothes. Shvetambara means white clad as it refers to its
ascetics' practice of wearing white clothes.
QUESTION 9
List any two reasons for Jainism having few followers.
ANSWER
Two reasons for Jainism having few followers are:
1. Jainism preached rigid austerity. The theory of ahimsa was extended even
to wearing of clothes.
2. It did not get royal patronage from contemporary rulers.
QUESTION 10
Who was Gautam Buddha? Where was he born?
ANSWER
Gautam Buddha was the founder of Buddhism. He was born at Lumbini near
Kapilavastu, in Nepal.
QUESTION 11
What are known as Four Great Sights?
ANSWER
The sights that led to Great Renunciation of Gautama Buddha are called Four
Great Sights. They are:
1. An Old Man
2. A Sick Man
3. A Dead Man
4. An Ascetic
QUESTION 12
How did Buddha attain enlightenment?
ANSWER
After leaving home, Gautam Buddha studied under renowned teachers of
Rajgriha and then went to Gaya. He practised severe penance and led a life
of extreme austerity and at the age of thirty-five he attained enlightenment at
Bodh Gaya in Bihar.
QUESTION 13
Give four Noble Truths of Buddhism.
ANSWER
The four Noble Truths of Buddhism are:
1. The world is full of suffering.
2. The suffering has a cause.
3. Desire is the cause of suffering.
4. If desire is stopped, suffering can also be stopped.
QUESTION 14
Give any four points of the Eightfold Path of Buddha.
ANSWER
The way to Nirvana or the path that leads to removal of suffering is known as
the eightfold path. The four points of the Eightfold Path of Buddha are:
1. Right action — To remain away from theft, luxuries and violence
2. Right thought — To remain away from empty rituals and worldly evils.
3. Right belief — To give up desire.
4. Right speech — Speak the truth and do not think ill of others.
QUESTION 15
Give the meaning of Buddha and Tathagat.
ANSWER
The meaning of Buddha is the Enlightened One.
The meaning of Tathagat is the founder of Truth.
QUESTION 16
Buddha delivered his first sermon at Sarnath. What is this event called? What
the literal meaning of the name of the event.
ANSWER
Buddha delivered his first sermon at the Deer park in Sarnath near Varanasi
in the presence of five ascetics.This event was known as
Dharmachakraparivartan. The literal meaning of the name of the event is 'the
turning of the wheel of sacred law'.
QUESTION 17
Name any two principles that governed the Sangha.
ANSWER
The two principles that governed the Sangha are:
1. Membership — The members were required to renounce the world and
take oath before joining sangha.
2. Ten Commandments — They had to lead a disciplined life and follow the
Ten Commandments.
QUESTION 18
State any two features of Buddhism that attracted people towards it.
ANSWER
The two features of Buddhism that attracted people towards it are:
1. The importance given to conduct and values rather than claims of
superiority based on birth.
2. Compassion for the young and the weak .
QUESTION 19
Give two differences between Hinayana and Mahayana Buddhism.
ANSWER
The two differences between Hinayana and Mahayana Buddhism are:
1. Hinayana denied the existence of God while Mahayana was a combination
of Buddhism and Hinduism with faith in God.
2. Hinayana believed that Buddha was a human being who attained
enlightenment and Nirvana through his own efforts but Mahayana
regarded Buddha as an incarnation of God who could ensure salvation.
QUESTION 20
Give two causes for decline of Buddhism.
ANSWER
The two causes for decline of Buddhism are:
1. Split in Buddhism — The popularity and prestige of Buddhism suffered due
to its division into Hinayana, Mahayana and sixteen other sects. Each sect
had its own followers.
2. Corruption in Sangha —Buddhist sangha received patronage of royalty and
had become very rich. The monks and nuns started leading a luxurious life
instead of simple spiritual life.
Structured QUESTIONs
QUESTION 1
With reference to the sources of information about Jainism and Buddhism,
state the significance of the following:
(a) Angas
(b) Tripitikas
(c) Jatakas
ANSWER
(a) The Angas are regarded as the most important part of Jain doctrines.
They are the compilation of whatever Lord Mahavira taught after gaining
omniscience. The Angas were compiled in Twelve parts and are collectively
known as Dwadashangi. The two well known and most important Angas are
the Aacharang Sutra that deals with the code of conduct for Jain monks and
the Vyakhya Pragnapti or Bhagavati Sutra that gives comprehensive
description of Jain doctrines. The Angas discuss religious rites, stages of a
householder's life, the vows of chastity, rules of conduct and all the
philosophies of Jainism. Based on these angas, the seers also compiled 12
auxiliary works that came to be known as Upangas. The Angas and Upangas
provide detailed knowledge about Jainism.
(b) The Tripitikas are considered as the most important literary works of
Buddhists. The three tripitikas are following:
1. The Vinaya Pitaka — It deals with rules and regulations for monks and
nuns. It gives an account of life and teachings of Buddha as well as
aspects of ancient history, customs and arts of the period.
2. The Sutta Pitaka — It comprises the discourses of Buddha and some of
his disciples such as Sariputta, Ananda and others. The Dhammapada
(way of truth) is an important component of this Pitaka.
3. The Abhidhamma Pitaka — It describes Buddhist philosophy, working of
human mind and state of matter.
Besides being the most reliable source of information about Buddhism, the
Tripitakas also provide a glimpse of the social, economic and political life of
people of that period.
(c) Jatakas refer to tales which describe the previous births of Buddha in
animal and human forms. According to Jatakas the future Buddha may
appear as a king, an outcast, a God, an elephant; but in whatever form, he
exhibits some virtue that the tale thereby highlights. The Jatakas provide
very little biographical material about Gautama Buddha's own life but throw a
significant light on the political, economical and social conditions of people
from the fifth to the second century BC. They also reflect Buddhist morals,
ethics and principles.
QUESTION 2
With reference to Jainism and Buddhism, ANSWER the following QUESTIONs:
(a) Give briefly the background of socio-economic conditions in 6th century
BC.
(b) State any three causes for the rise of Jainism and Buddhism.
(c) What caused the division of Jainism into two sects?
ANSWER
(a) In 6th century BC, with expansion of Aryan settlements to the east, there
were rapid changes in the socio-economic conditions. Society at some
places had traits of Tribal political organisation while at other places
kingdoms were on the rise. Materialism and spiritualism both existed side by
side. People started to lead a settled life due to surplus production,
expanding trade and market. There were wars among tribes for territory
expansion. The expansion of territory created large kingdoms called
Janapadas. A number of Janapadas joined together to form bigger and
powerful independent kingdoms called Mahajanapadas. During this period
orthodox religious beliefs and practices were challenged and even rejected
by the new sects like Jainism and Buddhism.
(b) The three causes for the rise of Jainism and Buddhism were:
1. Reaction against Ritualism — Religious ceremonies had become very
expensive and were beyond the means of ordinary people. This gave rise
to faiths that were simple and inexpensive.
2. Corruption in Religion — The Priests used to extract money from people
on the name of yajnas, rites and rituals. Kshatriya rulers protested against
such practices. Both Jainism and Buddhism were founded by Kshatriya
princes.
3. Rigid Caste System — The caste system had become so rigid that it was
not allowing any social mobility. Interchange of caste was impossible.
Jainism and Buddhism gave a simple and liberal society to the people of
that period.
(c) The division of Jainism into two sects was the result of differences
between Bhadrabahu and Sthulabhadra. Bhadrabahu took Jainism to
Karnataka and Sthulbhadra was based in Magadha. Their was clash of ideas
between the two and subsequently the Jainism divided into Shvetambharas
and Digambaras led by Sthulabhadra and Bhadrabahu respectively.
Shvetambharas wore white clothes and covered their faces with small white
cloth to avoid killing the tiniest of insects or germs that might enter the nose
while breathing while Digambaras did not believe in covering their bodies.
According to them, living without clothes signified detachment from worldly
pleasures and it avoided killing of life forms.
QUESTION 3
With reference to Jainism ANSWER the following QUESTIONs:
(a) Who was Mahavira? Why was he called Jina?
(b) State the five vows which a Jain householder has to take.
(c) State the Jains view on Karma and salvation.
ANSWER
(a) Mahavira was the twenty-fourth and last of the tirthankaras. He is
considered as the founder of Jainism because he made Jainism popular and
systematic.
Mahavira was called Jina because after obtaining the supreme knowledge,
he subdued his desires and became the conqueror. The term jina was used
for those who have conquered their desires.
(b) The five vows which a Jain householder has to take are:
1. Ahimsa: non violence.
2. Achaurya or Asteya: not stealing.
3. Satya: not telling a lie.
4. Aparigraha: not possessing property.
5. Brahmacharya: practising chastity.
(c) Jains view on Karma and salvation are:
1. Karma — The Jains believed that one should be responsible for one's own
Karma or actions and good deeds alone liberate a man from the cycle of
life and death.
2. Salvation — Jains believed in salvation or Moksha. According to them it
was necessary to practice the tri-ratnas of right faith, right knowledge and
right action to attain salvation.
QUESTION 4
With reference to Buddhism,
ANSWER the following QUESTIONs:
(a) Who was Gautama Buddha? How did he achieve enlightenment?
(b) What is known as 'Dharamachakrapravartana'?
(c) How did Buddha have a large following?
ANSWER
(a) Gautama Buddha was the founder of Buddhism. He was a Kshatriya
prince who left his home to find solution for pain and sufferings of men.
After leaving home, Gautama studied under renowned teachers of Rajgriha
and then went to Gaya. He practised severe penance and led a life of extreme
austerity and at the age of thirty-five he attained enlightenment.
(b) After enlightenment, Gautama Buddha delivered his first sermon at Deer
Park in Sarnath near Varanasi in presence of five ascetics. This event in the
history of Buddhism is known as 'Dharamachakrapravartana' meaning the
turning of the wheel of sacred law.
(c) Buddha gave importance to conduct and values rather than claims of
superiority based on births. Buddha insisted on feeling of compassion for the
young and weak. He preached universal brotherhood of mankind. He wanted
people to live in peace, setting aside all their difference. He gave people a
simple and inexpensive way to salvation. These are a few ways by which
Lord Buddha got a large following.
QUESTION 5
With reference to Buddhism, ANSWER the following QUESTIONs:
(a) What is the eight fold path?
(b) What was impact of Buddhism on the socio-religious life of the people?
(c) What role did Sangha played in the spread of Buddhism?
ANSWER
(a) The way to Nirvana, in Buddhism, or the path that leads to removal of
suffering, is known as the Eightfold path. It is also known as Ashtangika
Marg or the Middle Path. The Eightfold Path includes:
1. Right action — To remain away from theft, luxuries and violence.
2. Right thought — To remain away from empty rituals and worldly evils.
3. Right belief — To give up desire.
4. Right living — Not to have dishonest dealing with others.
5. Right speech — Speak the truth and do not think ill of others.
6. Right effort — Work for deliverance from sins and for the welfare of
others.
7. Right recollection — Think about pious things.
8. Right meditation — Concentrate on only what is right.
(b) Buddhism led to improvement in social and religious life of people. The
hindus started a reform movement within hinduism. The costly yajnas and
sacrifice and rigidity of caste system were done with. Buddhism fostered
intellectual tradition and exposed the weakness in our society. The weaker
section of the society who had been subjected to many atrocities got an
opportunity to have their say in matters of political and social life.
(c) Sangha played an important role in the spread of Buddhism as it was
established to spread Buddhism and it's teachings. Members of Sangha had
to take an oath before joining it. Sangha became very powerful and helped to
spread Buddhism far and wide. The members had to follow the ten
commandments or Paramita to lead a disciplined life. The Bhikshus and
Bhikshunis had to roam around for eight months in a year spreading
Buddhism. Many Viharas were made for them to sleep and take rest. In the
Viharas, the members led a life of chastity, austerity, devotion and purity.
QUESTION 6
With reference to the given pictures, ANSWER the following QUESTIONs:
(a) Identify the two preachers, whose images are given. Name the religions
founded by them.
(b) Mention three main teachings of each of the two religions founded by
these preachers.
(c) Mention any two similarities and two dissimilarities between the two
religions founded by them.
ANSWER
(a) The given images and religion founded by them are:
A → Gautama Buddha. He founded Buddhism.
B → Mahavira. He founded Jainism.
(b) Three main teachings of Buddhism are:
1. Karma — Buddhism believed in the theory of Karma. It said that man is the
maker of his own destiny and it believed in rebirth.
2. Nirvana — The ultimate goal of life is to attain Nirvana or Salvation which
is freedom from the cycle of birth and death.
3. Ahimsa — Buddhism insisted on the path of non-violence.
Three main teachings of Jainism are:
1. The Five Vows — A Jain householder has to take the following five vows:
1. Ahimsa: Non-violence
2. Achaurya or Asteya: Not stealing
3. Satya: Not telling a lie
4. Aparigraha: Not possessing property
5. Brahmacharya: practising chastity
2. Nine truths — According to Jainism ,the knowledge of Nine Truths is
essential and only renunciation is the shortest way to salvation. These
nine truths are:
1. Jiva (Living Things)
2. Ajiva (non-living things)
3. Punya (results of good deeds)
4. Pap (sin)
5. Ashrav (good deeds)
6. Sanvar (hindrances in the way of karma)
7. Bandha (bondage)
8. Nirjara (destruction of karmas)
9. Moksha (salvation)
3. Karma — Jainism believed in the theory of Karma. It preached that one
should be responsible for one's own Karma or actions. Good deeds alone
liberate a man from the cycle of life and death.
(c) Similarities:
1. The founders of both the religions belonged to Kshatriya clan and
followed the similar path of renunciation.
2. Both of them did not accept the Vedas.
Dissimilarities:
1. Buddhism was completely new religion in 6th century BC while Jainism
was founded long before Mahavira.
2. Buddhism followed a middle path but Jainism believed in hard penance.
Thinking Skills
QUESTION 1
The most important precept of Jainism is ahimsa or non-violence. It was
popularised by Mahatma Gandhi during India's freedom struggle. Do you
think the philosophy of ahimsa is as relevant today as it was in the era of
Mahavira?
ANSWER
Philosophy of Ahimsa or non-violence is as relevant today as it was in the era
of Mahavira. It is so because the world today is experiencing violence in form
of terrorism, war, domestic violence etc. In todays world of pain and suffering
there is dire need of the philosophy of non-violence which literally means
'non-injury' and 'non-killing'.
QUESTION 2
What were the reasons due to which Buddhism could spread beyond the
Indian borders in other countries of the world?
ANSWER
Following were the reasons due to which Buddhism could spread beyond the
Indian borders in other countries of the world:
1. Foreign monks who travelled along the silk route helped to spread
Buddhism.
2. Ashoka promoted Buddhist expansion by sending monks to surrounding
territories.
 3. Travelling due to trade relations led to spread of Buddhism.
QUESTION 3
List the similarities and differences of the religions — Jainism, Buddhism and
Hinduism.
ANSWER
Similarities
1. All the three — Jainism, Buddhism and Hinduism originated in ancient
India and have influenced each other.
2. They believe in reincarnation or rebirth after death.
3. Their ultimate goal is to attain Moksha.
4. Karma is an important concept in all three religions.
Differences
S.
No.
Hinduism Buddhism Jainism
1. No founder Founded by Gautam Buddha Founded by Rishabdeva
2. Creator of Universe is God Universe is God Universe itself is God
3. Strict and expensive Rituals Simple and inexpensive faith Very strict
regarding non-violence
4. Rigid caste system No caste system No caste system
QUESTION 4
Buddhism which emerged in ancient India against the Brahmanic social
order, has gained importance in contemporary India. State your views giving
examples.
ANSWER
Buddhism, which emerged in ancient India as a response to the Brahmanic
social order, has indeed gained importance in contemporary India. There are
several reasons for this, some of which are:
1. Emphasis on non-violence — Buddhism has always emphasized nonviolence
and compassion towards all living beings, which has become
increasingly relevant in contemporary India. With the rise of communal
and sectarian violence, many people have turned to Buddhism as a way of
promoting peace and harmony.
2. Influence on modern Indian leaders — Several modern Indian leaders,
such as Dr. B.R. Ambedkar were deeply influenced by Buddhism.
Ambedkar, in particular, converted to Buddhism in 1956, and his followers
have continued to promote the religion as a means of empowerment for
Dalits, who have historically faced discrimination in India.
3. Interest in meditation and mindfulness — Buddhism has also gained
popularity in India due to its emphasis on meditation and mindfulness
practices. Many people in contemporary India are turning to these
practices as a means of coping with stress and anxiety in their daily lives.
QUESTION 5
Write the script of a play on the life and times of Gautam Buddha.
ANSWER
Title: The Enlightened One
Characters:
Gautama Buddha
Queen Maya (Buddha's mother)
King Suddhodana (Buddha's father)
Ananda (Buddha's disciple and cousin)
Mara (the demon of illusion)
Act 1:
Scene 1: The birth of Gautama Buddha
The play opens with Queen Maya giving birth to Prince Siddhartha Gautama.
The king and queen celebrate his birth, with the king envisioning a bright
future for his son. However, a prophecy is revealed that the prince will either
become a great king or a great sage, causing King Suddhodana to worry
about his son's future.
Scene 2: The young prince
The play fast-forwards to Prince Siddhartha's teenage years, where he is
depicted as a curious and introspective youth. He becomes increasingly
interested in the nature of suffering and the meaning of life, much to the
confusion of his father and the courtiers.
Act 2:
Scene 1: The Great Renunciation
Prince Siddhartha, now a young man, is married and has a child. One day as
his charioteer is driving him through the town, he sees an old man bent with
age. Then he sees a sick man groaning in pain. After that he witnesses a
dead body of a man being carried for cremation. He is consoled when he
sees an ascetic in search of salvation. He becomes disillusioned with his life
of luxury and decides to renounce his material possessions and seek the
truth. This decision causes great distress to his family, particularly his father,
who wants him to become a great king.
Scene 2: The search for enlightenment
The prince embarks on a journey to find enlightenment, seeking the advice of
several spiritual teachers along the way. However, he remains dissatisfied
with their teachings and continues his search.
Act 3:
Scene 1: Enlightenment
After several years of meditation and self-reflection, Prince Siddhartha
attains enlightenment under a Bodhi tree. He becomes known as the
Buddha, or the enlightened one. Ananda, his cousin and disciple, witnesses
the event.
Scene 2: The first sermon
The Buddha travels to the Deer Park in Sarnath and delivers his first sermon,
known as the Four Noble Truths. Ananda and other disciples listen intently as
the Buddha explains the nature of suffering and the path to liberation.
Act 4:
Scene 1: The spread of Buddhism
The Buddha continues to travel and teach, gathering a large following of
monks and laypeople. He performs several miracles and attracts the
attention of Mara, the demon of illusion, who tries to distract him from his
mission.
Scene 2: The Mahaparinirvana
The play ends with the Buddha's death, known as the Mahaparinirvana.
Ananda and the other disciples mourn his passing, but the Buddha reminds
them that his teachings will live on through the Dharma. The play concludes
with Ananda reciting one of the Buddha's famous quotes, "All conditioned
things are impermanent. Strive on with diligence."

History — Chapter 2: The Vedic Period Aditya krishna

Multiple-Choice QUESTIONs
QUESTION 1
Which of the following is not a category of the Vedic Literature?
1. The Aranyas
2. The Upanishads
3. The Early Vedic Texts
4. The Brahmanas attached to each Sanhita
ANSWER
The Early Vedic Texts
QUESTION 2
Which of the following is known as 'the first testament of mankind'?
1. Sama Veda
2. Rig Veda
3. Yajur Veda
4. Atharva Veda

ANSWER
Rig Veda
QUESTION 3
The use of iron gave rise to new occupations, which one of the following is
NOT one of them?
1. farming
2. tool-making
3. pottery
4. shipping.
ANSWER
pottery
QUESTION 4
What is referred to as PGW or Painted Grey Ware pottery?
1. Rugged grey pottery
2. Very fine, smooth and even-coloured pottery
3. Bead-encrusted black pottery
4. All of the above.
ANSWER
Very fine, smooth and even-coloured pottery
QUESTION 5
'Vidatha' the assembly did NOT perform which of the following functions?
1. Economic
2. Social
3. Religious
4. Administrative
ANSWER
Administrative
QUESTION 6
What was the life expectancy of a person in the Vedic Age (Hint: the four
ashramas)
1. 25 years
2. 50 years
3. 75 years
4. 100 years
ANSWER
100 years
QUESTION 7
Family, the fundamental unit of society, was patriarchal and was headed by
1. Vishapati
2. Purohita
3. Grihapati
4. Gramini
ANSWER
Grihapati
Select Correct Relationship
QUESTION 1
(A) The period between 1500-1000 BC when the Aryans settled in India is
known as the Early Vedic Period.
(B) During this period, following the course of rivers the Aryans settled in the
Gangetic Valley.
1. (B) contradicts (A)
2. (B) is the reason for (A)
3. (A) is true but (B) is false.
4. (A) and (B) are independent of each other.
ANSWER
(A) is true but (B) is false
Explanation — During the Early Vedic Period between 1500-1000 BC, the
Aryans settled in the Sapta Sindhu region or the land of the seven rivers —
namely Sindhu (Indus), Ravi, Beas, Satluj, Jhelum, Chenab and Saraswati.
During the Later Vedic Period between 1000 to 500 BC when iron had come
to be used, it is believed that Aryans, who were so far nomadic in nature,
followed the course of the rivers and settled in the Gangetic Valley.
QUESTION 2
(A) Iron began to be used in India during the period of Later Vedic Age.
(B) Iron was a harder metal than copper and bronze.
1. (B) contradicts (A) 2. (B) is the reason for (A)
3. (A) is true but (B) is false. 4. (A) and (B) are independent of each other.
ANSWER
(B) is the reason for (A)
Explanation — In India, Iron began to be used around 1000 BC during the
Later Vedic Period. Iron was a harder metal than copper and bronze. It
helped the Aryans to clear forests and settle in the Gangetic Valley.
QUESTION 3
(A) In the Rig Vedic Age, family was the fundamental unit of the society and
patriarchal in form.
(B) After the death of the oldest male member, the eldest son used to take
over the responsibility.
1. (B) contradicts (A) 2. (B) is the reason for (A)
3. (A) is true but (B) is false. 4. (A) and (B) are independent of each other.
ANSWER
(B) is the reason for (A)
Explanation — The families during Rig Vedic Age were patriarchal and was
headed by the oldest male member who was known as Grihapati or kulapati.
QUESTION 4
(A) In the Early Vedic Age, the King did not maintain any regular army.
(B) In times of war, he used to organise tribal groups to perform military
functions.
1. (B) contradicts (A) 2. (B) is the reason for (A)
3. (A) is true but (B) is false. 4. (A) and (B) are independent of each other.
ANSWER
(B) is the reason for (A)
Explanation — In the Early Vedic Age, the King did not maintain any regular
army. Therefore, in times of war, he used to organise tribal groups to perform
military functions.
QUESTION 5
(A) During the Early Vedic period, the society was divided into different
classes based on their profession.
(B) During the Later Vedic Age, the caste system became quite rigid.
1. (B) contradicts (A) 2. (B) is the reason for (A)
3. (A) is true but (B) is false. 4. (A) and (B) are independent of each other.
ANSWER
(A) and (B) are independent of each other.
Explanation — During the Early Vedic period, the society was divided into
different classes based on their profession. The profession was later
inherited which led to a rigid caste system during Later Vedic Age.
Short ANSWER QUESTIONs
QUESTION 1
Name the two categories of Early Vedic Literature. Why was the Early Vedic
Literature known as Shruti?
ANSWER
The two categories of the Early Vedic Literature were Shruti and Smriti.
The Early Vedic Literature was known as Shruti because it was revealed to
the sages by God and they passed on the knowledge orally from generation
to generation.
QUESTION 2
Name the four Vedas and mention what does each deal with.
ANSWER
The four Vedas are:
1. The Rig Veda — The Rig veda is composed of 10 mandalas. It has hymns
that are dedicated to Gods by sages. They also tell us about life of people
during that time.
2. The Sama Veda — The hymns of Sama Veda were meant to be sung at
the time of the sacrifice by priests.
3. The Yajur Veda — It deals with hymns recited during the performance of
yagnas.
4. The Atharva Veda — The hymns of the Atharva Veda deal with magic and
charm. The hymns also deal with Gyan (knowledge), Karma (action),
upasana (invocation) and some with medicine and treatment.
QUESTION 3
What are the Upanishads? Name any two Upanishads.
ANSWER
The Upanishads are philosophical commentaries on the Vedas that include
the doctrines such as Karma, Moksha and Maya.
The two Upanishads are:
1. Chandogya Upanishad
2. Kena Upanishad
QUESTION 4
What are the Dharmashastras?
ANSWER
The law-books called the Dharmasutras and the Smritis together with their
commentaries, are called Dharmashastras.
QUESTION 5
Name the epics written during the later Vedic period.
ANSWER
The epics written during the later Vedic period were Ramayana and
Mahabharata.
QUESTION 6
What is known as Bhagwad Gita?
ANSWER
When the war of Mahabharata begin, Arjuna was reluctant to fight. Krishna
ultimately gave him a discourse and prevailed upon him to do his duty. This
discourse at the battlefield is compiled in the form of Bhagwad Gita. It forms
a part of Mahabharata.
QUESTION 7
Mention the importance of the Epics as a source of information about the
Aryans.
ANSWER
The Epics serve as the main source of information on the political
institutions and the social and cultural organisation of the Aryans. They
provide information about various Aryan kingdoms, their armies and the
weapons they used. The Kshatriyas were entrusted with the defence of their
kingdoms. They reveal the high ideals of family life of the Aryans. The great
heroes depicted in the Epics are the embodiment of high moral principles
and made a great impact on successive generations.
QUESTION 8
Which battle is known as the Mahabharata? For how long was this battle
fought?
ANSWER
The battle which was fought between Pandavas and Kauravas is known as
Mahabharata.
The battle of Mahabharata was fought for 18 days.
QUESTION 9
State the role of iron in the development of agriculture during the Vedic Age.
ANSWER
The discovery of iron gave the Aryans new implements like axes to clear
forest and cultivate land. The use of iron plough-heads, sickles and hoes,
made it easy to cultivate a vast tract of land. Thus, agriculture became their
important occupation. The surplus production of rice, wheat, barley,
vegetables and fruits improved their standard of living.
QUESTION 10
Give two features of Painted Grey Ware (PGW) Pottery.
ANSWER
The two important features of Painted Grey Ware (PGW) Pottery are-
1. Painted Grey Ware (PGW) Pottery were very fine, smooth and evencoloured
pottery.
2. They were made up of high quality clay with geometrical patterns painted
in black. Floral patterns and Sun symbols were also found.
QUESTION 11
How did trade become a pivot around which the life of the people revolved?
ANSWER
During the Later Vedic phase, discovery of Iron led to development of
agriculture. Agricultural surplus led to trade, giving rise to markets which
further developed towns and cities. Thus trade become a pivot around which
the life of the people revolved.
QUESTION 12
State the difference in the position of women between the Early Vedic and
Later Vedic Age.
ANSWER
During Early vedic period women were respected, the daughters were given
freedom to choose their husbands and widow remarriage was prevalent but
in Later Vedic period there was significant decline in the status of women.
Their participation in Yajnas was not considered necessary. Their right to
property and freedom to choose husband was curtailed.
QUESTION 13
State briefly the change that occurred in the position of the Brahmins in the
Later Vedic Age.
ANSWER
In the Later Vedic Age, the position of the Brahmins became stronger as the
caste system became more rigid. They were said to have divine powers. No
rituals or religious celebration commenced without the presence of
Brahmins. They enjoyed many privileges.
QUESTION 14
State two important changes that took place in the society in the process of
its transition from the Early Vedic Period to the Later Vedic Period.
ANSWER
The two important changes that took place in the society in the process of
its transition from the Early Vedic Period to the Later Vedic Period were-
1. Women enjoyed equal rights in Early Vedic Period but their status in the
society gradually declined during the Later Vedic Period.
2. Caste system which was based on occupation earlier became hereditary
and rigid with course of time.
Structured QUESTIONs
QUESTION 1
With reference to the sources of information about the Vedic Age, write short
notes on the following:
(a) The Vedas (b) The Epics (c) Role of Iron Implements
ANSWER
(a) The Vedas — The Vedas are storehouse of knowledge about Vedic Age.
They give us information about the life of the people of Vedic Age. We get
information about the social, economical, political, and religious aspects of
their life. There are four Vedas — The Rig Veda, The Sama Veda, The Yajur
Veda, The Atharva Veda. The Rig Veda gives an account of Early Vedic Period
while the rest of Vedas give an account of Later Vedic Period.
(b) The Epics — The Ramayana and the Mahabharata are the important
epics. They serve as main source of information on the political institution
and the social and cultural organisation of the Vedic Age. The Epics provide
information on Aryan kingdoms, their armies and the weapons and reveal the
high ideals of family life of Aryans. They are considered as the finest literary
works of the ancient period and are acclaimed for their literary and
philosophical value. The great heroes depicted in the Epics are the
embodiment of high moral principles and made a great impact on
successive generations.
(c) Role of Iron Implements — In India, the Iron Age began in 1000 B.C. Iron
was cheap, available in plenty, it was harder than copper and bronze and its
deposits were found over large areas. It was used in the following areas:
1. Agriculture — Iron gave Aryans new tools like axe to clear the forest and
cultivate the land. Using iron plough-heads, sickles and hoes, they could
bring vast tracts of land under cultivation. The production of more rice,
wheat, barley, vegetables and fruits improved their standard of living.
2. Occupation — The use of Iron provided durable implements like saws,
chisels, hammers, nails and tongs. This gave rise to occupations such as
weaving, spinning, carpentry, tanning and tool making.
3. Defence — Iron was extensively used in making weapons like swords,
armours and shields.
QUESTION 2
With reference to the Society during the Vedic Age, ANSWER the following
QUESTIONs:
(a) Explain briefly the class divisions that existed in the society.
(b) State the position of women in the Vedic period.
(c) Explain the four stages in the life of an Aryan.
ANSWER
(a) During the Early Vedic Period, the society was divided into different
classes based on their profession. These professions became hereditary
over the course of time. These occupational classes gradually took the form
of caste. In the Later Vedic Period, the four classes or Varnas in which
society was divided were Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya and Shudra. The
Brahmins performed religious rituals. The Kshatriyas were fighters and they
became the ruling class. The Vaishyas engaged in business and looked after
agriculture as well as industry. The Shudras served the upper classes.
(b) During the Early Vedic Period the women were respected. They had right
to choose their husband and to participate in rituals. Widow remarriage was
prevalent. There are no examples of child marriage. The marriageable age in
the Rig Veda seems to have been 16 to 17. During Later Vedic Period, there
was a significant decline in the status of women. Their participation in Yajna
was not considered necessary. Their freedom to choose husband and right
to property was curtailed.
(c) The four stages in the life of an Aryan, also known as the four Ashramas
were:
1. The Brahmacharya Ashrama — It lasted up to the age of 25 years during
which the pupil was expected to acquire knowledge in gurukul and
observe strict discipline.
2. The Grihastha Ashrama — It lasted from the age of 25 to 50 years during
which man was supposed to marry and raise and maintain his family.
3. The Vanaprastha Ashrama — It lasted from the age of 50 to 75 years.
During this period the man was expected to retire from worldly life and
acquire spiritual knowledge.
4. The Sanyasa Ashrama — It lasted from the age of 75 to 100 years which
was the period of renunciation. Man had to leave everything forever and
go into meditation in order to attain moksha or salvation.
QUESTION 3
With reference to economic organisation of the people in the Vedic Period,
ANSWER the following QUESTIONs:
(a) State the methods used by the Aryans in agriculture.
(b) Why was the domestication of animals important to the Aryans?
(c) How was trade managed during this period?
ANSWER
(a) For the Early Vedic Period, there are very few references of agricultural
activities in the Rig Veda. There are references to fire being used for burning
the forest cover and the practice of shifting cultivation. In the Later Vedic
Period, importance of agriculture grew due to the availability of vast tracts of
fertile alluvial lands of the Ganga-Yamuna doab and the middle Ganga valley.
The later Vedic texts refer to oxen yoked to the plough suggesting the
prevalence of plough cultivation. Iron ploughshares and metal tools were
used and a variety of crops were cultivated towards the end of this period.
(b) The domestication of animals was important to the Aryans because
during the Early Vedic Period cattle was main source of income. For Aryans
cattle was synonymous with wealth. Cow had religious value, animals like
sheep were domesticated for wool. Leather workers have also been
mentioned in Vedic Text. Moreover, the area received low rainfall and the
major rivers were known to change course making it difficult to cultivate the
alluvial lands near the rivers on a permanent basis thereby further increasing
the importance of domestication of animals.
(c) During the Later Vedic Period agricultural surplus led to trade giving rise
to markets from which developed towns and cities. Although coins were
introduced, barter system was still dominant in trade with other countries.
QUESTION 4
With reference to the picture given, ANSWER the following QUESTION:
(a) Identify this ancient education system. Persons belonging to which
ashrama of life attended this?
(b) Describe briefly the life in this ancient education institution.
(c) What do you think are the advantages and disadvantages of studying in
this educational setup?
ANSWER
(a) The given picture shows Gurukul system of education in which the
students used to live with their teacher called guru.
Persons belonging to Brahmacharya ashrama of life attended the Gurukul.
(b) The residence of Guru called gurukul, was the most sacred institution.
The Gurukuls were located on the outskirts of the city and even in forests.
The students lived there. The guru treated his students like his own children.
The student was required to do household chores for his teacher. They woke
up early in the morning, took bath and chanted Vedic mantras. Most of the
teaching was done orally. At the completion of education, a student used to
give Guru Dakshina — a gift to his teacher. The main object of education was
to bring about physical, mental and spiritual development of the pupils. The
subjects of study included the Vedas, Puranas, Grammar, Mathematics,
Ethics, Logic and Military Science.
(c) Advantages of gurukul system of education — It brought a sense of
equality among the students as children of king and children of common
man all studied in the same setup with the same rules. It helped in the
physical, mental and spiritual development of the students.
Disadvantages of gurukul system of education — Education was oral.
Students were required to be away from their homes and live a hard life
without any personal choice. There was no fixed curriculum and methods of
assessment for the students.
Thinking Skills
QUESTION 1
The Vedic knowledge was passed on orally from generation to generation
until they were written down many centuries later. Why were these texts not
put to writing for such a long period?
Give reasons to support your ANSWER.

The Vedic knowledge was not put to writing for many centuries because of
the following reasons:
1. The Vedas were composed in ancient India between 1500 BC and 500 BC.
Writing technology did not evolve at the time when Vedas were
composed. Hence, they were not put in writing for a long time.
2. The Vedas were considered sacred texts, and their transmission was
believed to be a religious duty. According to Vedic tradition, the correct
pronunciation and intonation of the mantras were crucial, and even the
slightest deviation from the original text could render the recitation invalid.
Therefore, the Vedas were memorized and recited with utmost care to
ensure their accuracy.
3. In ancient India, the oral tradition was considered a more reliable method
of preserving knowledge than writing. Writing materials were scarce and
fragile, and documents could easily be destroyed by fire, water, or other
natural disasters. On the other hand, the oral tradition was more resilient
and durable, as it relied on the memory of human beings, which could be
passed on from generation to generation.
QUESTION 2
The Early Vedic Age can be defined as a period when women were given
equal rights with men. Justify this statement with examples.
ANSWER
During Rig vedic period, the institution of marriage had become sacred. The
daughters were given freedom to choose their husbands. Widow remarriage
was prevalent. There are no examples of child-marriage. Women enjoyed
right to property and their participation in Yajnas was necessary. This
suggests that during early Vedic Age women were given equal rights with
men.
QUESTION 3
The Vedic Age laid the foundation of Indian culture and civilisation. Do you
agree with this viewpoint? Give reasons to support your ANSWER.
ANSWER
I agree with the view point that "the vedic age laid the foundation of Indian
culture and civilisation".
The culture followed during the Vedic age are still prevalent in Indian society.
The epics and the vedas are still read and followed in our society. The caste
system or class division, social organisation are more or less same with few
changes. With time there has been changes in the culture, tradition, social
organisation but the basic element remain the same as it was in the Vedic
age. Therefore, we can say that the Vedic Age laid the foundation of Indian
culture and civilisation.
QUESTION 4
You have been asked to select an epic for a musical to be held on your
school's annual day celebration. Which epic would you choose? Give reasons
to support your choice.
ANSWER
I would select 'the Ramayana' for musical to be held on my school's annual
day celebration because its hymns are easier to sing as they are in 'Awadhi'
(although originally it was written in Sanskrit). Also the story is simple,
interesting as well as it can be related to our lives. It teaches us family values
and exemplary human behaviour in different situations.
QUESTION 5
Write a play based on the life and times of the Rig Vedic Period. How much
of it would be relevant in the Later Vedic Period?
ANSWER
Title: The Vedic Age — A Tale of Two Periods
Cast:
Narrator
Rishi - A learned sage
King - A powerful monarch
Warrior - A brave soldier
Brahmin - A priest
Merchant - A trader
Act 1:
Scene 1:
Narrator: Welcome to the Vedic age, where the Rig Vedic period marked the
beginning of Indian civilisation. Let's travel back in time to this era of great
knowledge and wisdom.
Scene 2:
Rishi: (Entering) Namaste, I am a learned sage, well-versed in the Vedas. The
Vedas contain the sacred hymns and rituals that we must follow to connect
with the divine. We must recite them with utmost devotion and dedication.
Scene 3:
King: (Entering) I have to protect my kingdom from external threats. Our
brave soldiers must be trained in the art of warfare to defend our land from
enemies.
Scene 4:
Warrior: (Entering) I am a brave soldier, skilled in archery and sword fighting. I
am ready to fight any enemy who dares to invade our land.
Act 2:
Scene 1:
Narrator: The Later Vedic period saw the emergence of new social and
economic practices that challenged the traditional ways of life. Let's see how
this period differed from the earlier one.
Scene 2:
Brahmin: (Entering) Namaste, I am a priest, and I perform various rituals and
ceremonies to appease the gods. Our society is changing, and we must
adapt to the new practices that have emerged.
Scene 3:
Merchant: (Entering) I am a trader, and I travel to distant lands to buy and sell
goods. Our society is becoming more commercialised, and we must
embrace the new opportunities that arise.
Scene 4:
King: (Entering) Our kingdom is growing, and we must govern it more
efficiently. We need a system of laws and regulations to maintain order and
stability.
Scene 5:
Narrator: The Later Vedic period saw the emergence of new social and
economic practices that challenged the traditional ways of life. While the
emphasis on religion and warfare continued, new practices like commerce,
governance, and law emerged.
Conclusion:
The Vedic Age was a time of great knowledge, wisdom, and progress. While
the Rig Vedic period laid the foundation for Indian civilisation, the Later Vedic
period saw the emergence of new social and economic practices. The
relevance of the earlier period continued, as the Later Vedic period built upon
the knowledge and practices of the earlier period. Together, they shaped the
course of Indian history and culture for centuries to come.