1

TAMIL NADU Dr. M.G.R. MEDICAL UNIVERSITY,

69, ANNA SALAI, GUINDY, CHENNAI - 600 032.

SYLLABUS

FOR

M.Sc – RADIOGRAPHY AND IMAGING

TECHNOLOGY
 2

(Post - Graduate Degree Course Under Allied Health

Science)
* M. Sc – RADIOGRAPHY AND IMAGING TECHNOLOGY

Course Curriculum:

First Year:

Total Teaching hours for First year Syllabus

Sl. Hours Total

me of the Paper
Theory Practical

1. Principles of Epidemiology, Research Methodology, 50 80 130

Biostatistics and Medical Ethics

2. Radiological Physics 50 80 130

Conventional Radiological and Imaging

3. Equipment 50 80 130
4. Radiographic and Imaging Techniques 50 80 130
5. Radiation Safety and Protection 50 70 120
6. Modern Radiological and Imaging Equipment 50 90 140
7. Residency – I --- --- 350
Total Hours 300 480 1130

** Paper : I: Principles of Epidemiology, Research Methodology, Biostatistics and

Medical Ethics :-

UNIT I: EPIDEMIOLOGY
Introduction: Historical aspects and evolution of epidemiology, definitions and concepts in
Epidemiology.
Natural history of disease. Approaches in Epidemiology. Descriptive and Analytical
Epidemiology, Disease burden and Measures of risk and death. Epidemiological
Investigations.
 3

UNIT-II – RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Principles of Research study designs, Sampling Methods, Sample size Estimation, Protocol
writing and Measures of Association.
Introduction to Operations Research.

UNIT III: BIOSTATISTICS

Fundamentals of Biostatistics: Introduction, Types of data, Tabular and graphical presentation
of data. Measures of location, dispersion and correlation: Measures of central tendency.
Mean, mode, median, GM, HM, quartiles Measures of dispersion—Range, Standard Deviation,
Variance, Coefficient of Variation.
Probability and statistical inference: Concept and probability distribution. Normal distribution—
density curves, applications and statistical tables. Concept of significance tests, parametric and
nonparametric tests, standard error and confidence intervals.
Inferential statistics: Probability and distributions – Poisson, Binomial and Normal distribution
– Chi-square test – Hypothesis test - Student’s t-test – Correlation and Regression – ANOVA.
UNIT IV: MEDICAL ETHICS
Bioethics and Medical ethics: Historical perspectives & Introduction to Bioethics, Nuremberg
Code, Declaration of Helsinki, Principle of essentiality, informed consent, confidentiality,
minimisation of risk, accountability and responsibility. Ethics of clinical trials: Drug trials, vaccine
trials, Clinical Trials with medical devices/surgical procedures/radioactive materials, Research in
transplantation and stem cell therapy. Regulatory framework and guidelines for conduction of
human research: Review processes, Institutional ethical committees, composition of
committees, review procedures, WHO, UNESCO and ICMR guidelines.

References :
1. Epidemiology: An Introduction. Kenneth J. J. Rothman. Latest edition / Pub. Date:
May 2002. Publisher: Oxford University Press.
2. Epidemiology. Leon Gordis. Latest edition / Pub. Date: November 2004. Publisher:
Elsevier Health Sciences.
3. Diseases and Human Evolution. Ethne Barnes. Latest edition / Latest edition / Pub. Date:
March 2005. Publisher: University of New Mexico Press.
4. Epidemiology: Beyond the Basics. F. Javier Nieto, Moyses Szklo. Latest edition / Pub.
Date: November 2003. Publisher: Jones & Bartlett Publishers, Inc.
5. Basic and Clinical Biostatistics. Beth Dawson, Robert G. Trapp, Robert Trapp. Latest
edition / Pub. Date: March 2004.
6. Discovering Statistics Using SPSS. Andy Field. Latest edition / Pub.
Date: April 2005. Publisher: SAGE Publications.
7. Arora PN & Malhon PK (1996). Biostatistics Imalaya Publishing House, Mumbai.
8. Sokal & Rohif (1973). Introduction to Biostatistics, Toppan Co. Japan.
9. Stanton A & Clantz, Primer of Biostatistics –– The McGraw Hill Inc., New York.
10. Government of India. Good Clinical Practices for Clinical Research in India.
New Delhi: 2001
11. Indian Council of Medical Research. Ethical Guidelines for
Biomedical Research on Human Subjects. New Delhi: 2000
 4

12. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation

(UNESCO). Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights. Paris; 2005

b Epidemiology: Beyond the Basics. F. Javier Nieto, Moyses Szklo. Latest edition / Pub. Date:
November 2003. Publisher: Jones & Bartlett Publishers, Inc.
c Basic and Clinical Biostatistics. Beth Dawson, Robert G. Trapp, Robert Trapp. Latest edition /
Pub. Date: March 2004.
d Discovering Statistics Using SPSS. Andy Field. Latest edition / Pub. Date: April 2005. Publisher:
SAGE Publications.
1. Arora PN & Malhon PK (1996). Biostatistics Imalaya Publishing House, Mumbai.
(b) Sokal & Rohif (1973). Introduction to Biostatistics, Toppan Co. Japan.
(c) Stanton A & Clantz, Primer of Biostatistics –– T he McGraw Hill Inc., New York.
10.Government of India. Good Clinical Practices for Clinical Research in India. New Delhi:
2001
8 Indian Council of Medical Research. Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research on Human
Subjects. New Delhi: 2000
12. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO). Universal
Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights. Paris; 2005

Paper: II: Radiological Physics

Introduction
1. X-rays: Discovery of x-rays-X-ray production and properties: Bremsstrahlung radiations-Characteristics X-Rays,
factors affecting X-ray emission spectra, X-ray quality and quantity, HVL measurements, heel effect, soft and hard X-
Rays, added and inherent filtration, reflection and transmission targets.

2. Interaction of ionizing radiation with matter-Types of interactions of X-and gamma radiation, Photoelectric &
Compton, Pair production, annihilation radiation.
3. Interaction of X and gamma rays: Transmission through matter, law of exponential attenuation, half value layer, and
linear attenuation coefficient-coherent scattering-photonuclear disintegration-Particle interactions. Interactions of X
rays and Gamma rays in the body; fat-soft tissue-bone-contrast media-total attenuation coefficient-relative clinical
importance.
4. Exponential attenuation (linear/mass attenuation coefficients), Half Value Thickness (HVT), Tenth Value
Thickness (TVT), dependence on energy and atomic number.
5. Radiation intensity and exposure, photon flux and energy flux density.
6. LET, range of energy relationship for alpha, beta particles with X-Rays.
7. X-ray tube: historical aspects, construction of X-ray tubes, requirements for X-ray production(Electron source, target
and anode material), tube voltage, current, space charge, early X-ray tubes(Coolidge tubes, tube envelop and housing)
cathode assembly, X-ray production efficiency, advances in X-ray tubes, anode angulation and rotating tubes-line
focus principle-space charge effect, tube cooling-Modern X-ray tubes-stationary anode, rotating anode, grid
controlled X-ray tubes, heel effect, off focus radiation, tube insert and housing-Tube rating-Quality and intensity
of x-rays-factors influencing them.
8. Grid controlled and high speed tubes, focal spot size, speed of anode rotation, target angle, inherent filtration,
radiation leakage and scattered radiation).Interlocking and X-ray tube overload protection.

9. Heat dissipation methods, tube rating, heat units, operating conditions and maintenance and Q.A procedures.
 5

10. Filament current and voltage, X-ray circuits (primary circuit, auto transformer), types of exposure switch and timers,
principle of automatic exposure control (AEC) and practical operation, filament circuit, high voltage circuits, half
wave, full wave rectification, three phase circuits. Types of generators, 3 phase, 6 and 12 pulse circuits-high frequency
generators-falling load generators, Capacitors discharge and grid control systems.

11. X-ray generator circuits: Vacuum tube diodes-semi-conductor diodes-transistor-Rectification-half and full wave-self
rectification-X-ray generator; filament circuit-kilo Voltage circuit-single phase generator-three phase generator-
constant potential generator-Fuses, switches and interlocks-Exposure switching and timers-HT cables- earthing.
12. Physical quantity, its unit and measurement: Fundamental and derived quantity, SI unit, various physical/radiation
quantity used in Diagnostic Radiology and its unit (for example, KVp, mA, mAs, Heat unit (HU).

13. Radiation quantities and units: Radiation intensity-exposure, roentgen, its limitations-kerma and absorbed dose-
electronic equilibrium-rad, gray, conversion factor for roentgen to rad-quality factor-dose equivalent-rem, Sievert.
Quality factor, dose equivalent, relationship between absorbed dose and equivalent dose.

14. Radiation detection and measurements: Principle of radiation detection-Basic principles of ionization chambers,
proportional counters, G.M counters and scintillation detectors. Measuring system: free ionization chamber-thimble
ion chamber-condenser chamber- secondary standard dosimeter-film dosimeter-chemical dosimeter-Thermo
Luminescent Dosimeter-Pocket dosimeter.
15. Computed tomography, MRI, Ultrsonography, Digital Radiography-its principle, physics & equipment.

16. Picture archiving and communication system ( PACS)

Paper :III: Conventional Radiological and Imaging Equipment

1. Production of x-rays: X-ray tube, gas filled x-ray tube, construction working and limitations; stationary anode x - ray
tube; construction, working, 0methods of cooling the anode, rating chart and cooling chart; rotating anode x - ray
tube: construction, working rating chart, speed of anode rotation, angle of anode inclination, dual focus and practical
consideration in choice of focus, anode heel effect, grid controlled x - ray tube; effect of variation of anode voltage
and filament temperature; continuous and characteristics spectrum of x - rays, inherent filter and added filter, their
effect on quality of the spectrum.

2. High tension circuits: H.T. generator for x-ray machines, three phase rectifier circuits, three phase six rectifier circuit,
three phase 12 rectifier circuit, high and medium frequency circuits; capacitance filter control and stabilising
equipment; mains voltage compensator, mains resistance compensator, compensation for frequency variation, control
of tube voltage, kV compensator; high tension selector switch, filament circuit, control of tube current, space
charge compensation.

3. Meters and exposure timers: Moving coil galvanometer: construction and working/conversion to milliammeter,
ammeter and voltmeter, meters commonly used in diagnostic x-ray machines, pre reading kV meter and
milliammeter, digital panel meters. Clockwork timers, synchronous motor timer, electronic timers, photo metric
timers (fluorescent and photoelectric effect as applied in timers), ion chamber based timers, integrated timer.

4. Interlocking circuits: Relays: description and working, use of relays in diagnostic machines for over load protection,
circuit diagram; simplified circuit and block diagrams illustrating sequence of events from mains supply to controlled
emission of x-rays.
 6

5. Control of scattered radiation: Beam limiting devices: cones, diaphragms, light beam collimator, beam centring
device, methods to verify beam centring and field alignment; grids; design and control of scattered radiation, grid
ratio, grid cut-off, parallel grid, focused grid, crossed grid, grided cassettes, stationary and moving grid potter bucky
diaphragms, various types of grid movements; single stroke movement, oscillatory movement and reciprocatory
movement.

6. Fluoroscopy: Fluorescence and phosphorescence - description, fluorescent materials used in fluoroscopic screens,
construction of fluoroscopic screen and related accessories, tilting table, dark adaptation. Image intensifier -
Construction and working, advantages over fluoroscopic device, principles and methods of visualising intensified
image, basic principles of closed circuit television camera and picture tube. Vidicon camera, CCD. Automatic
brightness control, automatic exposure control, chamber selection during fluoroscopy. Serial radiography: Manual
cassette changer, rapid automatic film changer, basic principles of cine fluoroscopy and angiography use of grid
controlled x-ray tube.
7. Portable and mobile x-ray units, dental x-ray unit, skull unit.
8. Mammography unit- Technical aspects of Mammography
9. General care; functional tests; testing the performance of exposure timers, assessing the MA settings, testing the
available KV, measurement of focal spot of an xray tube, testing the light beam diaphragm, practical precautions
pertaining to Brakes and locks, H.T. cables, meters and controls, tube stands and tracks as well as accessory
equipment.

Paper : IV: Radiographic and Imaging Techniques

1. Skeletal system:
a. Upper limb: Technique for hand, fingers, thumb, wrist joint carpal bones, forearm, elbow joint, radio ulnar joints and
humerus supplementary techniques for the above. eg. carpal tunnel view, ulnar groove, head of the radius,
supracondylar projections.
b. Lower limb: Technique for foot, toes, great toe, tarsal bones, calcaneum, ankle joint, lower leg, knee, patella & femur.
Supplementary techniques: Stress view for torn ligaments,Subtalar joint and talo calcaneal joint. .Inter condylar
projection of the knee.ibial tubercle, Length measurement technique.

c. Shoulder girdle and thorax: Technique for shoulder joint, scapular, clavicle, acromio clavicular joints, sternum,
ribs, sterno-clavicular joint. Supplementary projections and techniques for recurrent dislocation of shoulder.
Traumatic dislocation of shoulder. Cervical ribs.
d. Vertebral column: Technique for atlanto-occipital joint, cervical spine, cervico thoracic spine, thoracic spine, thoraco-
lumber spine, lumbo sacral spine, sacrum and coccyx. Supplementary
 7

techniques to demonstrate: Scoliosis, Kyphosis, Spondylolisthesis , disc lesion, Union of spinal graft. Adaptation
of techniques to demonstrate specific pathologies.
e. Pelvic girdle and hip region: Technique for whole pelvis. Ilium, ischium, pubic bones, sacro iliac joint, symphysis
pubis, hip joint, acetabulum neck of femur, greater and lesser trochanter. Supplementary techniques to demonstrate
Congenital dislocation of hip joints, Epiphysis of femur, Lateral projections for hip joints to show femoral head and
neck relationship.
f. Skeletal survey: Skeletal survey for metabolic bone disease, metastases, hormonal disorder, renal disorders.

g. Skull: Basic projections for cranium, facial bones, nasal bones and mandible. Technique for Petrous temporals for
mastoids, Internal auditory canal, Accessory nasal sinuses,Tempero - mandibular joint, Orbits and optic foramen,
Zygomatic arches,Styloid process, Pituitary fossa, Jugular foramen.

2. Dental Radiography: Technique for intra oral full mouth, Occlusal projections, Extra oral projections including
orthopantomography,Supplementary techniques.

3. Upper respiratory tract:Technique for post nasal airways, larynx, trachea, thoracic inlet,Valsalva
manoeuvre,Phonation.
4. Lungs and Mediastinum:Technique for routine projections,

5. Supplementary projections: Antero-posterior, obliques, lordotic, apical projection, use of penetrated postero-
anterior projection, Expiration technique,Technique for pleural fluid levels and adhesions.

6. Abdominal viscera:Technique for plain film examination.- Projection for acute abdomen patients.- Technique to
demonstrate: Foreign bodies, Imperforate anus.
7. Radiography using mobile Xray equipment: Radiography in the ward: Radiography in the specialised unit, such as:
Intensive care unit, Coronary care, Neonatal unit,Radiography in the operating theatre.
8. Macroradiography: Principle, advantage, technique and applications.
9. Stereography: Procedure, presentation, for viewing, stereoscopes.
10. High KV techniques: Principle and its applications.
11. Soft tissue Radiography including Mammography : its techniques, equipment , advancements and applications.

12. Localization of foreign bodies: Various techniques

13. Operation theatre techniques: General precautions, Aspesis in techniques,Checking of mains supply and functions of
equipment, selection of exposure factors, explosion risk, radiation protection and rapid processing techniques.
14. Trauma radiography/Emergency radiography,
15. Neonatal and Paediatric Radiography,
16. Tomography and Tomosynthesis
17. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry
18. Forensic Radiography
19. Community Radiography.
 8

Paper : V: Radiation Safety and Protection

Radiation safety in diagnostic Radiology

1. Introduction to Radiation protection-Need for protection,Aim of radiation protection,.
2. Limits for radiation exposure: Concept of ALARA ,maximum permissible dose ,exposure in pregnancy, children.
Occupational Exposure Limits - Dose limits to public.
3. Radiation Protection in: Radiography, Fluoroscopy, Mammography , Mobile Radiography ,CT Scan ,DSA and
Interventional Radiology.
4. Radiation measuring instruments : survey meters , area monitor , personnel dosimeters ,film badge, thermo
luminescent dosimeter, pocket dosimeter.
5. Radiation Quantities and Units: Radiation,Radioactivity,Sources of radiation - natural radioactive sources ,cosmic
rays, terrestrial radiation , manmade radiation sources.Kerma, Exposure, Absorbed dose, Equivalent Dose, Weighting
Factors, Effective Dose.

6. Biological Effects of radiation: Direct & Indirect actions of radiation ,concept of detriment ,Deterministic & stochastic
effect of radiation ,somatic and genetic effects, dose relationship , effects of antenatal exposure Ionization, excitation and
free radical formation, hydrolysis of water, action of radiation on cell-Chromosomal aberration and its application for the
biological dosimetry- Effects of whole body and acute irradiation, dose fractionation, effects of ionizing radiation on each
of major organ system including fetus -Somatic effects and hereditary effects-stochastic and deterministic effects-Acute
exposure and chronic exposure-LD50 - factors affecting radiosensitivity. Biological effects of non-ionizing radiation like
ultrasound, lasers, IR, UV and magnetic fields.

7. Radiation detection and Measurements: Ionization of gases, Fluorescence and Phosphorescence, Effects on
photographic emulsion. Ionization Chambers, proportional counters,G.M counters,scintillation detectors , liquid
semiconductor detectors , Gamma ray spectrometer. Measuring systems : free air ionization chamber ,thimble ion
chamber ,condenser chamber ,Secondary standard dosimeters, filmdosimeter ,chemical dosimeter-thermoluminescent
Dosimeter,Pocket dosimeter,Radiation survey meter,wide range survey meter ,zone monitor,contamination monitor - their
principle function and uses. Advantages & disadvantages of various detectors & appropriateness of different detectors for
different type of radiation measurement.

8. Dose and Dosimetry, CT Dose Index (CTDI, etc.), Multiple Scan Average Dose (MSAD), Dose Length Product
(DLP), Dose Profile, Effective Dose, Phantom Measurement Methods, Dose for Different Application Protocols,
Technique Optimization. Dose area product in fluoroscopy and angiography systems, AGD in mammography.

9. Radiation protection, Hazard evaluation and control:: Philosophy of Radiation protection Radiation protection of self
and patient and General Public, Principles of radiation protection, time - distance and shielding, shielding - calculation
and radiation survey, Calculation of Work load, weekly calculated dose to radiation worker & General public Good work
practice in Diagnostic Radiology.

10. Planning consideration for radiology, including Use factor, occupancy factors, and different shielding
materials.Protection for primary radiation , work load ,use factor , occupancy factor , protection from scatter radiation
and leakage radiation , X-Ray/Fluoroscopy/Mammography/Intervention/DSA/CT room design , structural shielding ,
protective devices.
 9

11. Regulatory Bodies & regulatory Requirements: International Commission on Radiation Protection (ICRP) /
National Regularity body (AERB - Atomic Energy Regulatory Board) - Responsibilities, organization, Safety Standard,
Codes and Guides, Responsibilities of licenses, registrants & employers and Enforcement of Regulatory
requirements. (ICRP, NRPB, NCRP and WHO guidelines for radiation protection, pregnancy and radiation
protection).

12. NABH guidelines, AERB guidelines, PNDT Act and guidelines Newer Radiation safety protocols and recent advances
in radiation safety. Role of Radiographer in Planning & Radiation Protection: Role of technologist in radiology
department - Personnel and area monitoring., Setting up of a new X-Ray unit, staff requirement, AERB specifications
for site planning and mandatory guidelines – Planning of X- ray/CT rooms, Inspection of X-Ray installations -
Registration of X-Ray equipment installation- Certification - Evaluation of workload versus radiation factors –
Occupational exposure and protection Tools/devices.
Paper : 6: Modern Radiological and Imaging Equipment :-

1. High Frequency X-Ray Generators and their types and applications.

2. Modern x-ray tubes-their types and advancements.

3. Special radiological equipment: Computed radiography: its principle, physics & equipment. Digital Radiography, Direct
and indirect digital radiography Digital Fluoroscopy , Digital Mammography; including cones compression devices
Stereotactic Biopsy system including Prone Table Biopsy system.

4. Image Receptors: Flat Panel Detectors, Image Processing Workstation and Imaging Cameras.

5. Tomography: Body section radiography, basic principle and equipment, multi section tomography, various types of
topographic movements,
6. Tomosynthesis, Stitch radiography

7. Dual energy x-ray absorptionometry (DEXA) scan.

8. Vascular Imaging Equipment: Introduction, historical developments DSA Equipment-Principle, applications and
definition of terms, Single Plane, Biplane, Hybrid DSA Lab- digital subtraction techniques.
9. Scatter radiation its formation and control: beam centering devices, collimators, cone diaphragms and grids.

10. Fluoroscopy and IITV systems including cine radiography with various recording devices.

11. Computed Tomography -Principle, data acquisition concepts, image reconstruction, instrumentations, image
manipulation Historical developments - Various generations, spiral/helical, single slice/multislice CT, Electron beam CT,
mobile CT, Advances in volume scanning, continuous, subsecond scanning. Real time CT fluoroscopy, interventional
guidance tool, 3D CT, CT angiography. Virtual reality imaging, including image quality and quality control in CT
Scanners.
12. Ultrasonography: :Basic principle of U.S., various types of transducers, mechanism of image formation, various
advancements including Doppler, Elastography, HIFU,ABVS and image artifacts.
 10

13. MRI: Basic principle of MRI, complete imaging equipment and various requirements, T1 and T2 Relaxation behaviors
of tissues, T1,T2 and proton density images, spatial localization of images. Types of imaging sequences (spin echo, fast
spin echo, flash, inversion recovery, gradient echo etc. MR spectroscopy, principle and techniques, Contrast Agents in
MRI, Image quality, Image artifacts and its compensators,NMR hazard and safety. Advances in MRI.
14. Radionuclide scanning including rectilinear scanner, gamma camera, PET, SPECT, their principles, working,
applications and advancements.

15. Care and maintenance of radiological equipments

Residency part – I: In the residency the professional is expected to work and contribute in the medical imaging unit.

Second Year:
Total Teaching hours for Second year Syllabus

Sl. Name of the Paper Hours Total

No.

Theory Practical

1 Radiological and Imaging Procedures 30 50 80

2. Quality Assurance and Quality Control in Diagnostic 40 70 110

Radiology and Imaging

3 Newer Imaging Modalities 30 40 70

4 Intervention Radiological Techniques and Patient 50 80 130

Care
5 Newer Developments in Advanced Imaging Technology 20 40 60

6 Seminars, Journal Clubs and Group Discussions 30 50 80

7 Residency – II (Project) --- --- 650

Total Hours 200 330 1180

Paper I: Radiological and Imaging Procedures

1. Special Radiographic/Radiological procedures
2. Selection of Fluoroscopy Equipment, general considerations, responsibility of radiographers. Patient Preparation,
Indications Contraindications Technique Post Care and Preparation of Drug Trolley/Tray, Radiation Safety. Contrast
Media - Positive and Negative, Ionic & Non – Ionic, Adverse Reactions To Contrast Media and Patient Management,
Emergency Drugs in the Radiology Department ,Aseptic technique for the following procedures.

3. Gastrointestinal Tract: Barium swallow, pharynx and oesophagus. Barium meal and follow through. Hypotonic
duodenography. Small bowel enema.Barium Enema routine projections for colon and rectum, colonic activators;
 11

double contrast studies; colostomy. Special techniques for specific disease to be examined. Including water soluble
contrast media - eg. gastrograffin studies.Including CT,US and MRI Special Imaging Techniques.
4. Salivary glands: Routine technique, procedure - sialography.
5. Biliary system: Plain film radiography. Intravenous cholangiography. Percutaneous cholangiography, Endoscopic
retrograde cholangio-pancreatography (ERCP). Operative cholangiography, Post-Operative cholangiography (T-tube
Cholangiography). Including CT, US and MRI Special Imaging Techniques.

6. Urinary system: Intravenous urography, Retrograde pyelography. Antegrade pyelography. Cystography and
micturating cystouresthrography. Urethrography (ascending) Renal puncture. Including CT,US and MRI Special
Imaging Techniques.
7. Reproductive system: All the Techniques relating to Male and Female reproductive system including
Hysterosalpingography.
8. Breast Imaging: Mammography: Basic views, special views, wire localization. Ductography, Tomosynthesis, ABVS,
Various Biopsy Techniques including Prone Table Biopsy, CT, US and MRI Special Imaging Techniques

9. Respiratory system: - Bronchography: Including CT,US and MRI Special Imaging Techniques.
10. Sinography:Routine technique and procedure.
11. Central Nervous System: Myelography. Cerebral studies.Ventriculography etc including CT, US and MRI Special
Imaging Techniques.
12. Arthrography: Shoulder, Hip, Knee, Elbow joints etc including CT, US and MRI Special Imaging Techniques.

13. Angiographic Studies: Carotid Angiography (4 Vessel angiography). Thoracic and Arch Aortography.Selective
studies: Renal, SMA, Coeliac axis. Vertebral angiography. Femoral arteriography. Angiocardiography, Peripheral
angiography
14. Venography: Peripheral venography.Cerebral venography.Inferior and superior venocavography.Relevant visceral
phlebography.

15. Microbiology:Introduction and morphology - Introduction of microbiology, Classification of microorganisms, size,

shape and structure of bacteria. Use of microscope in the study of bacteria.Growth and nutrition -nutrition,
culture media, types of medium with example and uses of culture media in diagnostic bacteriology, antimicrobial
sensitivity test Sterilization and disinfection - principles and use of equipments of sterilization namely hot air oven,
autoclave and serum inspissator, pasteurization, anti-septic and disinfectants.Introduction to immunology,
bacteriology, parasitology, mycology.

Paper II : Quality Assurance and Quality Control in Diagnostic Radiology and Imaging
1. Objectives of Quality Control: Improve the quality of imaging thereby increasing the diagnostic value; To reduce
the radiation exposure ; Reduction of film wastage and repeat examination ; To maintain the various diagnostic and
imaging units at their optimal performance.
2. Quality Assurance activities: Equipment selection phase; Equipment installation and acceptance phase; Operational
phase; Preventive maintenance.
3. Quality assurance programme in the radiological faculty level:Responsibility; Purchase; Specifications;
Acceptance; Routine testings; Evaluation of results of routine testings; Quality assurance practical exercise in the X
ray generator and tube; Image receptors from processing; Radiographic equipment; Fluoroscopic equipment;
Mammographic equipment; Conventional tomography; Computed tomography; Film processing, manual and
 12

automatic; Consideration for storage of film and chemicals; Faults tracing; Accuracy of imaging- image distortion
for digital imaging devices. LASER printer calibration

4. Quality assurance programme tests: General principles and preventive maintenance for routine, daily, weekly,
monthly, quarterly, annually – machine calibration. Basic concepts of quality assurance – LASER printer -
Light beam alignment; X-ray out-put and beam quality check; KVp check; Focal spot size and angle
measurement; Timer check; mAs test; Grid alignment test; High and low contrast resolutions; Mechanical and
electrical checks; Cassette leak check; Proper screen-film contact test; Safe light test; Radiation proof test; Field
alignment test for fluoroscopic device; Resolution test; Phantom measurements - CT,
US and MRI.
5. Quality assurance of film and image recording devices: Sensitometry; Characteristic curve; Film latitude; Film
contrast; Film speed Resolution; Distortion; Artifacts of films and image recording. Monitor calibration. SMPTE
pattern.

6. Maintenance and care of equipment: Safe operation of equipment; Routine cleaning of equipment and
instruments; Cassette, screen maintenance; Maintenance of automatic processor and manual processing units;
Routine maintenance of equipments; Record keeping and log book maintenance; Reject analysis and objectives of
reject analysis programme.
7. Care and maintenance of diagnostic equipment: General principles and preventive maintenance for routine - daily,
Weekly, monthly, quarterly, annually: care in use, special care of mobile equipment.

8. Quality Assurance and quality control of Modern Radiological and Imaging Equipment which includes Digital
Radiography, Computed Radiography, CT scan, MRI Scan, Ultrasonography and PACS related. Image artifacts
their different types, causes and remedies

Paper III : Newer Imaging Modalities

1. Basic Computed Tomography- Basic principles of CT, generatiosn of CT, CT instrumentation, image formation in
CT, CT image reconstruction, Hounsfield unit, CT image quality, CT image display

2. Advanced Computed Tomography - Helical CT scan: Slip ring technology, advantages, multi detector array
helical CT, cone – beam geometry, reconstruction of helical CT images, CT artifact, CT angiography, CT
fluoroscopy, HRCT, post processing techniques: MPR, MIP, Min IP, 3D rendering: SSD and VR, CT Dose, patient
preparation, Imaging techniques and protocols for various parts of body, CT contrast enhanced protocols – CT
angiography – (Aortogram, selective angiogram head, neck and peripheral) image documentation and Filing,
maintenance of equipment and accessories.

3. Advanced technique & instrumentation of MRI

4. Basic Principle: Spin – precession – relaxation time – pulse cycle – T1 weighted image – T2 weighted image –
proton density image.
5. Pulse sequence : Spin echo pulse sequence – turbo spin echo pulse sequence - Gradient echo sequence – Turbo
gradient echo pulse sequence - Inversion recovery sequence – STIR sequence – SPIR sequence – FLAIR sequence –
Echo planar imaging – Advanced pulse sequences.
6. MR Instrumentation: Types of magnets – RF transmitter – RF receiver – Gradient coils – shim coils – RF
shielding – computers.
7. Image formation: 2D Fourier transformation method – K-space representation – 3D Fourier imaging – MIP.

8. MR contrast media – MR angiography – TOF & PCA – MR Spectroscopy – functional MRI Ultrasonography
 13

Basic Acoustics, Ultrasound terminologies: acoustic pressure, power, intensity, impedance, speed, frequency, dB
notation: relative acoustic pressure and relative acoustic intensity. Interaction of US with matter: reflection,
transmission, scattering, refraction and absorption, attenuation and attenuation coefficients, US machine controls, US
focusing.

9. Production of ultrasound: Piezoelectricity, Medical ultrasound transducer: Principle, construction and working,
characteristics of US beam.
10. Ultrasound display modes: A, B, M
11. Real-time ultrasound: Line density and frame rate, Real-time ultrasound transducers:
12. mechanical and electronic arrays, ultrasound artifacts, ultrasound recording devices, and Distance, area & volume
measurements.
13. Techniques for imaging different anatomic areas, ultrasound artifacts, biological effects and safety.

14. Doppler Ultrasound- Patient preparation for Doppler, Doppler artifacts, vascular sonography,
15. Elastography, HIFU, ABVS etc.
16. Fusion Imaging -PET CT & PET MRI

Paper IV : Intervention Radiological Techniques and Patient Care

1. Basic Angiography and DSA: History , technique, patient care, Percutaneous catherisation, catheterization sites,
Asepsis ,Guide wire, catheters, pressure injectors, accessories, Use of digital substraction- single plane and bi-
plane. All forms of diagnostic procedures including angiography, angioplasty, biliary examination, renal
evaluation and drainage procedure and aspiration cytology under flouoro,CT,US,MRI guidance.
2. Central Nervous System: Myelography.Cerebral studies.Ventriculography.
3. Arthrography: Shoulder, Hip, Knee, Elbow
4. Angiography: Carotid Angiography (4 Vessel angiography).Thoracic and Arch Aortography. Vertebral angiography,
femoral arteriography. Selective studies: Renal, SMA, Coeliac axis.Angiocardiography.

5. Venography: Peripheral venography, Cerebral venography, Inferior and superior venocavography. Relevant visceral
phlebography.
6. Cardiac catheterization procedures: PTCA, BMV, CAG, Pacemaker.
7. Microbiology Introduction and morphology - Introduction of microbiology, Classification of microorganisms,
size, shape and structure of bacteria. Use of microscope in the study of bacteria. Growth and nutrition -nutrition,
culture media, types of medium with example and uses of culture media in diagnostic bacteriology, antimicrobial
sensitivity test.Sterilization and disinfection - principles and use of equipments of sterilization namely hot air oven,
autoclave and serum inspissator, pasteurization, anti-septic and disinfectants.

Care of Patient in Interventional Radiology

1. Introduction to patient care: responsibilities of healthcare facility-responsibilities of the imaging technologist.

2. General patient care, patient transfer technique-restraint techniques-aspects of patient comfort-specific patient
conditions-security of patient property-obtaining vital signs-laying up a sterile trolley-assisting in IV injection.

3. Surgical Asepsis:The Environment and Surgical Asepsis, Methods of Sterilization, Disinfection, Opening Sterile
Packs, Changing Dressing.
4. Nursing procedure in radiology- general abdominal preparation, clothing of the patient-giving an enema-handling the
emergencies in radiology- first aid in the X-ray department
 14

5. Patient care during investigation: GI tract, biliary tract, respiratory tract, Gynecology, cardiovascular lymphatic system,
CNS etc.
6. Infection control: definitions- isolation techniques-infection sources-transmission modes-procedures- psychological
considerations – sterilization & sterile techniques.

7. Patient education: communication – patient communication problems – explanation of examinations-radiation

safety/protection –interacting with terminally ill patient.
8. Medical Emergencies : Shock, Pulmonary Embolus, Diabetic Emergencies, Respiratory Failure, Cardiac Failure,
Airway Obstruction, Stroke, Fainting, Seizures.
9. Drug Administration: Sys tem of Drug Administration, Medication Error and Documentation, Equipment for Drug
Administration, Methods of Drug Administration, Care of patient with Intravenous Infusions

Paper V: Newer Developments in Advanced Imaging Technology

1. In addition to existing Radiological and Imaging Modalities -Newer Developments in Digital Imaging CT,MRI,US and
any other modality.
2. Newer Radiological and Imaging Equipment: including Computed radiography: Digital Radiography, Digital
Fluoroscopy, Digital Mammography and DSA - Introduction to Newer Technology innovations, software and its
applications.
3. Computed Tomography Introduction to Newer Developments/ Newer Technology innovations, software and its
applications.
4. MRI Introduction to Newer Developments/Newer Technology innovations, software and its applications.

5. Advanced Ultrasonography Newer Developments/Newer, Technology innovations, software and its applications.
Elastography, HIFU, ABVS etc.
6. Fusion Imaging -PET CT & PET MRI
7. Teleradiology, HIS, RIS, PACS, Imaging Processing and Archiving.

Seminars, Journal Clubs and Group Discussions

Each student will be assigned topics for presentations as seminars, will explore recent innovations in MRIT for presenting
topics during journal clubs and shall be holding group discussions along with other students in the presence of MRIT
faculty. This will also include visits to other Institutions, Factories or Industries in the field of MRIT.

Project

Each candidate will have to carry out of a project on the related subject. The project will be guided by one or two
members of the faculty or medical Physicists of the department. The project will be evaluated by the External/Internal
Examiners at the time of viva voice examination of the candidate during the second year. The candidate will be asked
to make PPT presentation before the External / Internal Examiner at the time of practical Examination
 15

Scheme of Examination:

First Year:

Sl. Maximum Minimum

No. Name of the Paper Marks Marks
1. ** Principles of Epidemiology, Research 100 50
Methodology, Biostatistics and Medical
Ethics
2. Radiological Physics 100 50

3. Conventional Radiological and 100 50

Imaging Equipment
4. Radiographic and Imaging 100 50
Techniques
5. Radiation Safety and Protection 100 50

6. Modern Radiological and Imaging 100 50

Equipment

** SCHEME FOR PRACTICAL EXAMINATION :-

1. Practical Examinations will be conducted in five stations with each having one
to two parts.
2. Part I will be five to eight OSCE questions based on the syllabus.
3. Part II will be practical demonstration, questions based on the syllabus.
4. Advise to download syllabus for MSc (Radiography and Imaging Technology)
from www.tnmgrmu.ac.in to get a list of topics for each station.

FIRST YEAR SCHEME FOR PRACTICAL EXAMINATION

I PRACTICAL 5 STATIONS X 16 80 MARKS
MARKS
II VIVA 20 MARKS
TOTAL 100 MARKS
Passing Minimum - 50 Marks

STATION I - Radiological Physics

OSCE - 8 STATIONS X 2 MARKS = 16 MARKS

STATION II – Conventional Radiological and Imaging Equipments

I) OSCE - 5 STATIONS X 2 MARKS = 10 MARKS
II) PRACTICAL – 1 x 6 MARKS = 6 MARKS
 16

STATION III – Radiographic and Imaging Techniques

7. OSCE - 5 STATIONS X 2 MARKS = 10 MARKS
8. PRACTICAL – 1 x 6 MARKS = 6 MARKS

STATION IV – Radiation Safety and Protection

1. OSCE - 5 STATIONS X 2 MARKS = 10 MARKS
2. PRACTICAL – 1 x 6 MARKS = 6 MARKS

STATION V – Modern Radiological and Imaging Equipment

16. OSCE - 5 STATIONS X 2 MARKS = 10 MARKS
17. PRACTICAL – 1 x 6 MARKS = 6 MARKS

Sample list of practical question in each station in First Year.

(Note: Use patients referred to department for investigation on day of
examination or use phantom if patient unavailable)

STATION – II
Demonstrate the parts and uses of any one equipment – mobile x-ray, Mammography
Unit, Flouroscopic unit.
1. Demonstrate methods of controlling scattered radiation on any one –
Bedside x-ray, Abdomen x-ray.

STATION – III
1) Take any one X-ray for patient – Conventional/Special view
STATION IV
1) Calibrate the given machine using phantom
Either X-ray/CT Equipment.
2) Quantify /measure the exposure from a given machine –
Chest x-ray, abdomen x-ray etc.

STATION V
1) Demonstrate how you will position and take an image in any of the
following equipment:
CT, IITV, DEXA
2) Demonstrate your knowledge of knobology in USG eg TCC, Brightness.
Choose Doppler settings, how to alter settings for a particular study etc,
identify the probes, probe disinfection.

List of OSCE topics for each station in First Year

STATION I - Radiological Physics – 8 questions

STATION II – Conventional Radiological and Imaging
Equipment-5 questions
STATION III – Radiographic and Imaging Techniques - 5 questions
STATION IV – Radiation Safety and Protection- 5 questions
STATION V – Modern Radiological and Imaging Equipment – 5 questions
 17

THIS WILL COME INTO EFFECT FROM ACADEMIC YEAR 2020-2021

ADMISSION ONWARDS.

Second Year:

Sl. Maximu Minimu

Name of the Paper
No. m Marks m Marks
1 Radiological and Imaging Procedures 100 50
2 Quality Assurance and Quality
Control in Diagnostic Radiology and 100 50
Imaging
3 Newer Imaging Modalities 100 50
4 Intervention Radiological Techniques 100 50
and Patient Care
5 Newer Developments in Advanced 100 50
Imaging Technology .

** SECOND YEAR SCHEME OF EXAMINATION

I PRACTICAL 5 STATIONS X 16 80 MARKS
MARKS
VIVA 20 MARKS
TOTAL 100 MARKS
Passing Minimum 50 Marks
II.PROJECT PROJECT BOOK 50 MARKS
AND LOG BOOK
PROJECT 50 MARKS
PRESENTATION
AND DISCUSSION

TOTAL 100 MARKS

Passing Minimum 50 Marks
III.INTERNAL 50 MARKS
ASSESSMENT
Minimum 50 Marks
GRAND TOTAL 250 MARKS
Passing Minimum 125 Marks
 18

Practical I

STATION I - Radiological and Imaging Procedures

I) OSCE - 5 STATIONS X 2 MARKS = 10 MARKS
II) PRACTICAL – 1 x 6 MARKS = 6 MARKS

STATION II –Conventional Assurance and Quality Control in Diagnostic

Radiology and Imaging
I) OSCE - 5 STATIONS X 2 MARKS = 10 MARKS
II) PRACTICAL – 1 x 6 MARKS = 6 MARKS

STATION III – Newer Imaging Modalities

I) OSCE - 5 STATIONS X 2 MARKS = 10 MARKS
II) PRACTICAL – 1 x 6 MARKS = 6 MARKS

STATION IV – Intervention Radiological Techniques and patient care

I) OSCE - 5 STATIONS X 2 MARKS = 10 MARKS
II) PRACTICAL – 1 x 6 MARKS = 6 MARKS

STATION V – Newer Developments in Advance Imaging Technology

I) OSCE - 8 STATIONS X 2 MARKS = 16 MARKS

Sample list of practical question in each station for Second year.

(Note: Use patients referred to department for investigation on day of
examination or use phantom if patient unavailable)

STATION I - Radiological and Imaging Procedures

1) Prepare Emergency Drug Tray from given drugs and explain uses of
each for any one :
a) contrast reaction
b) contrast extravasation

2) Position and do any conventional contrast study eg Barium swallow,

Barium Meal, IVP

STATION II – Conventional Assurance and Quality Control in Diagnostic Radiology

and Imaging

1. Do quality assurance check for any one of the following :

a) Lead apron
b) X-ray tube
c) CT Machine
2) Demonstrate how you will check the quality of given cassette and
method of cleaning it.
 19

3) On available CT study demonstrate how to calculate patient effective dose.

4) Calculate the risk of radiation exposure in a pregnant woman for
abdominal CT/X-ray and advise regarding outcome.

STATION III – Newer Imaging Modalities

1. Demonstrate on available studies any of the following post processing

techniques – MIP, SSD, VRT,Virtual Bronchoscopy/Colonoscopy.
2. Demonstrate patient preparation, positioning and planning of any two
sequence for a patient referred for MRI study.
3. Demonstrate pre imaging history taking, positioning and CT imaging
technique in a paediatric patient referred for investigation.

STATION IV – Intervention Radiological Techniques and patient care

1. Patient positioning and demonstration of any one study on C- arm/DSA

equipment- Cerebral angiogram, abdominal angiogram, PTBD.
2. Set tray for any one procedure a) Ultrasound/CT guided biopsy.
b) Ultrasound / CT guided percutaneous drainage procedure.

List of OSCE topics for each station in Second Year

STATION I – Radiological and Imaging Procedures - 8 questions

STATION II – Conventional Assurance and Quality Control in Diagnostic

Radiology and Imaging – 5 questions

STATION III – Newer Imaging Modalities - 5 questions

STATION IV – Intervention Radiological Techniques and patient care

– 5 questions

STATION V – a) Newer developments in Advanced Imaging

Technology – 5 questions.
b) Biostatistics – 3 questions.

THIS WILL COME INTO EFFECT FROM ACADEMIC YEAR 2019-2020 ADMISSION
ONWARDS.

External Examiner Qualifications & Experience for First & Second Year

MD (Radiodiagnosis)
From affiliated institutions
Year of experience : Six Years
Practical Examinations to be conducted for maximum five candidates per
day.
 20

Maximum Minimum
Marks Marks
Project 100 50
Practical / Viva 100 50
I.A 50 25
Total 250 125

*****************

* The Change of Nomenclature of the course M.Sc Radiology and Imaging Technology to M.Sc
Radiograpghy & Imaging Technology - approved in 57th Standing Academic Board held on
04.06.2019

** Approved in 60th SAB