QUADRATIC EQUATIONS CLASS 12

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QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

QUADRATIC
EQUATIONS
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
SIGN OF THE QUADRATIC EXPRESSION ax2+bx+c
To discuss the sign of the quadratic expression, first of
all we have to learn the following important theorems.
Theorem: If the roots of ax2+bx+c=0 are non real
complex numbers then for xR, “ax2+bx+c” and “a”
have the same sign.

Proof

Given that the roots of ax2+bx+c=0 are non-real

complex numbers
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 discriminant <0  b2-4ac < 0  4ac-b2>0 (1)

ax𝟐+bx+c 𝟐 + bx + c
Now = x
a a a
𝟐
b b b 𝟐 c
= x𝟐 +2 x+ − +
2a 2a 2a a
b 𝟐+ 4ac−b
𝟐
= x+ 4a𝟐 > 0 (∵ From (1), xR)
2a
ax𝟐+bc+c
For xR, >0
a
i.e., x R, ax2+bx+c and “a” have the same sign
Hence proved
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Example: For what values of x, the expression x2-5x+14
is positive
Solution
The discriminant of x2-5x+14=0 is

 = b2-4ac= (-5)2-4(1)(14)
= 25-56
= -21<0
The roots are imaginary and a=1>0
 For x R, x2-5x+14>0
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Example: For what values of x, the expression 2x-5-3x2 is
negative

Solution
The discriminant of 2x-5-3x2 =0 is

 = (2)2-4(-5)(-3) = 4-60

= -56<0
and a = -3<0

 For x R, 2x-5-3x2 <0

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Theorem: If the roots of ax2+bx+c=0 are real and equal
−b −b
(to 𝛂 = ) then for x R - , ax2+bx+c and ‘a ’ have
2a 2a
the same sign.
Proof
Given that the roots of ax2+bx+c=0 are real and equal
discriminant  = b2-4ac = 0

 4ac-b2=0(1) (say)
ax𝟐 +bx+c b c
= x𝟐 + x +
a a a
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𝟐 𝟐
b b b c
= x𝟐 +2 x+ - +
2a 2a 2a a

b 𝟐 c b𝟐
= x+ + - 𝟐
2a a 4a

b 𝟐 4ac−b𝟐
= x+ +
2a 4a𝟐

b 𝟐
= x+ +0 (∵from(1))
2a
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b 𝟐 −b +ve −ve
= positive
= x+ > 𝟎 for x ≠ = =
+ve −ve
2a 2a

b ax𝟐+bx+c
 for x R - − , >𝟎
2a a

−b
for xR- ,ax2+bx+c and ‘a’ have the same sign.
2a

Hence proved
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Theorem: Let , be the real roots of ax2+bx+c=0 and
<. Then
i) x R, <x<  ax2+bx+c and ‘a’ have opposite signs
ii) x R, x<  or x>  ax2+bx+c and ‘a’ have same signs
Proof

Given that ,  are the real roots of ax2+bx+c=0

ax2+bx+c= a(x) (x)

ax𝟐 +bx+c
 =(x) (x ) (1)
a
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Given that ,  are the real roots of ax2+bx+c=0
Case (i) +ve −ve
= = Negative
−ve +ve
Let <x<, x R
<x<  x >0, x<0
 (x-)(x-)<0
ax2+bx+c
 From (1), <0
a

For <x<, ax2+bx+c and ‘a’ have opposite signs

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Case (ii)
+ve −ve
Let x< , x R = = Positive
+ve −ve
Now x<, <  x<<

 x<0, x <0  (x  ) (x ) >0

ax𝟐 +bx+c
 From (1), >0
a
ax2+bx+c and ‘a’ have the same sign.
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Let x>, x R
Now x>> (>)
 x >   x   > 0, x   > 0  (x  ) (x ) > 0

ax𝟐 +bx+c
 From (1), >0
c
 If x< or x>, ax2+bx+c,‘a’ have the same sign

Hence Proved
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 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
SIGN OF THE EXPRESSION
1) If <0,  x  R, ax2+bx+c and ‘a’ have the same sign
−b
2) If =0 ,  x  R- , ax2+bx+c and ‘a’ have the same sign
2a

3) If >0, finding the roots ,  and <

i) If <x<  ax2+bx+c=0 and ‘a’ have opposite signs

ii) If x< or x>  ax2+bx+c=0 and ‘a’ have same sign

 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
Important point: To find the intervals for inequalities.
Let f(x) = ax2+bx+c = a(x- )(x-β); ( <β)
a) If a>0 then
(i) f(x) >0 for x< and x>β
(ii) f(x) =0 for x=  or β
(iii) f(x) <0 for <x< β
b) If a<0 then
(i) f(x) >0 for <x<β
(ii) f(x) =0 for x=  or β
(iii) f(x) <0 for x< and x>β
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GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF QUADRATIC EXPRESSION
𝐚𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐛𝐱 + 𝐜
Graphically, the quadratic expression ax𝟐 +bx+c represents
a parabola
Case I: If a>0 the curve is upward parabola
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a>0 and

a)  >0 then the curve intersects x-axis at two points

Y Y Y

0 X
0 X 0 X
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a>0 and

b)  = 0 then the curve touches x-axis at one point

Y Y
Y

0 X 0 X 0 X
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a>0 and

c)  < 0 then the curve does not meets x-axis (or)

entirely above the axis

Y Y
Y

0 X 0 X 0 X
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Case II: If a<0 the curve is downward parabola

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a<0 and

a)  >0 then the curve intersects x-axis at two points

Y Y Y

X‘
X’
0 X X’ 0 X 0 X

Y’
Y’
Y’
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a<0 and

b)  = 0 then the curve touches x-axis at one point

Y Y Y

X‘
X’
0 X X’ 0 X 0 X

Y’ Y’ Y’
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a<0 and

c)  < 0 then the curve does not meet x-axis (or)

entirely below the x-axis
Y Y Y

X‘
X’
0 X X’ 0 X 0 X

Y’ Y’ Y’
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LOCATION OF ROOTS
In some problems we want the roots of the
equation to lie in a given interval.

For this we impose conditions on

a, b, c

Let ,  are the roots of the equation

ax𝟐 +bx+c=0. (<)
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Case 1: If both the roots are positive (, >0)

Graphically : If a>0
Conditions : y
y

1.   0
−𝒃
𝟐. 𝜶 + 𝜷 = > 𝟎 X’ X X’ X
𝒂  𝜷 −𝒃
𝟐𝒂
𝟑. 𝒂𝒇 𝟎 > 𝟎 y
−𝒃
𝟐𝒂
y’

 If a<0 we get downward parabola with same conditions.

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Case 2: If both the roots are negative (, <0)

Graphically : If a>0
Conditions : y
y

1.   0
−𝒃
𝟐. 𝜶 + 𝜷 = < 𝟎 X’ X X’ X
𝒂  𝜷 −𝒃
𝟐𝒂 y’
𝟑. 𝒂𝒇 𝟎 > 𝟎 −𝒃
𝟐𝒂
y’

 If a<0 we get downward parabola with same conditions.

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Case 3: If the roots are having opposite signs (<0<)

Graphically : If a>0 If a<0

Conditions :
y
y

1.  > 0 X’ X

𝒄 𝜷

𝟐. 𝜶𝜷 = < 𝟎 X’
𝒂  𝜷
X

𝟑. 𝒂𝒇 𝟎 < 𝟎 y’ y’
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Case 4: If both the roots are exceeds k

Graphically : If a>0
Conditions :

1.  0
−𝒃
𝟐. 𝜶 + 𝜷 = > 𝟐𝒌 X’ X X’ X
𝒂 k  𝜷 k −𝒃
𝟐𝒂
𝟑. 𝒂𝒇 𝒌 > 𝟎 −𝒃
𝟐𝒂

 If a<0 we get downward parabola with same conditions.

 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
Case 5: If both the roots are less than k

Graphically : If a>0
Conditions :

1.  0
−𝒃
𝟐. 𝜶 + 𝜷 = < 𝟐𝒌
𝒂 X’  𝜷 k X X’
−𝒃 k
X
𝟐𝒂
𝟑. 𝒂𝒇 𝒌 > 𝟎 −𝒃
𝟐𝒂

 If a<0 we get downward parabola with same conditions.

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Case 6: k lies between the roots (<k<)

Graphically : If a>0 If a<0

Conditions :

1.  > 0
 𝑘 𝜷
X’ X
𝟐. 𝒂. 𝒇 𝒌 < 𝟎 X’ X
 𝜷
𝑘
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Case 7: Exactly one root lying in (𝒌𝟏 , 𝒌𝟐 )

Graphically : If a>0
Conditions :

1.  > 0
X’ X’ X
X
𝟐. 𝒇 𝒌𝟏 . 𝒇 𝒌𝟐 < 𝟎 𝑘1  𝜷  𝜷 𝑘2
𝑘2 𝑘1

 If a<0 we get downward parabola with same conditions.

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Case 8: If both the roots lying in the interval (𝒌𝟏 , 𝒌𝟐 )

Graphically : If a>0
Conditions :

1.  0
𝟐. 𝒂. 𝒇 𝒌𝟏 > 𝟎,
𝒂. 𝒇 𝒌𝟐 > 𝟎 X’ 𝑘1  𝜷 𝑘2 X 𝑘1 −𝒃 𝑘2
X
X’
𝟐𝒂
−𝒃 −𝒃
𝟑. 𝒌𝟏 < < 𝒌𝟐 𝟐𝒂
𝟐𝒂

 If a<0 we get downward parabola with same conditions.

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Case 9: k lies between the roots (<k<)

Graphically : If a>0 If a<0

Conditions :

1.  > 0
 𝑘1 𝑘2
𝟐. 𝒂. 𝒇 𝒌𝟏 < 𝟎 and
𝜷 X
X’ X’
X
 𝜷
𝒂. 𝒇 𝒌𝟐 < 𝟎 𝑘1 𝑘2
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Example: State the sign of the expression x2-5x+6 for x R
Solution
Given expression x2-5x+6 and discriminant of x2-5x+6=0 is
 = b2-4ac= (5)2-4(1)(6) = 25-24 = 1>0
Finding the roots of x2-5x+6=0
x2-5x+6=0  (x-2) (x-3)=0
 x = 2 or x = 3
Now here a=1>0
 For 2 < x < 3, x2-5x+6<0 (negative)
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And x < 2 or x > 3, x2-5x+6>0 (positive)

For x=2 (or) x=3, x2-5x+6 is zero.

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EXTREME VALUES (MAXIMUM and MINIMUM) of ax2+bx+c

Let f(x)=ax2+bx+c be a quadratic function.

−b
i) If a>0 then f(x) has minimum value at x= and the
2a
4ac−b2
minimum value = 4a

−b
ii) If a<0 then f(x) has maximum value at x= and the
2a
maximum value = 4ac−b
2

4a
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Proof:
Given that f(x)= ax2+bx+c  f 1(x)= 2ax+b  f 11(x)= 2a
For f(x) minimum or maximum f1(x)=0
−b
 2ax+b=0  x =
2a

Case (i)

If a>0, f11(x) = 2a>0

−b
 f(x) has minimum value at x =
2a
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−b 𝟐 −b
 Minimum value of ‘f’ = a +b +c
2a 2a
ab𝟐 b𝟐
= - +c
4a𝟐 2a

b𝟐 −2b𝟐 +4ac
=
4a
4ac−b𝟐
=
4a
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Case (ii)

If a<0, f11(x) = 2a<0

−b
 f(x) has maximum value at x=
2a
4ac−b𝟐
 Minimum value of f =
4a
 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
Example: Find the maximum or minimum of 12x-x2-32
Solution
Given expression is 12x-x2-32
a = -1<0, b=12, c=-32
 12x-x2-32 has maximum value
And maximum value is 4ac−b𝟐 4 −1 −32 −144
=
4a 4 −1

128−144 −16 = 4
= =
−4 −4
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1) 3<x<4 then the value of x2-7x+12 is

1) zero 2) positive 3) negative 4) not determined

Solution
Finding the roots of x2-7x+12=0 as 3,4
and a=1>0

 If 3<x<4 then x2-7x+12<0

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2) If x>8 then the value of x2-4x-32 is
1) zero 2) positive 3) negative 4) not determined

Solution
Finding the roots of x2-4x-32=0 as -4,8
and a=1>0

x2-4x-32>0 for x<-4 or x>8

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3) The expression 2x2+4x+7 has minimum value m at x=
the ordered pair (, m) is
1) (1,5) 2) (1,-5) 3) (-1,-5) 4) (-1,5)

Solution
−b
2x2+4x+7 has minimum value m at x==
2a
−4 −4
 = = = -1
2(2) 4
4ac−b𝟐 4 2 7 −4𝟐 2
m= = =5
4a 42
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Thank you…