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MAchineLearningNotes

This document provides an overview of machine learning, including its types such as supervised, unsupervised, semi-supervised, and reinforcement learning, along with common use cases like classification and regression. It outlines essential terminologies, steps to get started with machine learning, and introduces various algorithms and a practical example using Python. The document emphasizes the importance of data quality and model evaluation in the machine learning process.

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Suresh
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8 views

MAchineLearningNotes

This document provides an overview of machine learning, including its types such as supervised, unsupervised, semi-supervised, and reinforcement learning, along with common use cases like classification and regression. It outlines essential terminologies, steps to get started with machine learning, and introduces various algorithms and a practical example using Python. The document emphasizes the importance of data quality and model evaluation in the machine learning process.

Uploaded by

Suresh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Getting started with Machine Learning

ML is a process of training a piece of software (Model/Algorithm) to make predictions.

Types of machine learning problems

1. On basis of the nature of the learning “signal” or “feedback” available to a learning


system
 Supervised learning: The model or algorithm is presented with example inputs and their
desired outputs and then finds patterns and connections between the input and the output.
The goal is to learn a general rule that maps inputs to outputs. The training process
continues until the model achieves the desired level of accuracy on the training data.
Some real-life examples are:

o Image Classification: You train with images/labels. Then in the future, you give
a new image expecting that the computer will recognize the new object.
o Market Prediction/Regression: You train the computer with historical market
data and ask the computer to predict the new price in the future.

 Unsupervised learning: No labels are given to the learning algorithm, leaving it on its
own to find structure in its input. It is used for clustering populations in different groups.
Unsupervised learning can be a goal in itself (discovering hidden patterns in data).
o Clustering: You ask the computer to separate similar data into clusters, this is
essential in research and science.
o High-Dimension Visualization: Use the computer to help us visualize high-
dimension data.
o Generative Models: After a model captures the probability distribution of your
input data, it will be able to generate more data. This can be very useful to make
your classifier more robust.

A simple diagram that clears the concept of supervised and unsupervised learning is shown
below:
As you can see clearly, the data in supervised learning is labeled, whereas data in unsupervised
learning is unlabelled.
 Semi-supervised learning: Problems where you have a large amount of input data and
only some of the data is labeled, are called semi-supervised learning problems. These
problems sit in between both supervised and unsupervised learning. For example, a photo
archive where only some of the images are labeled, (e.g. dog, cat, person) and the
majority are unlabeled.
 Reinforcement learning: A computer program interacts with a dynamic environment in
which it must perform a certain goal (such as driving a vehicle or playing a game against
an opponent). The program is provided feedback in terms of rewards and punishments as
it navigates its problem space.
2. Two most common use cases of Supervised learning are:
 Classification: Inputs are divided into two or more classes, and the learner must produce
a model that assigns unseen inputs to one or more (multi-label classification) of these
classes and predicts whether or not something belongs to a particular class. This is
typically tackled in a supervised way. Classification models can be categorized in two
groups: Binary classification and Multiclass Classification. Spam filtering is an example
of binary classification, where the inputs are email (or other) messages and the classes are
“spam” and “not spam”.
 Regression: It is also a supervised learning problem, that predicts a numeric value and
outputs are continuous rather than discrete. For example, predicting stock prices using
historical data.
An example of classification and regression on two different datasets is shown below:

3. Most common Unsupervised learning are:


 Clustering: Here, a set of inputs is to be divided into groups. Unlike in classification, the
groups are not known beforehand, making this typically an unsupervised task. As you can
see in the example below, the given dataset points have been divided into groups
identifiable by the colors red, green, and blue.
 Density estimation: The task is to find the distribution of inputs in some space.
 Dimensionality reduction: It simplifies inputs by mapping them into a lower-
dimensional space. Topic modeling is a related problem, where a program is given a list
of human language documents and is tasked to find out which documents cover similar
topics.
On the basis of these machine learning tasks/problems, we have a number of algorithms that are
used to accomplish these tasks. Some commonly used machine learning algorithms are Linear
Regression, Logistic Regression, Decision Tree, SVM(Support vector machines), Naive Bayes,
KNN(K nearest neighbors), K-Means, Random Forest, etc. Note: All these algorithms will be
covered in upcoming articles.
Terminologies of Machine Learning
 Model A model is a specific representation learned from data by applying some
machine learning algorithm. A model is also called a hypothesis.
 Feature A feature is an individual measurable property of our data. A set of numeric
features can be conveniently described by a feature vector. Feature vectors are fed as
input to the model. For example, in order to predict a fruit, there may be features like
color, smell, taste, etc. Note: Choosing informative, discriminating and independent
features is a crucial step for effective algorithms. We generally employ a feature
extractor to extract the relevant features from the raw data.
 Target (Label) A target variable or label is the value to be predicted by our model. For
the fruit example discussed in the features section, the label with each set of input would
be the name of the fruit like apple, orange, banana, etc.
 Training The idea is to give a set of inputs(features) and its expected outputs(labels), so
after training, we will have a model (hypothesis) that will then map new data to one of
the categories trained on.
 Prediction Once our model is ready, it can be fed a set of inputs to which it will provide
a predicted output(label). But make sure if the machine performs well on unseen data,
then only we can say the machine performs well.
The figure shown below clears the above concepts:

Here are the steps to get started with machine learning:


1. Define the Problem: Identify the problem you want to solve and determine if machine
learning can be used to solve it.
2. Collect Data: Gather and clean the data that you will use to train your model. The quality
of your model will depend on the quality of your data.
3. Explore the Data: Use data visualization and statistical methods to understand the
structure and relationships within your data.
4. Pre-process the Data: Prepare the data for modeling by normalizing, transforming, and
cleaning it as necessary.
5. Split the Data: Divide the data into training and test datasets to validate your model.
6. Choose a Model: Select a machine learning model that is appropriate for your problem
and the data you have collected.
7. Train the Model: Use the training data to train the model, adjusting its parameters to fit
the data as accurately as possible.
8. Evaluate the Model: Use the test data to evaluate the performance of the model and
determine its accuracy.
9. Fine-tune the Model: Based on the results of the evaluation, fine-tune the model by
adjusting its parameters and repeating the training process until the desired level of
accuracy is achieved.
10. Deploy the Model: Integrate the model into your application or system, making it
available for use by others.
11. Monitor the Model: Continuously monitor the performance of the model to ensure that it
continues to provide accurate results over time.
Example :
Here is a simple machine-learning example in Python that demonstrates how to train a model to
predict the species of iris flowers based on their sepal and petal measurements:
Python

# Load the necessary libraries


import pandas as pd
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn.svm import SVC

# Load the iris dataset


df = pd.read_csv('iris.csv')

# Split the data into features and labels


X = df[['sepal_length', 'sepal_width', 'petal_length', 'petal_width']]
y = df['species']

# Split the data into training and testing sets


X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.2, random_state=42)

# Create an SVM model and train it


model = SVC()
model.fit(X_train, y_train)

# Evaluate the model on the test data


accuracy = model.score(X_test, y_test)
print('Test accuracy:', accuracy)

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