Previous Years' CBSE Board Questions

2.2 Expressing Concentration of 2.3 Solubility

Solutions VSA (1 mark)
VSA (1 mark) 10. Why aquatic animals are more comfortable
in cold water than in warm water?
1. Define the following term (1/3, 2018)
Molality (m) (1/2, Dellhi 2017, I/5 AI2014C) 11. Gas (A) is more soluble in water than gas
(B) at the same temperature. Which one of
2. Define the following term: the two gases will have the higher value of
Molarity (M) (1/2, Dellhi 2017, 1/5 AI 2014) K, (Henry's constant) and why?
(1/2, AI 2016)
3. Define the following term 12. Explain the following :
Mole fraction Henry's law about dissolution of a gas in a
(1/5 AI 2014 C, 1/2, Delli 2012, AI 2012) liquid. (1/5, 2012)
SA (2 marks) 13. State the following :
Henry's law about partial pressure of a gas in
4. Calculate the molarity of 9.8% (w/W) solution a mixture. (1/5, Dellhi, Al 2011)
of H,SO, if the density of the solution SA (2 marks)
is 1.02 g ml'. (Molar mass of H,SO, =
98 g mol) (2/5, Foreign 2014) 14. State Henry's law. Why is air diluted with
helium in the tanks used by scuba divers?
Differentiate between molarity and molality (2/5, 2020)
of a solution. How can we change molality
value of a solution into molarity value? 15. State Henry's law. Calculate the solubility of
(Delli 2014C) CO, in water at 298 K under 760 mm Hg.
(K, for CO, in water at 298 K is
6. A solution of glucose (CH,,0) in water 1.25 x 10° mm Hg) (2020)
is labelled as 10% by weight. What would 16. Give reasons for the following.
be the molality of the solution? (a) Aquatic species are more comfortable
(Molar mass of glucose= 180 g mol') in cold water than in warm water.
(2/5, Al 2013) (b) At higher altitudes people suffer from
7. Differentiate between molarity and molality anoxia resulting in inability to think.
(AI 2019)
in asolution. What is the effect of temperature 17. State Henry's law and mention two of its
change on molarity and molality in a
solution? (2/5, Delhi 2011, 2/5, Al 2011) important applications.
(2/5, Al 2013C, 2012C)
Differentiate between molarity and molality 18. Explain why aquatic species are more
of a solution. Explain how molarity value of comfortable in cold water rather than in
a solution can be converted into its molality? warm water. (Delhi 2012C)
(Foreign 2011)
LAI (3 marks)
LAI (3 marks)
19. The partial pressure of ethaneover a saturated
9. A solution of glucose (molar mass = 180 solution containing 6.56 x 10 g of ethane
g mo-!) in water is labelled as 10% (by is I bar. Ifthe solution contains 5.0 x 10-g
mass). What would be the molality and of ethane, then what will be the partial
molarity of the solution? (Density of solution pressure of the gas?
= 1.2 g mL) (3/5, Al 2014) (Delhi 2013C, AI2012C)
20. If N, gas is bubbled through water at 29. Define the following term:
293 K, how many millimoles of N, gas would Ideal solution
dissolve in 1litre of water? Assume that N, (1/2, Dellhi 2017, 1/5, AI 2017C,
exerts a partial pressure of 0.987 bar. Given 1/5, AI 2013, 2012, 1/2, Delhi 2012)
that Henry's law constant for N, at 293 Kis
76.48 kbar. (AI2012C) 30. In non-ideal solution, what type of deviation
shows the formation of maximum boiling
2.4 Vapour Pressure of Liquid azeotropes? (1/2, AL 2016)
Solutions 31. Some liquids on mixing form 'azeotropes.
What are 'azeotropes'? (Dellhi 2014)
VSA (1mark)
32. Define the following term :
21. Identify which liquid will have a higher Azeotrope (1/5, Foreign 2014)
vapour pressure at 90°C if the boiling points
of twoliquids Aand Bare 140°C and 180°C, SA (2 marks)
respectively. (One word, 2020)
33. Write two differences between ideal solutions
22. Define Raoult's law. (1/5 Al 2014C) and non-ideal solutions.
23. State the following : (Dellhi 2019, 2/5, Al 2017)
Raoult's law in its general form in reference 34. What type of azeotropic mixture will
to solutions. (1/5, Delli, 1/2, Al 2011)
be formed by a solution of acetone and
SA (2 marks) chloroform? Justify on the basis of strength
of intermolecular interactions that develop
24. State Raoult's law for the solution containing in the solution. (AI 2019)
volatile components. What is the similarity 35. What is meant by positive deviations fron
between Raoult's law and Henry's law?
(Dellhi 2014, Al 2013) Raoult's law? Give an example. What is th
sign of A,i H for positive deviation?
25. State Raoult's law for a solution containing (Delli 2015)
volatile components. Name the solution which
follows Raoult's law at all concentrations and 36. Define azeotropes. What type of azeotrope is
temperatures. (2/5, Foreign 2014) formed by positive deviation from Raoult's
law? Give an example. (Dellhi 2015)
26. State Raoult's law. How is it formulated for
solutions of non-volatile solutes? 37. What is meant by negative deviation from
(Delhi 2012C) Raoult's law? Give an example. What is the
sign of A,i Hfor negative deviation?
LAI (3 marks) (Foreign 2015)
27. The vapour presure of pure liquids A and B 38. Define azeotropes. What type of azeotropeis
are 450 and 700 mm Hg respectively, at formed by negative deviation from Raoult's
350 K. Find out the composition of the law? Give an example. (Foreign 2015)
liquid mixture if total vapour pressure is 39. What type of deviation is shown by a mixture
600 mm Hg. Also find the composition of of ethanol and acetone? Give reason.
the vapour phase. (3/5, AI 2013C)
(2/5, AI 2014)
2.5 ldeal and Non-idealSolutions 40. What is meant by positive and negative
deviations from Raoult's law and how is
VSA (1mark) the sign of A,H related to positive and
28. What happens when acetone is added to negative deviations from Raoult's law?
pure ethanol? (/2, 2020) (AI 2013 C)
41. Explain why a solution of chloroform and SA (2 marks)
acetone shows negative deviation from
Raoult's law. (2/5, Dellhi 2011C) 51. For a 5% solution of urea (Molar mass
=60 g/mol), calculate the osmoticpressure at
2.6 Colligative Properties and 300 K.[R = 0.0821 Latm K- mol(2020)
Determination of Molar Mass 52. Visha took two aqueous solutions - one
containing 7.5 g of urea (Molar mass
VSA (1 mark) =60 g/mol) and the other containing 42.75 g
of substance Z in 100 g of water, respectively.
42. Assertion (A) : Osmotic pressure is a It was observed that both the solutions froze
colligative property. at the same temperature. Calculate the molar
Reason (R) : Osmotic presure is directly mass of Z. (2020)
proportional to molarity.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) 53. Give reasons :
are correct statements, and Reason (i) 0.1MKCl has higher boiling point than
(R) is the correct explanation of the 0.1 M glucose.
Assertion (A), (ii) Meat is preserved for a longer time by
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) salting. (2020)
are correct statements, but Reason (R)
54. Calculate the freezing point of a solution
is not the correct explanation of the containing 60 g of glucose (molar mass =
Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is correct, but Reason (R) 180 g mol) in 250g of water.
is incorrect statement.
(K,of water = 1.86 Kkg mol') (2018)
(d) Assertion (A) is incorrect, but Reason 55. (i) Out of 1 Mglucose and 2 MglucOse,
(R) is correct statement. (2020) which one has a higher boiling point
and why?
43. What happens when a pressure greater (ii) What happens when the external
than osmotic pressure is applied on the pressure applied becomes more than
solution side separated from solvent by a the osmotic pressure of solution?
semi-permeable membrane? (1/2, 2020) (2/5, Dellhi 2016)
44. Give reason for the following: 56. Blood cells are isotonic with 0.9% sodium
Measurement of osmotic pressure method chloride solution. What happens if we place
is preferred for the determination of molar blood cells in a solution containing
masses of macromolecules such as proteins
(i) 1.2% sodium chloride solution?
and polymners. (1/2, 2018) (ii) 0.4% sodium chloride solution?
45. Define the following term (2/5, Dellhi 2016)
Colligative properties (1/2, Dellhi 2017) 57. Why does a solution containing non-volatile
46. Define the following term: solute have higher boiling point than the
Osmotic pressure (1/5, AI 2017C, 2013) pure solvent? Why is elevation of boiling
point a colligative property? (AI 2015)
47. What are isotonic solutions?
(Delli 2014; 1/2, Dellhi 2012) 58. Calculate the mass of compound(molar mass
= 256 g mol)to be dissolved in 75 g of
48. Define the following term benzene to lower its freezing point by 0.48 K.
Molal elevation constant (K) (1/5, Al 2014) (K,=5.12 Kkg mol). (Delhi 2014)
49. How is the vapour pressure of a solvent 59, 18 g of glucose, CH,,0, (Molar mass =
affected when a non-volatile solute is
dissolved in it? (1/2, Dellhi 2014C)
180 g mol') is dissolved in 1 kg of water
in a sauce pan. At what temperature will
50. Explain the following : this solution boil?
Boiling point elevation constant for a solvent. (K, for water =0.52 Kkg mol,boiling point
(AI 2012) of purewater = 373. 15 K) (Dellhi 201.3)
60. An aqueous solution of sodium chloride 69. Calculate the freezing point of the solution
freezes below 273 K. Explain the lowering when 31 g of ethylene glycol (C,H,0,) is
in freezing point of water with the help of dissolved in 500 g of water.
a suitable diagram. (Delli 2013C) (K,for water = 1.86 Kkg mol-') (AI 2015)
61. Define the terms osmosis and osmotic
70. Asolution containing 15 g urea (molar mass
pressure. Is the osmotic pressure of a solution = 60 g mol) per litre of solution in water
a colligative property? Explain. has the same osmotic pressure (isotonic) as a
(2/5, Dellhi 2011)
solution of glucose(molar mass =180 gmol-')
62. List any four factors on which the colligative in water. Calculate the mass of glucose
properties of a solution depend. present in one litre of its solution.
(2/5, AI 2011C) (3/5, AI 2014)
LA I (3 marks) 71. Define the following terms :
(i) Osmotic pressure
63. Calculate the mass of ascorbic acid (Molar
mass = 176 g mol-}) to be dissolved in 75 g (ii) Colligative properties (Foreign 2014)
of acetic acid, to lower its freezing point 72. Some ethylene glycol, HOCH,CH,0H, is
by 1.5°C. added to your car's cooling system along with
(K,= 3.9 Kkg mol-) (2020) 5 kg of water. If the freezing point of
64. A4% solution (w/w) of sucrose (M= 342 gmol) water-glycol solution is -15.0°C, what is the
boiling point of the solution?
in water has a freezing point of 271.15 K.
Calculate the freezing point of 5% glucose (M (K, =0.52 Kkg mol and K, = 1.86 Kkg
mol for water)
= 180 g mol) in water. (Given :Freezing
point of pure water = 273.15 K) (Delhi 20140
(Delli 2019) 73. 1.00 gofa non-electrolyte solute dissolved i
65. At 300 K, 30 g of glucose present in a litre 50 g of benzene lowered the freezing poin
of its solution has an osmotic pressure of of benzene by 0.40 K. The freezing point
4.98 bar. If the osmotic pressure of a glucose depression constant of benzene is 5.12 Kkg
solution is 1.52 bar at the same temperature, mol. Find the molar mass of the solute.
what would be its concentration? (Al 2019)
(AI 2013)
66. A 10% solution (by mass) of sucrose in water
has freezing point of 269.15 K. Calculate 74. A 5% solution (by mass) of cane-sugar in
the freezing point of 10% glucose in water, water has freezing point of 271 K. Calculate
if freezing point of pure water is 273. 15 K. the freezing point of 5% solution (by mass)
(Given: Molar mass of sucrose =342 gmol of glucose in water if the freezing point of
molar mass of glucose = 180 gmol-) pure water is 273.15 K.
(Dellhi 2017)
[Molecular masses :Glucose C,H,0,: 180 amu;
67. 30 g of urea(M =60 gmol] is dissolved in Cane-sugar C,H,,0,,:342 amu)
846 gof water. Calculate the vapour pressure (3/5, AI 2013C)
of water for this solution if vapour pressure
75. A solution of glycerol (C,H,0,) in water
of pure water at 298K is 23.8 mm Hg. was prepared by dissolving some glycerol in
(3/5, AI 2017) 500 g of water. This solution has a boiling
68. Calculate the boiling point elevation for a point of 100.42°C while pure water boils at
solution prepared by adding 10 g of CaCl, to 100°C. What mass of glycerol was dissolved
200 gof water. (K, for water =0.52 Kkg mol-, to make the solution?
molar mass of CaCl, = 11lg mol') (K, for water = 0.512 Kkg mol-)
(3/5, 2017C, Foreign 2014) (Dellhi 2012, AI 2012)
76. A solution containing 30 g of non-volatile 83. Define the following term :
solute exactly in 90 gof water has a vapour van't Hoff factor
pressure of 2.8 kPa at 298 K. Further 18 g (Dellhi 2017, 1/5, Delhi 2012)
of water is added to this solution. The new
vapour pressure becomes 2.9 kPa at 298 K. 84. Define the following term :
Abnormal molar mass (Delhi 2017)
Calculate
(i) the molecular mass of solute and SA (2 marks)
(ii) vapour pressure of water at 298 K.
(Dellhi 2012C) 85. What is van't Hoff factor? What types of
values can it have if in forming the solution
77. Calculate the boiling point of a solution the solute molecules undergo
prepared by adding 15.00 g of NaClto 250.00g (i) dissociation (ii) association?
of water. (K, for water = 0.512 K kg mol, (2/5, Al 2014C)
Molar mass of NaCl = 58.44 g)
(3/5, Delli 2011) 86. Assunming complete dissociation, calculate
the expected freezing point of a solution
78. A solution prepared by dissolving 8.95 mg prepared by dissolving 6.00 g of Glauber's
of a gene fragment in 35.0 mL of water salt, Na,S0,10H,0 in 0.100 kg of water.
has an osmotic pressure of 0.335 torr at (K,for water = 1.86 Kkg mol, atomic masses:
25°C. Asuming the gene fragment is a Na = 23, S= 32, O = 16, H = 1)
non-electrolyte, determine its molar mass. (2/5, AI 2014C)
(3/5, Dell1i, Al 2011)
87. A 1.00 molal aqueous solution of
79. What would be the molar mass of a
trichloroacetic acid (CCI,COOH) is heated
compound if 6.21gofit dissolved in 24.0 g to its boiling point. The solution has the
of chloroform to form a solution that has a
boiling point of 100.18°C. Determine the
boiling point of 68.04°C. The boiling point van't Hoff factor for trichloroacetic acid.
of pure chloroform is 61.7°C and the boiling (K, for water =0.512 Kkg mol)
point clevation constant, K, for chloroform (Delhi 2012)
is 3.63°C/m. (3/5, Dellhi 2011)
88. What is van't Hoff factor? What possible
80. The molecular masses of polymers are value can it have if the solute molecules
determined by osmotic pressure method and undergo dissociation? (2/5, Delhi 2011C)
not by measuring other colligative properties.
Give two reasons. LA I (3 marks)
(3/5, Al 2011C)
89. A solution contains 5.85 g NaClI (Molar
81. Calculate the boiling point of one molar mass = 58.5 g mol) per litre of solution.
aqueous solution (density 1.06 g mL) of It has an osmotic pressure of 4.75 atmn at
KBr. [Given : K, for H,0 =0.52 Kkgmol', 27°C. Calculate the degree of dissociation
atomic mass : K =39, Br = 80] of NaCl in this solution.
(3/5, AI 2011C) (Given : R= 0.082 L atm K- mol)
(3/5, 2020)
2.7 Abnormal Molar Masses
90. When 19.5 g ofF-CH,-COOH (molar mass
VSA (1 mark) =78 g mol) is dissolved in 500 g of water,
the depression in freezing point is observed to
82 Give reason for the following : be 1°C. Calculate the degree of dissociation of
Elevation of boiling point of 1 M KCI F-CH,-COOH.
solution is nearly double than that of 1 M [Given : K,for water = 1.86 Kkg mol']
sugar solution. (1/2, 2018) (3/5, 2020)
91. The freezing point of a solution containing 98. Calculate the amount of KCl which must be
5g of benzoic acid (M = 122 g mol) in added to Ikg of water so that the freezing
35 gof benzene is depressed by 2.94 K. What point is depressed by 2 K(the K, for water
is the percentage association of benzoic acid = 1.86 Kkg mol). (Delhi 2012)
if it forms a dimer in solution?
99. 15.0 g of an unknown molecular material
(K,for benzene =4.9 Kkg mol-') (2020)
was dissolved in 450 g of water. The resulting
92. Calculate the freezing point of solution solution was found to freeze at -0.34°C.
when 1.9 g of MgCl,(M= 95 g mol) was What is the molar mass of this material?
dissolved in 50 g of water, assuming MgCl, (K,for water =1.86 Kkg mol)
undergoes complete ionization. (Dellhi 2012, 3/5, Al 2012)
(K,for water =1.86 Kkg mol) 100. Calculate the freezing point of an aqueous
(Dellhi 2016)
solution containing 10.50 gof MgBr, in 200 g
93. When 2.56 g of sulphur was dissolved in of water. (Molar mass of MgBr, =184 gmol-,
100 g of CS,, the freezing point lowered by K,for water = 1.86 kg mol-')
0.383 K. Calculate the formula of sulphur (S_). (3/5, Delli 2011)
(K,the CS, - 3.83 Kkg mol, atomic mass of 101. A0.561 m solution of an unknown electrolyte
sulphur = 32 g mol-') (3/5 Delli 2016)
depresses the freezing point of water by
94. Calculate the boiling point of solution when 2.93°C. What is van't Hoff factor for this
4 g of MgSO, (M = 120 g mol') was electrolyte? The freezing point depression
dissolved in 100 gof water, assuming Mgso, constant (K) for water is 1.86°C kg mol".
undergoes complete ionization. (Foreign 2011)
(K, for water =0.52 Kkg mol) (AI 2016) 102. Phenol associates in benzene to a certain
95. 3.9 g of benzoic acid dissolved in 49 g of extent to form adimer. Asolution containing
benzene shows a depression in freezing point 20 g of phenol in 1.0 kg of benzene has its
of 1.62 K. Calculate the van't Hoff factor and freezing point lowered by 0.69 K. Calculate
predict the nature of solute (associated or the fraction of phenol that has dimerised
dissociated). [Given K,for benzene = 5.1Km]
(Given : Molar mass of benzoic acid (3/5, Delhi 2011C)
=122 g mol,K,for benzene =4.9 Kkg mol-) 103. An aqueous solution containing 12.48 g of
(Delli 2015)
barium chloride in 1.0 kg of water boils
96. Calculate the mass of NaCl (molar mass = at 373.0832 K. Calculate the degree of
58.5 g mol-') to be dissolved in 37.2 g of dissociation of barium chloride.
water to lower the freezing point by 2°C, [Given K, for H,0 =0.52 Km-';
assuming that NaCl undergoes complete Molar mass of BaCl, =208.34 gmol]
dissociation. (K,for water = 1.86 Kkg mol) (3/5, Dellhi 2011C)
(Foreign 2015)
104. What mass of NaCl must be dissolved in 65.0
97. Determine the osmotic pressure of a solution gofwater to lower the freezing point of water
prepared by dissolving 2.5 x10 gof K,SO, by 7.50°C? The freezing point depresion
in 2 L of water at 25°C, assuming that it is constant (K) for water is 1.86°C/m. Assume
completely dissociated. van't Hoff factor for NaCl is 1.87. (Molar
(R= 0.0821 Latm K- mol, molar mass of mass of NaCl = 58.5g mol)
K,SO,= 174 g mol-') (Delhi 2013) (AI 2011)
 Detailed Solutions

1. Molality (m) defined as the number of

Molarity depends on Molality is
moles of the solute per kilogram of the solvent temperature as volume independent of
and is expressed as : depends on temperature. temperature as mass
Moles of solute
Molality (m) = Molarity decreases with does not change
Mass of solvent (in kg) rise in temperature. with temperature.
2. It is the number of moles of the solute
dissolved per litre of the solution. It is denoted by If M, is the molar mass of solute, d is the density
M. of solution then molality (m) of a solution can be
Moles of solute converted to molarity (M) by using the formula,
Molarity = md
Volume of solution in litre M=
W, x 1000
X 1000= 1000
V(in mL) M, x V(in mL)
6. Mass of solution = 100 g
Mass of solute = 10 g
Mass of solvent = 100- 10 = 90 g = 0.09 kg
3. Mole fraction is the ratio of number of moles 10
Number of moles of solute, n= 180 =0.055 mol
of solute or solvent and total number of moles of
solution. It is denoted by x. 0.055 mol
n
=0.61 m
0.09 kg
Xsolute
4.
h,olvent
Mass of solute = 9,8 g
7.
8.
Refer to answer 5.
Refer to answer 5.
Mass of solution = 100 g If M, is the molar mass of solute, d is the density
Density of solution =1.02 gml of solution then molarity (M) value of a solution
Mass of solution
Volume of solution = can be converted into its molality (m) by using the
Density of solution following formula,
100 g 98,039 mL =0.098 L
1.02 g mL 1000 x M
m=
Number of moles of solute, n= 9.8
=0.1 mol (1000 xd)-(Mx MB)
98
Number of moles of solute 9. Given : Mass of solute, W, = 10g
Molarity = Mass of solvent, W, = 90 g
Volume of solution (in L)
0.1 mol Molar mass of solute, M, = 180 g mol
0.098 L
=1.02 M Density of solution = 1.2 g ml-l
5. W, x1000 10×1000
(i) Molality 180 x 90
Molarity Molality M, xWi
=0,62 m
Number of moles of Number of moles
solute dissolved in one of solute dissolved mass 100g
(iü) Volume of solution =
litre solution is called in one kg solvent is density 1.2gmL-1
molarity. called molality. W, x1000
Molarity -
No. of moles of No. of moles M, xV
solute of solute 10x1000 10x1000×1.2
M: M 0.67 M
Volume of solution Mass of solvent 100 180x100
in litre 180 x
in kg 12
10. Increase in temperature decreases the 5.0x 10 g
solubility of oxygen in water. As a result, amount p= =0.762 bar
of dissolved oxygen decreases. It becomes more 6.56x 10 gbar-!
difficult to breathe as oxygen is less. Hence, the 20. According to Henry's law, P, =Kå XXN,
aquatic species are not comfortable in warm water. PN, 0.987 bar
=1.29x1o-5
11. According to Henry's law, the solubility of XN, K 76480 bar
a gas is inversely proportional to the Henry's law
constant (Kp) for that gas. Hence, gas (B) being If n moles of N, are present in 1L (ie., 55.55
moles), of water
less soluble, would have ahigher K, value.
12. Henry's law states that, the partial pressure XN, = n+55.55 55.55
of the gas in vapour phase (p) is proportional to 55.55 1.29 x10-5
n

the mole fraction of the gas (x) in the solution.

p=Kyx where, K = Henry's law constant. n= 1.29 x 105 x55.55 moles
Different gases have different K values at the =71.659 x 10 moles =0.716 millimoles
same temperature. 21. Liquid A
13. Refer to answer 12. 22. Raoult's law : For a solution of volatile
14. To minimise the painful effects of liquids, the partial pressure of each component
decompression sickness in deep sea divers, in the solution is directly proportional to its mole
oxygen diluted with less soluble helium gas is used fraction. Thus, for any component, partial vapour
as breathing gas pressure,px’p=p'. x
15. Refer to answer 12. where, p°=vapour pressure of pure component
760 x= mole fraction ofthat component
Solubility of CO, = -6.08 x 104
KË 1.25x 10° 23. Refer to answer 22.
16. (a) Refer to answer 10. 24. Refer to answer 22.
(b) At high altitudes, the partial pressure of Henry's law : If gas is the solute and liquid is the
oxygen is less than at the ground level. As a solvent, then according to Henry's law,
result, there is a low concentration of oxygen in p= KH*
the blood and tissues of the people living at high i.e., partial pressure of the volatile component
altitudes. Thus, they feel weak and are unable to (gas) is directly proportional to the mole fraction
think properly. of that component (gas) in the solution.
Hence, Raoult's law and Henrys law has been
17. Refer to answer 12. identical except that their proportionality constant
Applications of Henry's law : are different. It is equal to p° for Raoult's law and
() To increase the solubility of CO, in soft drinks K, for Henry's law:
and soda water, the bottle is sealed under high
pressure. Therefore, Raoult's law becomes a special case of
(i) To minimise the painful effects of Henry's law in which Kbecomes equal to vapour
decompression sickness in deep sea divers, pressure of pure component p°.
Oxygen diluted with less soluble helium gas is used 25. Refer to answer 22.
as breathing gas. Let asolution consists oftwo volatile liquidsA and
18. Refer to answer 10. Bwith their mole fractions x, and x respectively.
19. Applying the relationship, Ifp, and pPp are their partial vapour pressures,
m = Ky Xp then,
In the first case, 6.56 x 10g= Kå Xl bar PA X’ PA-PAAand P, yP-PhB
or, Kå = 6.56 x 10g bar where p and prepresent the vapour pressures of
In the second case, pure liquid components Aand B.
5.0 ×10g= (6.56 x 10g bar') xp totalPA t Pa
Ideal solutions obey Raoult law at all 31. Azeotropes are the binary mixtures of
concentrations and temperature. solutions that have the same composition in liquid
26. Refer to answer 22. and vapour phases and that have constant boiling
Raoult's law for solution containing non-volatile point.
solute : It states that partial vapour pressure of a 32. Refer to answer 31.
solution of non-volatile solute, plution iS directly 33. The differences between ideal solutions and
proportional to the mole fraction of the solvent in non ideal solutions areas follows:
the solution. (i) In ideal solutions AV, iingOand AH0
Mathematically, whereas in non jdeal sohti
Pgolution =Piolvent X*golvent
where, polvent Vapour pressure of the pure AVi and AH0.
(ii) In ideal solutions, each component obeys
solvent at the given temperature. Raoult's law at all temperatures and concentrations
Or. p°-Psolution whereas in non ideal solutions, they do not obey
Raoult's law.
P
27. Given :p = 450 mm Hg, p = 700 mm Hg, 34. Mixture of chloroform and acetone shows
PTotal 600 mm Hg, x =? negative deviation from Raoult's law, thus it forms
Applying Raoult's law, PA =X XP maximum boiling azeotrope. This is because
Pa=Xy XP;=(l -x)P chloroform molecule is able to form hydrogen
PTotal PAtPp=xy XP +(1-xP bond with acetone molecule as shown:
=Pi +PÅ-PA CI
Substituting the given values, we get
600 700 100
+(450 -700)x o, 250x =100
Hc=0--H-cg
H,C
This decreases the escaping tendency of molecules
0,40
or
XA250
Thus, composition of the liquid mixture will be
for each component and consequently the vapour
pressure decreases resulting in negative deviation
from Raoult's law.
A=0.40; x=1-0.40 =0.60
Calculation ofcomposition in the vapour phase, 35. Positive deviation : For non-ideal solutions,
PA=X XPA =0.40 x 450 mm Hg= 180 mm Hg if the vapour pressure is higher, then it is said to
Pn= xP=0.60 x 700 mm Hg= 420 mm Hg exhibit positive deviation.
Mole fraction of A in the vapour phase A-B interactions are weaker than A-A or
180
=PA=. =0.30 B-B interactions. Due to this, vapour pressure
PA +P& 180+420 increases which results in positive deviation.
Mole fraction of B in the vapour phase = | - 0.30 In positive deviation, intermolecular force
-0.70 decreases, volume increases, vapour pressures
28. A mixture of ethanol and acetone shows increases. enthalpy increases. Therefore, AH=
positive deviation from Raoult's law. Pure ethanol +ve, AV. =+ ve. e.g., ethanol + acetone and
possesses hydrogen bonding. Introduction of carbon migdisulphide + acetone show positive
acetone between the molecules of ethanol results deviation.
Vapour pressure of solution
in breaking of some of these hydrogen bonds. Due
to weakening of interactions, the solution shows P>P, +P:
positive deviation from Raoult's law.
29. A solution which obeys Raoult's 1law of
vapour pressure for all compositions is called P
ideal solution.
In this solution AV,miy =0, AHmix =0
A....Binteraction =A.... Aand B....Binteractions.
30. Non-ideal solutions that show negative X=0 Mole fraction x=1
deviation from Raoult's law form maximum
boiling azeotropes. Plot for non-ideal solution showing positive deviation
36. Refer to answer 31. 44. In osmotic pressure method, pressure can be
A minimum boiling azeotrope is formed by measured at room temperature and the molarity
solutions showing a large positive deviation of the solution is used instead of molality. That
from Raoult's law at a specific composition. For is why this method is used for determination
example an ethanol-water mixture containing of molar masses of macromolecules as they are
approximately 95% ethanol by volume. generally not stable at higher temperatures.
37. Negative deviation : For non-ideal solution, if 45. Properties which depend upon the number
the vapour pressure is lower, then it is said to exhibit of solute particles irrespective of their nature
negative deviation. A-B interactions are stronger relative to the total number of particles present in
than A-A and B-B interactions. Due to this, the solution are called colligative properties.
vapourpressure decreases which results in negative 46. Osmotic pressure is the extra pressure which
deviation. In negative deviation, intermolecular is applied on the solution to just prevent the
force increases, volume decreases, vapour flow of solvent into the solution through a semi
pressure decreases and heat is released. Therefore, permeable membrane.
AHm=-ve, AV ve. For example, phenol + 47. Two solutions having same osmotic pressure
aniline and chloroform + acetone show negative ata given temperature are called isotonic solutions.
deviation.
48. Molal elevation constant may be defined as
Vapour pressure of solution
the elevation in boiling point when the molality
P of the solution is unity (i.e., Imole of the solute
.p<P +P2 is dissolved in Ikg (1000 g) of the solvent). The
ns of K, are therefore, degree/molality i.e., K/m
P orC/m or K kg mol
P 49 When a non-volatile solute is added to
solvent, the vapour pressure of the solvent (abo
the resulting solution) is lower than the vapou
X 0 Mole fraction pressure above the pure solvent.
X,=0
50. Refer to answer 48.
Plot for non-ideal solution showing 51. Molality (m) of urea solution
negative deviation wX 1000 5x 1000
=0,877 m
38. Refer to answer 31. M× Mass of solvent 60 x 95
A maximum boiling azeotrope is formed by
solutions showing a large negative deviation from Osmotic pressure () = CRT
Raoult's law at a specific composition. =0.877 x 0.0821 x 300 =21.6 atm
For example, chloroform + acetone mixture. 7.5 x 1000
= 1.25 m
39. Refer to answer 28 52. Molality (m) of urea = 60 x 100
...i)
40. Refer to answers 35 and 37.
42.75 × 1000
41. Refer to answers 34.
Molality of substance, Z = Molar mass × 100
42. (a): Colligative properties of ideal solutions
depend only on the number of particles of solute 427.5
dissolved in a definite amount of the solvent and ..(iü)
Mol. mass
do not depend on the nature of solute.
As both the solutions have same depression in
43. When the external pressure applied becomes freezing point so they have same molality.
more than the osmotic pressure of solution then From eqn. (i) and (ii), we get
the solvent molecules from the solution pass 427.5
through the semi-permeable membrane to the 1.25 =
solvent side and the process is called reverse Molar mass
osmosis. Molar mass of Z = 342 g/mol
53. (i) As KCI is an electrolyte and one to the atmospheric pressure.
formula unit of KCl dissociates to give two ions Elevation of boiling point is acolligative property
(K and CI), therefore molar concentration of because it depends on number of solute particles
particles in the solution = 0.1 x 2 M = 0.2 M present in a solution.
As elevation of boiling point (or any colligative
property) is directly proportional to number of 58. Given: W, =?, M,=256 g mol ", AT,- 0.48 K
particles in solution, hence 0.1 MKCI has higher W, =75g, K,= 5.12 Kkg mol-!
boiling point that 0.1 Mglucose. XW,x1000
(ii) Salting is used because most bacteria, fungi AT,
and other potentially pathogenic organism cannot M, x W
survive in a highly salty environment, due to AT XM, X W 0.48 x 256× 75
the hypertonic nature of salt. Any living cell in W, =
such an environment will become dehydrated Kfx1000 5.12x1000 =1.8g
through osmosis and die or become temporarily 59, Given, W, = I kg= 1000 g, W, = 18 g,
deactivated. M, = 180 g mol!
54. Mass of glucose (CH,0), W, =60 g T= 373.15 K, K, =0.52 KKg mol, T, =?
Mass of water, W, =250 g Using fornmula,
M, (Mol. mass of C,H,,0)=180 g mol W, x1000
K,= 1.86 Kkg mol", T,=? AT, =K, x M, x W
W, X1000
Using formula, K, x 0.52 ×18×1000
M, x W, or
180 × 1000
0.052 K
31x1000
-1.86x
62x 500
K AT, =T, - I;
0.052 = T,- 373.15
AT,=T-T, T,- 373.15 + 0.052- 373.202 K
or T, =T, -AT, =273-1.86 271.14 K 60. When a non-volatile solute is added to a
55. (i) The elevation in boiling point of asolution solvent, the freezing point of the solution is always
is a colligative property which depends on the lower than that of pure solvent as the vapour
number of moles of solute added. Higher the pressure of the solvent decreases in the presence
concentration of solute added, higher will be the of non-volatile solute.
elevation in boiling point. Thus, 2 Mglucose has
higher boiling point than 1Mglucose solution. Plot for the lowering in freezing point of water
when NaCl is added to it is shown as :
(ii) Refer to answer 43. solvent

56. (i) 1.2% sodium chloride solution is Liquid

hypertonic with respect to 0.9% sodium chloride solvent

Solution

solution or blood cells thus, on placing blood cells

in this solution exosmosis takes place that results Frozen

in shrinking of cells.
(i) 0.4% sodium chloride solution is hypotonic
with respect to 0.99% sodium chloride solution
or blood cells thus, on placing blood cells in this
solution endosmosis takes place that results in T, 273 K
swelling of cells. Temperature/K
57. The boiling point of the solution is always 61. Osmosis : The spontaneous movement of the
higher than that of the pure solvent. As the vapour solvent molecules from the pure solvent or from a
pressure of the solution is lower than that of the dilute solution to a concentrated solution through
a semi-permeable membrane is called osmosis.
pure solvent and vapour pressure increases with
increase in temperature, hence, the solution has to Osmotic Pressure: The minimum excess pressure
be heated more to make the vapour pressure equal that has to be applied on the solution to prevent
the passage of solvent molecules into it through =T-T,= (273. 15 - 269.15) K= 4K
semipermeable membrane is called osmotic
pressure. AT= K,X m
Osmotic pressure is acolligative property because 4K
i. Kf = =12.308 K/m
it depends on the number of solute particles and 0.325 m
not on their nature. 10 1000
62. (i) Number of particles of solute
Molality ofglucose solution = 180 90
=0.617 m

(i) Association or dissociation of solute AT,= Kx m

(iii) Concentration of solute .:. AT, =12.308 K/m x 0.617 m=7.59 =7.6 K
(iv) Temperature Freezing point of glucose solution,
63. Given, M, =176 gmol-', AT,= 1.5°C T;- AT,= (273.15 - 7.60) K= 265.55 K
w, =75 g, K= 39 Kkg mol', w, =? 67. Given, weight of urea (W}) = 30 g
1000 Weight of water (W;) =846 g
AT,=^XW) X Vapour pressure of water p 23.8 mm Hg
M, XWË 30
=0.5, nA= 846 =47
* M, XWË 1.5 x176 X75
60 18
w, -=5.077 g Mole fraction of water (x) = "A
Kf x 1000 3.9 x 1000
64. Molality of sucrose solution (m) 47 47
47+0.5 4750.99
W, x1000 4X1000
=0.121 m PA =PåXx =23.8 x 0.99 =23.5 mm Hg.
M, Xw, 342 x 96
68. Mass of CaCl, (W,) = 10 g
AT, for sucrose solution =273.15 - 271.15 =2K Mass of water (W,) =200 g
K, 2 =16.52 K/m Molar mass of CaCl, (M,) = 111gmol
m 0.121 Molal elevation constant (K) = 0.512 K kg mol
Molality ofglucose solution = Xl000=0.292 m
m=
W, x1000
180 x 95
AT,= K,x m= 16.52 x 0.292 =4.82 K M, x W,
Freezing point of glucose solution m=
10 1000
-0.450 m
= 273.15 -4.82 = 268.33 K 111 200

65. T cRT; C=
W) AT, = iK, m=3 x0.512 x 0.450 =0.6912 K
M, XV 69. Mass of ethylene glycol (C,H,0,), W, =31g
W. weight of solute Mass of water, W, =500 g
M, = molar mass of solute M, (Mol. mass of C,H,0,) = 62 gmol,
1R, Given, T, =T, K= 1.86 Kkg mol,T,=?
Using formula, AT,= Kr W, x1000
30
M, XW
4.98_ 180 x1 -1.86x
31x 1000
K
C 1.52 C 62 x 500
30 x 1.52
180x 4.98
=0.051 mol/L AT; =1,-T,
66. Molality (m) of sucrose solution or T, =T;- AT, =273-1.86 271.14 K
Wx1000 10 1000 70. Mass of urea = 15g
X -0.325 m
M× Mass of solvent 342 90 Molar mass of urea = 60 g mol
AT, for sucrose solution Molar mass of glucose = 180 g mol
Mass of glucose =?
For isotonic solution, osmotic pressure, Tt, = , = (3 x 12) + (8x 1) + (3 x 16)
n =n, (when volume is same) =92 g mol-!
WW, 15_W = 373.42 K-373 K= 0.42 K
M M, 60 180
K, x W, x1000
15x180 AT,
W, = 60
=45 g M, x W
71. (i) Refer to answer 46.
W, =
AT, XM, xW0.42 x92 x500 =37.73 g
(ii) Refer to answer 45. K, X1000 0.512 x 1000

72. T,=-15C, K,= 1.86 Kkg mol 76. The relative lowering of vapour pressure is
AT,= T;-T, =0-(-15°C) = 15°C
given by the following expression,
AT,= Kx m
15- 1.86x moles of solute = 40.32 moles Polvent-Psolution)/Psolvent =M,/(", t n)
AT, = K, x m for dilute solutions, n, << n,, therefore
moles of solute
AT, = 0.52 x (PsolventPsolution)/P" solvent= n,/n,
mass of solvent (kg) =(W,x M,)/(M,x W)
(Psolvent - 2.8)/p°solvent (30 x 18)/(M, x 90)
AT, = 0.52x 40.32 4.19 ..(1)
5 kg (Psolvent- 2.8)/p°solvent =6/M,
Similarly for second case we get,
AT,- I,-T,
4.19 = T, - 373 (Plvent-2.9)/p°s0ohvent (30 x 18)/(M, x 108)
T, = 373 + 4.19 = 377. 19 K (Psolvent 2.9)/P°solvent =5/M, ..2)
Divides eq. (1) by (2), we get
73. W, =1.00 g. W, =50 g, K= 5.12Kkg mol, Psolvent -2.8)/(Pslvent - 2.9) =6/5
AT,= 0.40K Psolvent =3.4 kPa
xW,xI000 *.
AT, M, xW,
i.e., vapour pressure of water at 298 K is 3.4 kPa
Substituting the value of p°slvent in (1) we get,
Kf xW, x1000 5.12xlx1000 (3.4- 2.8)/3.4 = 6/M, or 0.6/3.4 = 6/M,
M, 50 x0.40 : M, = 34 g
W, xAT, = 256 g mol 77. i= 2, K, =0.512 Kkg mol", W= 15g
74. Molality of sugar solution M= 58.44 gmol, W, =250 g
W x1000 5 1000 0.154 0x K, x W x 1000
m AT,
M, x W, 342 95 Mp x WA
AT,=T-T, =273.15 - 271 =2.15 K 2x0.512x15x1000
- 1.05 K
2.15
AT, 58.44 x 250
AT,= K,X m :. K, = 0.154 Therefore, boiling point of aqueous solution,
Molality of glucose solution T, = T; + AT, = 373.15 K+ 1.05 K= 374.20 K
W, x 1000 5 1000 78. W= 8,95 mg =8.95 x 10g.
X =0.292 m
M, xW, 180 95 R=0.0821 Latm Kl mol-, V= 35 x 10L
2.15 0.335
:: AT(Glucose) =K,x m=;0.154 x0.292 =4.08 T= (25 + 273) K= 298 K, n=
760
atm

i. Freezing point of glucose solution Substituting these values in the equation,

= 273.15- 4.08 = 269.07 K Wg XRxT
75. W, = 500 g M¡ = IXV
Boiling point of solution (T,) =100.42°C 8.95x10gx0.0821 LatmKmolx298 K
K, for water = 0.512 Kkg mol Mp = 0.335
M,(C,H,0,) atm x 35 x10 L
760
M= 14193.29 g mol-l (i) van't Hoff factor (i) > Ifor solutes undergoing
79. W, = 6.21 g, W, = 24.0 g dissociation
T, =68.04 °C, T,=61.7 °C and K, =3.63 °C/m (ii) van't Hoff factor (i) <1 for solutes undergoing
AT, =T, - T= 68.04 °C- 61.7°C= 6.34 °C association
K, x W, x1000 K, xW, x1000 86. Molecular mass of Glauber's salt
AT, = -or M, = (Na,SO,-10H,0)
M, xW, AT, XW,
- (2 x 23 + 32 + 16 x 4 + 10 x (2 x 1+ 16)]
3.63°C m'x6.21gx1000 = (46 + 32 + 64 + 180) g mol=322 g mol
M, =
6.34°C x 24.0 g
148.15gmol-!
Na,SO,-1OH,0 ionises as :
80. (i) Osmotic pressure can be measured at Na,SO, 10H,02Na' +SO} +10H,0
room temperature and molarity of the solution is i= 3
used instead of molality. W 6.00 g
(ii) Its magnitude is large as compared to WA Mg XWA 322 g mol x0.1 kg
other colligative properties even for very dilute =0.186 mol kg = 0.186 m
solutions.
81. Concentration of the solution = I molar Also, AT, =i K, m
=3× 1.86 K m x 0.186 m = 1.04 K
Density of the solution = 1.06 g mL T=T; - AT, = (273 - 1.04) K= 271.96 K
M,, molar mass of KBr =39 +80 = 119 gmol 87. Molality of solution, m = 1.00 m
K, for H,0 =0.52 Kkg mol
Mx1000 Boiling point of solution, T, =100.18°C= 373.18 K
Molality, m= 1000 xd-Mx M, Boiling point of water (solvent), T=100.00°C=373 K
AT,= T,- T;= 373-18 K- 373 K=0-18 K
1x1000
M= 1.0626 mol kg AT, =iKm
1000 ×1.06-1×119 0.18 K= ix Ky:m
AT, = Km = 0.52 K kg mol- x 1.0626 mol kg-! 0.18 K=ix 0.512 Kkg mol- x I mol kg1
AT, =0.5525 K 0.553 K 0.18 K
T, = T +AT, = 373 K +0.553 K= 373.553 K =0.35
0.512 K kg mol x1 mol kg-1
82. ifor l MKCl =2
i for sugar solution = 1 88. Refer to answer 83 and 85.
:. AT, = iK, m = 2 K, (for KCI)
AT, = K, (for sugar) 89. n=iCRT= iRT=ixRT
:. AT, of 1 M KCl solution is double than that
of 1Msugar solution. 4.75 =i x 5.851 x 0.082 x 300
58.51
83. van't Hoff factor : It is defined as the ratio or i= 1.93
of the experimental value of colligative property NaCl Nat +CI
to the calculated value of the colligative property Initial moles C 0
Ca Ca
0

and is used to find out the extent of dissociation or Moles at eqm. C-a

association. Mathematically, it is represented as Total no. of moles =C(1 + )

Experimental (or observed) value of colligative C(l+a)
C

property or, i 1+0

Calculated (or normal) value of colligative 1+a= 1.93
OT.
property Or. =0.93 or 93%
84. The molar mass which is either lower or 90. (a): Given: W, = 19.5 g,
higher than the expected or normal value is W, = 500 g, K,= 1.86 Kkg mol
known as abnormal molar mass.
85. Refer to answer 83. Alfobs) = 1.0
 1000 xK, xW, 1000x 1.86x 19.5 Normal atomic mass 32 1
:. Mz(ohs) = i:
WxAT,ob) 500 x1 Observed atomic mass 256 8
=72.54
Sulphur exists as S,
Macal, for FCH,-COOH =78 gmol! 94. W, =4g, M, = 120 g mol
M2cal) 78 W, = 100 g, K, =0.52 Kkg mol-!
=1.0753
M2obs) 72.54 For complete dissociation, i =2
FCH,COOH FCH,C00 +H*0 Using formula, AT, =iKm
Initial moles
Moles at eqm.
C
C-a Ca Ca or AT, =
ixK, x W, x1000
Total no. of moles = C(1 + ) M, x W,
4x1000
C(l+a) =|+a =2x0.52 x
120x 100
=0.34 K
C
a=i-1= 1.0753- l =0.0753 =7.53% : T,= T,+ AT, =100 +0.34 =100.34°C
91. Given, W, =5g W=35g 95. W, = 3.9 g, W, =49 g
AT,= 2.94 K, K,= 4.9 Kkg mol AT,= 1.62 K, M, = 122g mol-',
W, x 1000 K= 4.9 Kkg mol !
AT=ik,m=ix Kyx M, x W AT,=iK,m= ixK xW,M,X1000
xW
5x1000
2.94 = i x 4.9 x ix4.9 x3,9 x1000
122 x 35 1.62 =
or i 0.512 122 x 49
As i< 1, solute is associated. 1.62x 122 x 49
=0.506
Initial moles
2CH,CO0H (CH,coOH), 4.9 X3,9 X1000
Moles at eqm. As i<l, solute is associated.
Total no. of moles after association :1 -a+a/2 ix K, xW, x1000
=1- a/2 96. AT,= iK,m
M, xW,
:
ia/2 or =0.512 2x1.86 xW, x1000
2=
2 58.5x 37.2
or a= 2 x (1 -0.512) = 0.976 or 97.6%
W, = 1.17 g
92. AT,= iK, m 97. Mass of K,SO,, W, =2.5 x 102g
i for MgCl,=3 Molar mass of K,SO, M, = 174g mol
Molality, m= W, X1000 1.9x1000 =0.4 m
V=2 L, T= 25°C = 298 K
M, xW 95x 50 R=0.0821 Latm K- mol-!
AT=3 x 1.86 x 0.4 - 2.232 K We know, osmotic pressure, n = W,RT
Frezing point of solution, T,= T; -AT, 2.5x 107 x0.0821 x 298
M,V
= 273- 2.232 K 270.77 K
174x2
93. W, = 2.56 g, W, = 100 g, AT, = 0.383 K
61.1645x102
K= 3.83 Kkg mol, AT, =K,x m 348
-0.1758 x10 atm
W, 1000
AT, =K, x M,
98. AT,=2 K, K,= 1.86 Kkg mol-,
’ M, =
W, x 1000 W, =1kg, AT,= iKm, M, ( KCI) =74.5 gmol-!
AT, x W, xK, i=2 for KCI
2.56 × 1000 ixK, x W, x1000
0.383 x 100
x 3.83 = 256 g mol AT, = M, xW
 2=
2x1.86x W, x1000 K, xW, X1000 5.1x 20x 1000
74.5x 1000 M, = =147.82
AT, XW 0.69x 1000
’ W, = 40.05 g
M,2(observed) = 147.82
99. W, =450 g, W,= 15.0 g
AT,= T;-T,- 273 K-272.66 K =0.34 K Ma(CH,OH
caleulated)=6x 12 +6 x 1+16=94 g mol
K,= 1.86 Kkg mol-! M2lcaleulated) 94
KxW, x 1000 =0.635
AT, = M, x W, Mlobserved) 147.82
K,x W, x1000 2C,H,OH (C,H,OH),
M, = i-1 0.635-1 0.365
=
AT, xW, 0.5
=0.73 =73%

1.86 x15x1000
M, = 182.35 g mol-!
0.34x 450 103. Here, n = 3 because I molecule of BaCl, on
100. W, = 10.50 g. W, = 200 g dissociation gives three ions.
M,(MgBr,) =184 gmol-l W, = 12.48 g, W, = 1.0 kg = 1000 g
K,= 1.86 Kkg mol T, = 373.0832 K, K, for H,0 = 0.52 Km-!
i=3 and M,(BaCl,) =208.34 gmol1
ix K, xW, x1000 AT, = T,- T; =373.0832 K- 373 K= 0.0832 K
AT,= ik,m, AT, K, x W, x 1000
M, x W, Mzobserved) AT, x W,
3x1.86x 10.50 × 1000
AT, -1.592 K 0.52x12.48 X1000-78
184 x 200 Mxobserved) = 0.0832 x 1000
Freezing point of solution, T, =T;-AT, Mzlohserved) =78 gmol!
- 273 - 1.592 271.408 K
M(calculated) 208.34 g mol
101. m= 0.561 m, AT, = 2.93°C and i= = 2.67
K= 1.86°C kg mol-! M2(observed) 78 g mol-l
¤T,= iK,m i-1__2.67-11.07 =0.835 =83.5%
i= AT,
2.93°C n-1 3-1 2
-2.807
Kfm 1.86°C kg mol'x0.561 m 104. W, =65.0 g, AT,= 7.50°C,
102. Here, n = 2 because phenol forms dimer on K,= 1.86°C/m, i = 1.87 and M, =58.5 g mol
association. 0xK, XW, x1000
W, = 20 g W= 1 kg = 1000 g, AT, = 0.69 K, AT, = M, x W,
K= 5.1 Km-!
K x W, x1000 W
AT, XM, XW 7.50x 58.5 x65 8.199 g
AT ixK, x1000 1.87x1.86x 1000
M, x W,