CAMPUSJOURNALI

SM:
ANOVERVI
EW
ByDr.Ceci
li
aL.Calub
Col
l
egeofTeacherEducat
ion
Tar
lacStat
eUniver
sit
y

I
ntr
oduct
ion
Asjournal
i
sm hascomet obethoughtofasapr of
ession,ani
ndustr
y ,andacul t
ure,
defi
nit
ions have emerged thatrefl
ectv ari
ous concerns and goals.Jour nal
i
sts,
educators,andscholar
salltakediff
erentroutesint hi
nkingproduct
ivelyaboutt he
subj
ect,andtheeff
orttodef
inejour
nal
ism consequent
lygoesinvari
ousdir ect
ions.
The v ar
ious t er
ms ofnews,t he press,the news medi a,and inf
ormat i
on and
communi cati
on t hemsel ves suggestprof ound dif
ferences in whatmany t hink of
considerj
ournal i
sm andwhatt heyexpectf rom j
ournali
sts.Al
thought heter
mj ournal
ist
i
nt hepasti nit
ial
lydenot essomeonewhosy st
emat i
call
ykeepsapubl i
cr ecordof
eventsinagi vent i
mef r
ame,t odayitisappl i
edtoi ndivi
dualswi t
har angeofski ll
s,
i
ncludingpublicati
on, photogr
aphy ,f
iel
dproduction,I
nternetprovi
sion,andblogging.
Jour
nal
i
sm i
nt he20t
hcent ur
ywasmar kedbyagr
owi
ngsenseofpr
ofessi
onal
i
sm.
Ther
eweref
ourimpor
tantf
actorsi
nthi
str
end:
1.t
hei
ncr
easi
ngor
gani
zat
ionofwor
kingj
our
nal
i
sts,
2.speci
ali
zededucat
ionf
orj
our
nal
i
sm,
3.agrowi
ngl i
ter
aturedeal
i
ngwi
tht
hehi
stor
y,pr
obl
ems,andt
echni
quesofmass
communicati
on,and
4.ani
ncr
easi
ngsenseofsoci
alr
esponsi
bil
i
tyont
hepar
tofj
our
nal
i
sts.
Thewor
d“ Jour
nal
ism”isderi
vedf r
om thewor d“Journal
”whichmeansadai l
y
r
egi
steroradiary– abookcont ainingeachday ’sbusinessortransact
ions.Thi
s
i
ncl
udesnewspapersnomat terwhethertheyarepubl i
sheddailyorweekly.Ital
so
meansamagazi
net owhatev
ersect
ionoftheaudienceitcat
ersto.
Theroleofaj ournali
sti
snotconf
inedtomerelyreport
ingt
henewsandev ents.
Hei salsoresponsibl
ef orint
erpr
eti
ngandcommenti
ngont henewsandevent
s.Thusa
j
our nali
st’
smai nfuncti
oni stogiveout“
NewsandVi ews”.Thev i
ewstobeexpressed
neednotbet hoseofhi sown.Hecanel i
citandr
eportthev i
ewsoftheknowl
edgeable
cross-secti
onsofpeopl e.
Conceptsoftheappropriat
eroleforjournali
sm var
ybetweencountr
ies.I
nsome
nati
ons,t
henewsmedi aar econtroll
edbygov ernmentinter
venti
onandar enotfull
y
i
ndependent.I
nothers,t
henewsmedi aar eindependentofthegovernmentbutinst
ead
operat
easpr i
vat
eindustry
.Inadditi
ontothev aryi
ngnatureofhowmedi aorgani
zati
ons
arerunandfunded,countri
esmayhav ediff
eri
ngi mplementat
ionsoflawshandli
ngthe
fr
eedom ofspeechandlibelcases.
A.DEFI
NITI
ONSOFJOURNALI
SM
1.Journal
ism isthe occupat
ion ofreport
ing,wri
ti
ng,edit
ing,photogr
aphi
ng or
broadcast
ingnewsorofconduct
inganynewsorgani
zat
ionasabusiness.

Whenaper sonwr i
tesforanewspaper ,magazineorajournal
(journal
ist
),suchwr i
tingis
call
ed journal
ism whi ch means communi cat
ion ofinf
ormat i
on aboutdai l
yev ents
condensedi ntoaf ew words,soundsorpi ctures.Weknow thatmanbyhi snatureis
curi
oust oknowwhati sgoingoninthewor ldaroundhim.Journali
sm sati
sfiesthisvit
al
humanneedbypr ovidinghim andot hermember softhepubl i
cwi t
ht her el
evantand
requi
sit
ei nfor
mat i
on.Whi l
eahi st
orianrecordswhathappenedi nthepast ,ajournali
st
report
soncur renteventsandthelatestnews.

1
2.Journal
ism isthe collect
ion,prepar
ati
on,and dist
ri
buti
on ofnews and r el
ated
comment aryand featuremat eri
alsthr
oughpr i
ntand elect
roni
cmedi asuchas
newspapers,magazines,books,blogs,webcast
s,podcasts,soci
alnetworkingand
soci
almedi a si
tes,and e- mailas wellas t
hrough r
adio,motion pi
ctures,and
tel
evisi
on.

I
twasi ni
tiallyemployedtothecover
ageofcurrentev entsinwri
ttenmedia,pri
mar il
y
newspaper s.Thus,newshasbecomet hecornerstoneofj our
nali
sm.Butthrought he
year
s,ithasal soofferedgr
owingamountsofi nformationalar
ti
clessuchasar t
icles
onthebackgr oundoft henews,per
sonal
it
ysket ches,andopinionat
edpiecest hat
thegeneral communi t
ycanconsumeinreadablef orm.

3.Journal
ism isaf orm ofwrit
ingthattell
speopl eaboutthingst hatreal
l
yhappened,
butthattheymi ghtnothaveknownaboutal ready(RobertNiles2021)
4.Journal
ism is wr it
ingfornewspaper sormagazi nes.Iti st hecommuni cat
ionof
i
nformationthroughwr i
ti
nginperiodi
calsandnewspaper s.
5.Journal
ism ist he coll
ecti
on and edi t
ing ofmat er
ialofcur rentinter
estf or
present
ation,publ i
cati
on or br oadcast”.In ot her wor ds,journal
ism means
communi cati
onofi nfor
mat i
ontot hepublicbyanymedi a,bei tanewspaper,radi
o,
orT.V.

Thewor djour
nalism wasorigi
nal
lyappli
edt otherepor
tageofcurrentev ent
si n
printedform,speci
fical
lynewspaper
s,butwiththeadventofradi
o,t
elevi
sion,andt he
Interneti
nt he20thcent ur
ytheuseoft heterm br
oadenedtoincl
udeallpr i
ntedand
electroni
ccommuni cati
ondeali
ngwithcurr
entaff
air
s.(
Encycl
opedi
aBri
tannica)
6.Jour
nal
i
sm i
stheact
ivi
tyofgat
her
ing,
assessi
ng,
creat
ing,
andpr
esent
ingnewsand
i
nfor
mati
on.

7.Journal
ism iswri
ti
ngchar act
eri
zedbyadirectpr
esent
ati
onoffact
sordescri
pti
on
ofeventswithoutanattemptatint
erpr
etat
ion
8.Journal
i
sm istheprofessi
onofconducti
ngorwr i
ti
ng f
orpubl
i
cjournal
s(Chambers
t
h
20 Cent ur
yJournal
).
This embraces al
lthe forms in which and t
hrough which t
he news and the
commentsont henewsr eachthepubl i
c.Allthathappensint hewor l
d,ifsuch
happeni
ngsholdint
erestforthepubli
candal lt
het hought
,acti
onandi deaswhich
thesehappeni
ngsstimulatebecomet hebasicmat er
ialf
orthejournal
ist
.”
(Fr
aser
2020)

9.Journal
ism consi
stsofwr
it
ingf
orpayonmat
ter
sofwhi
chy
ouar
eignor
ant
.”(
Lesl
i
e
Stephens)
10.
Journali
sm ist
heconveyingofinf
ormati
onf r
om heretotherewit
haccur
acy,i
nsi
ght
anddi spat
chandi nsuchamannert hatthetrut
hi sservedandtheri
ghtnessof
thi
ngsi smadeslowl
y,evenifnoti
mmedi at
ely,
moreev i
dent”.(
Eri
cHodgi
ns)
11.
Journal
ism i
s the col
l
ecti
on and edi
ti
ng ofmateri
alofcur r
enti nt
erestf
or
r
d
present
ati
on,
publ
i
cat
ionorbr
oadcast
”(Webst
er3 Int
ernat
ional
Dict
ionary
)
12.
Journali
sm i sgeneral
lyat erm usedt odenotethepract
iceofr epor
ti
ngnewsor
curr
enthappeni ngsforthemassesoft hecountry.Whil
et hepeoplewhowor kin
coll
ecti
ng news and gat heri
ng informati
on thr
ough vari
ous means are cal
led
jour
nali
sts,themediumst hroughwhi chtheycommunicatet henews–newspaper,
radi
o,tel
evision,
websit
eetc.arecaledmedi
l a.

2
13.
Jour
nal
i
sm ist he pr
oduct
ion and di
str
ibut
ion of r
epor
ts on cur
rent event
s,
commentar
iesoropi
nionsbasedonf
actsandsupport
edwit
hprooforevi
dence.

Journal
i
stsareconstantl
yfacedwithproblemsofrepor
ti
ngf actsandopini
ons.They
mustbeabl et odist
ingui
shbetweent hem.Thi si
si mport
anti nbot hgat
heringand
wri
ti
ngnews.I taf
fect
showy oudealwit
hany thi
ngyouaretoldandal sohowy oupass
t
heinformati
onont oyourreader
sorli
steners.

1)FACT

Af acti
st r
ueandcannotbear guedwi th,becauset heycanbeprov enandar e
support
edbyev i
dence.Remember ,howev er
,thatfactscanbet wi
stedt ofi
tthe
opini
onsoft hewrit
er.Asaj our
nalist,y
ouneedt oknowhowr el
i
ablest at
ements
arebeforeyoucanr eportthem asf act
s.Thisdetermi neshowyoupr esentt
hem
toyourreadersorli
steners.

Therearethr
eekindsoffactswhi
chy ouhav et
odealwit
hasajournali
st.Ther
ear e1)
fact
swhi chhavebeenpr ovedtobet rue;2)fact
swhichareprobablytruethough
theyhavenotbeenproved;and3)factswhichcouldbetr
ue,
alt
hought heyappearto
belies.

 Pr
ovenFact
s
Thesear ef actswhi char eprovedandaccept edast ruebyev er
yone.They
i
ncludesuchst atementsas" Thewor l
disround"or"BarackHusseinObamai s
PresidentoftheUni tedStates"
.Youcoul dcheckthesefactsyoursel
f,butthey
aresouni versall
yaccept edast r
uet hatyoudonotneedt o.Ofcourse,facts
canchange.I tisapr ovenfactthatBarackObamai sPresidentattheti
met his
paragraphisbei ngwr itt
en,buthewi l
lonedaybesucceededbysomebody
el
se.Whenhei s,thef actwillbecomeunt rue,butfort hemomenti tisa
proven,acceptedf act.

 Pr
obabl
eFact
s
Thesear estatementswhi chitseemsr easonablet
obel i
evearetrue,butyou
arenotabl etoprov eyoursel
f,eit
herbecausey oudonothav eaccesst othe
i
nformat i
onorbecausey oudonothav etimetodigforproof(butnotbecause
youar etoolazytocheck) .Probablefactsincludest
atementsbypeopl ewho
areinaposi t
iontoknowt hetr
uthandwhohav enoobviousreasontotellal
ie.
Ift
heFi nanceMinistertel
lsParli
amentt hat$10mi l
li
onwasr aisedfr
om taxes
l
asty ear,y
oucant reatthisasapr obablefact.

Thesearenot
,howev er,t
hesameaspr ovenf acts.Alt
houghtheyareprobabl
y
tr
ue,t
hereisachancet hatt
heymightbewr ong, ei
therbecauseami st
akehas
beenmadeorbecausesomeonel ied.Becauset hi
sdoubtexists,wemust
att
ri
butepr
obablefactstothepeopl
ewhopr ovidethem.

 Pr
obabl
eLi
es
Peopleoccasional
l
ymakest atementswhichseem onthesurfacet o be
untr
ue,butwhi chmightjustbet rue.Aclai
mthat"ThePri
meMi nist
erhas
secr
etl
ymar r
iedasi xt
een-year-
oldfashi
onmodel"mayseem hi
ghlyunli
kely
,

3
 buti
tjustmi
ghtbet
rue.

Youmustal wayschecksuchstatementsbef
oreusingthem,andnev eruse
them wit
houtconfi
rmi
ngthem f
ir
st.Onceyouhavecheckedthatt
heyaretrue,
youdonotneedt oatt
ri
but
ethem.Theyhavebecomepr ovenfact
s.Ofcourse,
i
fy oufi
ndtheyareunt
rue,
youmustnotusethem.

 Ifyouhav etor epor

taknownl ie– f
orexample,whenrepor
ti
ngevidence
presentedinacourtcase–youmustatt
ri
but
ethestat
ementsandyoushould
alsopresentt
healter
nati
vecount
erv
iewwhereandwhenitisgi
ven.

2)OPI
NION

Anopinion isaconcl usi

onreachedbysomeoneaf t
erlooki
ngatt hefacts.
Opini
onsarebasedonwhatpeopl ebel
iev
et obefacts.Theyvaryaccor
dingto
theatt
it
udesofthewri
terThi
scanincl
udeprobabl
efactsandevenprobabl
elies,
alt
houghfewpeoplewi
llknowi
ngl
ygiveanopini
onbasedonapr ovenli
e.

Oneper
son'
sprobabl
efactcanbeseenbyanot herper
sonasapr
obabl
eli
e.Thi
sisone
r
easonwhypeopl
ehavediff
erencesofopi
nion.

Ty
pesofOpi
nion

 Ver
if
iabl
eOpi
nion

Theseareconcl usi
onswhi chcanbev eri
fied(
shownt obetrue)orshownt obef al
se.
Peoplewhopr edictt heresult
sofhorseracesdr aw concl
usionsfrom whattheyknow
abouthorsesandr acing.Theymaysayt hatMay orSarahDutert
ewi l
lwinthecomi ng
el
ecti
on.Itistheiropinion.Oncetheel
ection i
sov er,
thatopi
nionisprovedtobeei t
her
corr
ectorincorr
ect, dependingonwhetherMay orDutertewinsorloses.

 Exper
tOpi
nion

Expert
scangivetheiropini
ononani ssue,basedont heirspecialknowledgeofthefacts.
Af or
ensi
c doctor andagi vesanexper topinionwhenshet el
lsani nquestt
hatshe
bel
ieves t
hepat i
entwaski ll
edbeforebeingt hrowninar iver.Shehasexami nedt he
bodyandf oundverylit
tl
ewat eri
nthelungs.Unl essthereispr oofofwhathappened,
thi
smustr emainanopi nionandbeat tr
ibutedt othedoctor.Theopi nionmayl at
erbe
ver
ifi
edwhent hekil
l
erconf essesanddescri
beswhathappened.

Thebestki
ndofexper topinionisoneinwhichtheexper
tkeepsthei
rownpersonal
feel
i
ngsoutofthei
rconclusions.Theyl
ookatthefact
sastheyseethem,anddr
awa
concl
usi
onbasedonlyonthosef act
s.

 Per
sonal
Opi
nion

Per
sonalopi
nionsaret heconcl
usi
onssomeoner
eachesbasedpar
tl
yonf
act
sand
par
tl
yonwhatt heyal
readybel
i
eve.

4
Personalopini
onscanbegivenbypeoplejustbecausetheyar
easked.Ifyouconduct
av oxpopwi thpeopl
eonthestreet
,askingwhattheythi
nkaboutcapi
talpuni
shment,
theywil
lgiveyouthei
rper
sonalopi
nion.

Per
sonalopi
nionswhi
char
ebasedonbel
i
efsorv
alueswhi
chaper
sonal
readyhasar
e
cal
l
edvaluej
udgments.

Weuset
wot
ypesofwor
dst
oident
if
yopi
nions:

1.Bi
asedWords(bad,
worse,
worst,
good,bett
er,
best,wor
thwhil
e,worthl
ess,
et
c.)
2.Qual
if
ier
s(al
l
,alway
s,l
i
kely
,never
,mightseem,possi
bly
,probabl
y,shoul
d,
et
c.)

Ther
ear
ethr
eecommont
ypesofopi
nionst
atement
s.

1.Positi
onsonCont r
ov er
sialI
ssues
2.Predict
ionsaboutthi
ngsi nthefut
ure
3.Evaluat
ionsofpeople,pl
aces,andthi
ngs

NEWS/
FACTS:

PAFr
escues96peopl
einMandal
uyongf
ir
e

MANI LA–Some96civil
i
anstrappedi
nthebur
ningMegaTowerresi
dent
ial
bui
ldi
ngin
Mandaluy
ongCitywer
erescuedbyanS-76Ahel
icopt
erf
rom t
he505thSear
ch-
and-
RescueGrouponThur
sday.

ArmedFor cesofthePhil
i
ppines(AFP)publi
caffai
rsof
ficechi
efNav
yCapt.Jonathan
ZatasaidthePhil
ippi
neAirForce(PAF)hel
icopt
erconducted"
15shuttl
efl
i
ghtsto
rescuetheseci
vil
i
ans"whower eai
rl
if
tedfr
om theroof
topofthebur
ningbuil
dingi
n
BarangayHighwayHill
s,MandaluyongCit
y.

Thesepeopl
ewer
etr
anspor
tedt
other
oof
topofSM MegaMal
lforsaf
ety
,Zat
asai
d.

Thefi
rebrokeoutatar
ound10:26a.m.andwasdecl
aredf
ir
eoutar
ound3:
50p.
m.,
Mandaluy
ongCityfi
remarshal
Supt.Al
bert
oDeBaguiosai
d.

I
nvesti
gator
sarest
il
ldeter
mini
ngthecauseofthef
ir
eandt
heextentoft
hedamage.
(
Sept.2,2021,
Repor
tfrom Pri
am NepumucenoandLoy
dCali
wan,PNA).

OPI
NION

Af
terAf
ghani
stan

“WhateverbranchofI slam acount r

ybelongst o,Ithinkt heleadersofthesecount ri
es
aremot i
vatedbymoder nizati
on,toseeki nthei
rf ait
ht hepat htomoder nit
y,incl
uding
theacquisi
tionoft heatomi cbomb.Mi ndy ou,moder nit
ydoesnotmeanWest erni
zati
on.
Somel eadersmuchmuchear l
ier
,li
keKemal AtaturkofTur key,regar
dedWest erni
zati
on
howeverasmoder nization;di
ttowit
hleader soft heUni t
edAr abEmi rat
eswhobui lt
Dubaioutoft hedeser t
.AndWest erni
zati
oni salmostequat edwi t
hAmer i
canizati
on.
Wecanseei nsuchdev elopmentsAmer icaninfluencei nAsia,inChinaitselfwhose
dynamicprogr esswasassi st
edbyt heUni t
edSt ates.ManyJapaneset hemsel vesadmi t
thei
rcountry’srecoveryandpr esentprosperit
yisAmer i
canmade.

Almostahundredy earsago, OswaldSpenglerwrote“TheDecl i

neoft heWest .”And
today,andmorespecifical
ly,t
hepessimistsarechantingthesamef or ebodi
ng, that
Amer i
caisdonefor.Biden’swithdrawalf
rom Afghanistan,whil
enecessar y,shouldhave
beenbet t
erpl
anned,notonl yfortheAmericans,butforthethousandsoff oreigners,
i
ncludingsome30Fi li
pinos,workingther
e.Asf ortheUnitedStates,
whi lecertai
nly

5
humil
iat
edbythi
sAf ghandebacle, i
scert
ainl
ynotmi l
i
tar
il
yemasculated.I
tstil
lhasthe
worl
d’smostpowerfulmili
tar
ywi thbasesencir
cli
ngtheglobe,
itsi
ndustri
almightand
i
ntel
l
ectual
superior
it
yintact.
”(From F.Si
onilJose’
sOpinionti
tl
ed“AfterAfghani
stan”
publ
i
shedinPhil
ippi
neStarGl obal).

FACTS:

• Canbepr
ovent
rueorf
alset
hroughobj
ect
iveev
idence

• Uni
ver
sal

• Notdebat
abl
e

• Rel
i
esondenot
ati
vel
anguage

• Basedonr
esear
chandobser
vat
ion

• Fr
equentl
yusesmeasur
abl
eorv
eri
fi
abl
enumber
s,st
ati
sti
cs,
dat
esand
measurement
s

OPI
NIONS

• Abel
ief,
judgment
,vi
ew,anassumpt
ion,
anat
ti
tudet
owar
dssomet
hingor
somebody

• Cannotbepr
esent
lyv
eri
fi
ed.

• Debat
abl
e

• Rel
i
esonconnot
ati
vel
anguage

• Canmeandi
ff
erentt
hingst
odi
ff
erentpeopl
e,t
ruet
oot
her
sbutf
alset
osome.

• Usesv
aluej
udgmentwor
dsandcompar
isonssuchas“
best
,”“
most
,”“
nev
er”
,et
c.

Nomatt
erwhatyouri
deol
ogiesandbeli
efsar
e,asst
udentsyouneedt
oknowhow
t
oanal
yzei
nfor
mati
onanddi
ff
erenti
atebet
weenfact
sandopi ons.
ni

Yourr
eadersorl
ist
ener
swil
lfi
ndbothf
act
sandopini
onsusef
ul,
butt
heyneedt obe
shownwhichiswhich.Event
hebestjour
nal
i
stscanbetri
ckedbyli
esi
ntopresenti
ng
misl
eadi
ngnews.

Somet imest heli

esareunconsci
ous.I
nformant scanthi
nktheyar
etell
i
ngt hetruth
butarereall
yf oolingthemsel
ves.Theymayr eportseeingwhatt
heywantedtosee:f or
example,theyr eportseei
ngapol i
cemanarresti
ngay out
hwhenhewas,inf act,gi
ving
theyouthdirections.

Youmustcheckt hef act

s,bot hforyourownsakeandf ort hesakeofy our
i
nformants,
whowoul dnotwishtoappearfooli
sh.I
tisalwaysgoodjournal
ism t
ocross-
checkwhatpeoplesaywi t
hatl eastoneindependentsource,evenifcross-
checking
meansappr oachi
ngthei
ropponent sforconfir
mationofdetail
s.Youshoul ddot his
anywayinmostcases,t
oachievebalancei
ny ourst
or y
,andavoi
dbeingjudgmental
.
EXERCI
SE1:
FACTOROPI
NION?

Pi
ckoutt
henumber
sthatcor
respondt
ofact
sandst
atement
s.

1.Yourhear
tpumpsbl
oodt
hroughy
ourbody
.

6
 2.Thel
eav
esofgr
owi
ngpl
ant
sar
eusual
l
ygr
een.

3.Tosolv
etr
aff
ic,
iti
sbet
tert
oinv
esti
nsubway
sandt
rai
nst
hani
nroadwi
deni
ng
pr
ograms.

4.TheTVshowsi
nABS-
CBNar
emor
eent
ert
aini
ngt
hant
heshowsofot
her
channel
s

5.Rai
nwat
ercomesf
rom t
hesky
.

6.Ipref
erusi
ngFacebookt
oTwi
tt
erbecauseTwi
tt
erhasl
i
mit
edchar
act
ersper
capti
on.

7.Myhi
stor
yteacherhat
esme.

8.Thesummercapi
tal
oft
hePhi
l
ippi
nesi
sBagui
oCi
ty.

9.Thet
hir
dpr
esi
dentoft
heUni
tedSt
ateswasThomasJef
fer
son.

10.
Thecaket
ast
esdel
i
cious.

11.
Thei
nter
neti
sbei
ngusedbyt
eenager
stowast
ethei
rti
mei
nsoci
almedi
a.

12.
SirIanMcKell
anpl
ayedGandal
fint
heLor
doft
heRi
ngsandt
heHobbi
t
franchi
ses.

13.
ThePhi
l
ippi
neswasdi
scov
eredbyMagel
l
ani
n1521.

14.
ThepHl
evel
sinaci
dsar
elowert
hanpHl
evel
sinal
kal
i
nes.

15.
Somepeopl
ekeepdogsaspet
s
EXERCISE2:
LOCATINGJUDGEMENTWORDS

Under
li
neorci
rcl
ethebi
asorqual
i
fyi
ngwor
ds.

a.Purchasingabr andnewcari sat err

ibl
ewasteofmoney .
b.Manywonder ful vegetari
ancookbooksar eav ai
l
abl
ei nbookstor
es.
c.Ofallthefil
mv ersionofVi ctorHugo’snovelLesMiserabl
es,t
he1935v er
sion
st
arri
ngChar l
esLaught oni sthebest.
d.Theintroductorybi ologytextbookcomeswi thanamazi ngCD­ROM.
e.Vol
unt eersforHabi t
atforHumani t
yareengagedinawor thwhil
eact
ivi
ty

3)EVI
DENCE

EVIDENCEisanythi
ngthaty ousee,experi
ence,read,orar etoldthatcausesyout o
bel
ievet
hatsomethi
ngistrueorhasreall
yhappened.Evidenceistheinfor
mationwhich
i
s used i
n a courtoflaw t otr
yt o prov
e somet hi
ng.Ev idence i
s obtai
ned f
rom
documents,
obj
ects,orwi
tnesses.

EVIDENCEisdefi
nedassomethi
ngthatgiv
espr ooforleadstoaconcl
usion.Thesuspect
's
bloodatt
hesceneofacr i
meisanexampl eofev i
dence.Thef
oot
pri
ntsinthehousearean
exampleofevi
dencethatsomeonecamei nsi
de....Anexampleofevidenceistopresent
resear
cht
oprovethebenef
it
sofanewdrug.

The fourty
pes ofevi
dence recogni
zed byt
he cour
tsi ude demonst
ncl rat
ive,r
eal
,
test
imoni
alanddocument
ary.
 Thefi
rstt
ype,demonstr
ati
ve,i
sevidencet
hatdemonst
rat
edthet est
imony
gi
venbyawi t
ness.Thi
sistypi
cal
l
ydoneusingdiagr
ams,maps,animati
ons

7
 andot
hersi
mil
armet
hods.
 Realev i
dencei
sdef i
nedasat hi
ng,ofanykind,thatwaspresentorusedin
the case bei
ng presented i
n court
.Realev idence can i
ncl
ude bl
oodied
clothi
ng,a mangled vehicl
e,a gun,a kni
fe,moneymar ked byanti-
thef
t
colori
ngandmanyot heritems.

 Testi
monialev i
denceisv iewed byt hecour tto bet hesimplesttypeof
evi
dence.I
tdoesnotr equir
eanyot herpieceofevi
dencet osupporti
tormake
i
tlegit
imate.Testi
monialevidenceistypical
l
ythatofanyst at
ementmadeby
awitnessorotherper
sondur i
ngthecourseofthetri
al.

 Documentaryevi
denceismostoftenconsideredrealev i
dence.Itisanytype
ofevi
dencethathel
pstodocumentt heissuebeingdiscussedint hetr
ial
.For
example,ifthe tr
ialsur
rounds a breach ofcont ract,the documentary
evi
dencewouldbetheactualcont
ractt
hatwasbr eached.

Thefourtypesofev
idencediscussedinthi
spostarei
mpor
tantf
orev eryonet
olear
n.
Youneverknowwheny ourr
ightsmightbeatst
akeduet
oacri
minalcharge.

14.
Journali
sm i
nvol
vesthesif
ti
ngandedit
ingofi
nfor
mati
on,comment
sandevents
int
oaf ormthati
srecogni
zabl
ydi
ff
erentfr
om thepur
eforminwhicht
heyfi
rst
occurred.
15.
Jour
nal
ism i
s aboutput
ti
ng ev
ent
s,i
deas,i
nfor
mat
ion and cont
rov
ersi
es i
nto
cont
ext
.
Iti
saboutsel ect
ionandpresentat
ion.Aboveall,per
haps,i
tisaboutt
heassessment
ofthev al
i
dity
,t r
uthf
ulnessorrepresentat
ivenessofact i
onsorcomment s.Newsi sa
nounclearl
ylinkedwi t
hjour
nali
sm –andt herefor
eagoodst arti
ngpointforanal
ysi
ng
thewholeconceptofj our
nal
ism.
Goodj ournali
sm consist
soft heintell
igentassemblyofr elevantfacts.Getti
ngt he
factstowor kwi thisnotaneasyt ask.Yet, i
tist
hemosti mpor tantresponsibil
it
yoft he
report
er .Newsgat her
ingtheref
oreconcer nsthe‘what’,‘
where’and‘ How’ofi dentif
ying,
select
ing,collati
ngandpr ocessi
ngofi nformati
onf orpublicati
oni nt henewspaper ,
magazi ne,radio,tel
evisi
on.Toachieveal lthi
s,demandst hespeci alskil
lofnosi ngf or
news.
B.FORMSOFJOURNALI
SM
Therearesev
eralformsofjournali
sm wi
thdi
verseaudiences.Journali
sm issai
dto
ser
vetheroleofa"fourt
hestate"
,acti
ngasawatchdogont hewor ki
ngsoft he
gover
nment.Asingl
epubl i
cati
on(suchasanewspaper )containsmanyf ormsof
j
ournal
ism,eachofwhichmaybepr esent
edindi
ff
erentformat s.Eachsecti
onofa
newspaper,
magazine,orwebsitemaycatertoadif
ferentaudience.
Somef
ormsi
ncl
ude:

1. Accessj
our
nal
i
sm –j
our
nal
i
stswhosel
f-
censorandv
olunt
ari
l
yceasespeaki
ng
abouti
ssuesthatmi
ghtembar
rasst
hei
rhost
s,guest
s,orpower
ful
pol
i
tici
ansor
busi
nessper
sons.

2. Advocacyj
our
nal
i
sm –wr
it
ingt
oadv
ocat
epar
ti
cul
arv
iewpoi
ntsori
nfl
uencet
he
opi
nionsoft
heaudi
ence.

3. Br
oadcastj
our
nal
i
sm –wr
it
tenorspokenj
our
nal
i
sm f
orr
adi
oort
elev
isi
on.

8
4. Busi
nessj
our
nal
i
sm -t
racks,
recor
ds,
anal
yzesandi
nter
pret
sthebusi
ness,
economi
candf
inanci
alact
ivi
ti
esandchangest
hatt
akepl
acei
nsoci
eti
es.

5. Ci
ti
zenj
our
nal
i
sm –par
ti
cipat
oryj
our
nal
i
sm.

6. Dat
ajour
nal
i
sm –t
hepr
act
iceoff
indi
ngst
ori
esi
nnumber
s,andusi
ngnumber
s
totel
l stor
ies.Datajournal
i
stsmayusedat atosuppor
ttheirr
epor
ti
ng.Theymay
alsoreportaboutusesandmi susesofdat
a.TheUSnews
organizati
onPr oPubli
caisknownasapi oneerofdat
ajournal
ism.

7. Dr
onej
our sm –useofdr
nal
i onest
ocapt
urej
our
nal
i
sti
cfoot
age.

Dronesareunmannedai rcraftsyst
ems( UAS).Dr
onetechnologyallows
j
ournali
stst
ot akefootageofnewsev ent
ssuchasvol
canicer upt
ions,war-t
orn
vi
ll
ages,andnaturaldi
sast ers.Becausedronesar
eoperatedremot ely
,jour
nali
sts
seeitassaferandcost -
effici
entmeansofv ideor
ecor
ding,especiall
yinhighl
y
vul
nerabl
ecov erage.

8. Gonzoj
our
nal
i
sm –f
ir
stchampi
onedbyHunt
erS.Thompson,
gonzoj
our
nal
i
sm
i
sa"
highl
yper
sonal
sty
leofr
epor
ti
ng"
.

Gonzojournali
sm i
sastyleofrepor
ti
ngwheretheauthorispartoft
he
storyr
atherthanr
emovedandunseenl iket
radi
ti
onaljour
nal
ism.Itmaylackof
object
ivi
tyduetothewri
ter'
simmersionint
hesubjectandoftenpar
tici
pat
ioni
n
theacti
vit
ybeingdocumented

9. I
nter
act
ivej
our
nal
i
sm –at
ypeofonl
i
nej
our
nal
i
sm t
hati
spr
esent
edont
heweb

10.I
nvest
igat
ivej
our
nal
i
sm –i
n-dept
hrepor
ti
ngt
hatuncov
erssoci
alpr
obl
ems.
Of
tenl
eadst
omaj
orsoci
alpr
obl
emsbei
ngr
esol
ved.

11.Phot
ojour
nal
i
sm –t
hepr
act
iceoft
ell
i
ngt
ruest
ori
est
hroughi
mages

12.Pol
it
ical
jour
nal
i
sm -cov
erageofal
laspect
sofpol
i
ticsandpol
i
tical
sci
ence

13.Sensorj
our
nal
i
sm –t
heuseofsensor
stosuppor
tjour
nal
i
sti
cinqui
ry

Asensori sanydevicethati
nsomewaydet ect
sandr espondstoasi
gnalor
st
imulus.Usingsensor
s,thenanal
yzi
ng,
visual
i
zing,orusingthedat
atosuppor
t
j
ournal
isti
cinqui
ry.

14.Tabl
oidj
our
nal
i
sm –wr
it
ingt
hati
sli
ght
-hear
tedandent
ert
aini
ng.Consi
der
ed
l
essl
egi
ti
mat
ethanmai
nst
ream j
our
nal
i
sm.

15.Yel
lowj
our
nal
i
sm (
orsensat
ional
i
sm)–wr
it
ingwhi
chemphasi
zesexagger
ated
cl
aimsorr
umor
s.

TheOxfor
dDi ct
ionar
ydefi
nessensati
onal
ism as,“
theuseofexcit
ingorshocki
ng
st
ori
esorlanguageattheexpenseofaccuracy
,inordert
oprovokepubli
c
i
nter
estorexcit
ement.

Thisstyleofnewsr epor
tingencour agesbiasedoremot ional
l
yloaded
i
mpr essionsofeventsratherthanneut r
alit
y,andmaycauseamani pulati
onto
thetrut
hofast or
y .Sensationali
sm mayr elyonreport
saboutgener al
l
y
i
nsignif
icantmatt
er sandpor traythem asamaj orinf
luenceonsociety,orbi
ased
presentati
onsofnewswor t
hyt opics,
inatrivi
al,
ortabloi
dmanner ,
contraryt
o
generalassumpti
onsofpr ofessionalj
ournali
sti
cstandards.

Injournali
sm (andmor especi
fi
call
y,themassmedia),sensat
ional
i
sm i
satype
ofedit
orialt
actic.Event
sandtopicsinnewsstor
iesareselect
edandwordedto
exci
tethegr eatestnumberofr
eader sandvi
ewers.Anexampleof
sensat
ionalism isamagazinethatfoll
owscel
ebr
iti
esaroundandof t
en

9
 exagger
atesormakesupst
ori
esaboutt
hosecel
ebr
it
iest
osel
lpaper
s.

Sensational
i
sm wasusedinbooksoft he16thand17t hcent
ury,t
oteachmoral
l
essons.Accordi
ngt oSt
evens,sensati
onal
ism broughtt
henewst oanew
audiencewhenitbecameaimedatt helowercl
ass, whohadlessofaneedto
accuratel
yunder
standpoli
ti
csandt heeconomy ,
tooccupythem i
nothermatter
s.

Somet acticsincludebei ngdeliberatelyobt use, appeal

ingtoemot ions,
beingcont rov ersi
al,
intentional
lyomi tti
ngf act sandi nf
ormation,beingl
oud
andsel f-
cent ered,andact ingtoobt ainattent i
on.Tr ivi
ali
nformationandev ents
aresomet i
mesmi sr
epr esentedandexagger atedasi mportantorsignif
icant,and
oft
eni ncludest oriesaboutt heactionsofi ndividualsandsmal lgroupsof
people, t
hecont entofwhi chisof t
eni nsignificantandi r
rel
evanttot hemacro-
l
evelday -to-dayev entsoccur ri
nggl oball
y.

16.Gl
obal
jour
nal
i
sm -j
our
nal
i
sm t
hatencompassesagl
obal
out
lookf
ocusi
ngon
i
nter
cont
inent
ali
ssues.

C.SCOPEOFJOURNALI
SM

Therear
ethreemaj
ordi
vi
sionsofj
our sm:wr
nal
i it
tenj
our
nal
i
sm,or
alj
our
nal
i
sm
andv
isualj
our
nal
ism.

Newspaper sandmagazi
nesf
allunderwri
tten/
pri
ntj
ournali
sm andarecl
assi
fi
ed
asper
iodical
s.Peri
odi
cal
sarepubli
cati
onsr el
easedinregularint
erval
s:bi
-mont
hly,
mont
hly,
weekly,et
c.

Anewspaper,comparedt ot
hemagazi ne,pr
int
smor enewsandhasnospecial
cover
.Newspapersarepri
ntedinpapercall
ednewspr i
nt.Newsi
spri
ntedal
lov
erthe
newspaperhav
ingthehot
testnewsint
hefrontpage.

Amagazine, ontheotherhand, hasaspeci

alcoverandpri
ntslessnewsbutmore
humanint
ereststori
esandf eatur
es.Magazinesareprint
edinbookpaperandi fev
era
magazi
necontainsnews,i t
’sbr i
ef,summar i
zedandcanonl ybefoundi nsi
depages.
Per
iodi
cal
s,j
ournals,books,gr
aphicmedi aandbrochur
esareunderprintmedi
a.

Radi
of al
l
sunderor alj
ournal
i
sm andwhil
etelevi
sion,mov
iesanddocumentar
ies
ar
eunderoral-
visualj
our
nali
sm.Radioandt
elevi
sionareexamplesofbr
oadcastmedia
whi
lemoviesanddocument ar
iesar
eexampl
esoff il
m media.

Vi
sual j
ournal
ism isthepracticeofstrategi
call
ycombi ni
ngwor dsandimagest o
conveyinformati
on.Thismet hodofst or
y tel
li
ngenablesreaderstobetterunderst
and
complex,sophist
icatedtopicsinashor t
eramountoft i
me....I
t'
sthejoboft he
stor
ytell
ertouset hatdatatocreatebetterstori
esthatareuseful
,int
eresti
ngand
di
gestibl
et oawideaudi ence.Visualj
ournalism i
ncludes:
 edi
tori
alcart
oons,
 i
nfographi
cs,
 newsdesign,and.
 photoj
ournal
ism.

D.CAMPUSJOURNALI
SM I
NTHEPHI
LIPPI
NES
In1991,t
hePhili
ppi
neGover
nmentappr
ovedandpassedtheCampusJour nal
ism
ActonJuly5,1991,oneoft
hestr
ongestl
awswhichsuppor
tsthedevel
opmentand
pr
omotionofstudentj
our
nal
i
sm,ri
ghtsoftheyout
h,andpreser
vingt
heintegri
tyof
st
udentpubl
i
cati
ons.

TheCampusJour
nal
i
sm ActorCJAseekst
o“uphol
dandpr
otectt
hef
reedom oft
he

10
pressev enatt hecampusl ev el,
”asst atedi nt hel aw’sSect i
on2( Decl arati
onofPol i
cy).
Thel awal soai mst o“ promot et hedev elopmentandgr owthofcampusj ournali
sm asa
meansofst rengtheninget hicalv alues,encour agi ngcr iti
calandcr eativethinking,and
dev elopingmor alchar acterandper sonaldi sciplineoft heFilipi
noy outh(Sec.2) .”The
l
aw st atest hatiti sopt ionalatt het er
tiaryl ev el.Att heel ement aryandhi ghschool
l
ev els,thedul yappoi ntedf acultyadv i
seri sev enpar toft heedi torialboard( Sec.3d,
EditorialBoar d).Nev ertheless,t hecampuspubl icati
onhasasayi nt heselectionofi t
s
facultyadv iser.Accor dingt oSec.6( PublicationAdv iser),heorshe“ shallbesel ectedby
theschooladmi nist
rat i
onf rom al istofr ecommendeessubmi ttedbyt hepubl i
cati
on
staff.”Thef uncti
onofpubl icationadv i
seri sl i
mi tedt ot echnicalguidance( Sec.6) ,and
thatheorsheshoul dnoti nterferewi ththecont ent soft hecampuspubl i
cati
on.Fr om an
editorialstandpoi nt,t echnicalgui dancer ef erst onuancesi nmedi apr oduct i
onl i
ke
checki ngt hegr ammarofar t i
clesandensur i
ngadher encet opr ofessionalst andards
wheni tcomest othedesi gnandl ay outoft hepages.Hi sorherr ol eislimitedbecause
autonomyshoul dbegi vent ocampuspubl i
cat i
ons.
The l
aw al
so states thatanyone who obst
ruct
s orcoer
ces any st
udent
publ
i
cat
ionandast
udentjournali
stshal
lbepenal
i
zed.
E.MEANI
NGOFCAMPUSJOURNALI
SM
a.Enjoyabl
eactivi
tyofthestaffofthecampuspaperi ncoll
ecti
ng,organizi
ngand
presenti
ngnews, wr
it
ingeditor
ial
s,col
umns,feat
ures,andli
ter
aryarti
cles,taki
ng
pi
ct ur
es,car
tooni
ng,copyreadi
ng,proof
readi
ng,dummy ing&writ
ingheadlines
b.At
rai
ninggr
oundf
orst
udent
swhowi
sht
opur
suej
our
nal
i
sm asacar
eer
c.Jour
nali
sm carr
iedoutbyuniver
sit
y/col
l
egestudentsonsubject
srel
ati
ngt
o
campus,publ
i
shedinpubl
i
cat
ionsgeneral
l
yonl
yintendedf
orcampus
F.PURPOSESOFCAMPUSJOURNALI
SM
1.Pr
ovidesstudentsav
oice.St
udentj
our
nal
i
stscanactast
hemessenger
soft
he
st
udentbody...
.
2.Helps studentsimprov
et heir ski
l
lsin communicat
ion art
s.The st udent
j
ournali
stsareeachgi v
enr egul
artasks– edi
ti
ng,writi
ng,proof
readi
ng,and
headl
inewr i
ti
ng,amongothers.
3.Servesas aut i
li
tyt
oempowertheinfor
med.Thepur
poseofjour
nal
ism t
henis
topr ovidecit
izenswit
htheinf
ormati
ont heyneedt
omaket hebestpossibl
e
deci
si ons about thei
rli
ves,thei
r communiti
es,t
hei
r soci
eti
es,and thei
r
government s.
4.Pl
aysapivot
alrol
eintheschool.I
ttr
ainscampusj
our
nal
i
stst
ober
esponsi
ble
wr
iter
sint
heexerci
seofpr
essfreedom.
5.Serv
esasmeansofmasscommuni cat
ioni
nthemodernworl
d.Thepr
esstri
esto
i
nformit
sreaderobj
ect
ivel
yaboutwhatishappeni
ngi
nthei
rcommunit
y,count
ry
andtheworl
datlar
ge
6.Play
sani mpor
tantroleintheacademe.I ttr
ainsst
udent
stober esponsi
ble
membersofthesociety
.Thus,theyshouldbeconti
nual
lyt
rai
nedt
opr oducea
papert
hati
sfai
r,bal
ancedandinvest
igat
ive.
TheCampusJour
nal
i
sm Actof1999wascr
eat
edf
orsev
eral
reasons:
1.Touphol
dthef
reedom oft
hepr
essatt
hecampusl
evel
2.Topromot ethedevel
opmentandgr owthofcampusj our
nalism asameansof
str
engtheni
ng et
hicalvalues,encouragi
ng cri
ticaland creati
vet hi
nki
ng,and
devel
opingmoralchar
acterandpersonaldisci
pli
neoftheFil
ipinoyouth.
3.Tohel
pstudentsimpr
ovetechni
calskil
l
sinj
our
nal
i
sm,understandandpract
ice
ther
esponsi
bil
i
tiesofajournal
i
st,lear
nhow t
oberesponsible,andpr
omot e

11
 soci
alawar
eness.

Campusj
our
nal
i
sm can:

1.Ser
veas goodv enuef oradvocat
ingeducat
ionaldevel
opment
,aswel
lasf
or
voi
cingoutst
udents’r
ightsandpromoti
ngthei
rwelfar
e.
2.Givestudent
stheopportunityt
ohoneandpr acti
cethei
rjournali
sti
cskil
ls, andbe
thevoiceofchangebyget ti
ngreader
st othinkaboutpressingissuest hatthey
probablywoul
dn’thavereadany wher
eel se.Certai
nstudentcommuni tiesalso
l
ookt oexpandtheirhor
izonsbeyondjustthecampus,anddi scusstopicssuch
asgenderequal
ity,
humanr ight
soreventhepr ot
ecti
onofanimal s.

Typical
l
y,acampusnewspaperormagazi nefunct
ionsexact
lyhow t
hemediais
supposedto–repor
tingthenews,hel
pdeter
minewhichissuesshoul
dbedi
scussed,
andkeeppeopl
eacti
velyi
nvol
vedi
nsociet
yandpol
iti
cs.
G.OBJECTI
VESOFCAMPUSJOURNALI
SM
Campusj ournal
ism provi
desst udentsav oi
ce.Studentjour
nal
istscanactasthe
messengersoft hestudentbody.Campusj our
nali
sm helpsst
udentsimprovet
hei
rskil
l
s
i
ncommuni cati
onar t
s.Thest udentjournali
stsareeachgivenregulart
asks–edit
ing,
wri
ti
ng,proofreadi
ng,andheadlinewriti
ng,amongot hers.
a.Tobeaneducat i
onallabor
atoryforpract
icingandperfecti
ngj ournal
i
sticskil
l
s
andt echniques;
b.Topr ovideamedi um forcommuni t
ymember st
ocommuni cateinfor
mation,
opini
onsandi deaswi t
hparticul
aremphasisonmat tersofinterestandconcern
tostudent s;
c.To di sseminateannouncement sandpubl icizeCol
lege-sponsoredev entsand
studentact i
vi
ties;

d.Tobeaneducat
ional
labor
ator
yforst
udent
spr
act
ici
ngandper
fect
ingt
hei
r
publ
i
cat
ionski
ll
s;

e.Topr
ovi
deanannual
publ
i
cat
ionhi
ghl
i
ght
ingt
hei
ssuesandact
ivi
ti
esoft
het
erm;

f
. Toser
veasar
efl
ect
ionofev
ent
s,env
ironment
sandper
sonal
i
tiesoft
hecampus;

g.Tobeaneducat
ional
labor
ator
yforst
udent
spr
act
ici
ngandper
fect
ingt
hei
r
publ
i
cat
ionski
ll
s;

h.Topr
ovi
deanannual
publ
i
cat
ionhi
ghl
i
ght
ingt
hei
ssuesandact
ivi
ti
esoft
het
erm;

i
. Toser
veasar
efl
ect
ionofev
ent
s,env
ironment
sandper
sonal
i
tiesoft
hecampus;

j
. Tobeaneducat
ional
labor
ator
yforst
udent
spr
act
ici
ngandper
fect
ingt
hei
r
publ
i
cat
ionski
ll
s;

k.Toprov
ideanannual
publ
i
cat
ionhi
ghl
i
ght
ingt
hei
ssuesandact
ivi
ti
esoft
het
erm;
and

l
. Toser
veasar
efl
ect
ionofev
ent
s,env
ironment
sandper
sonal
i
tiesoft
hecampus.

FUNCTI
ONSOFCAMPUSJOURNALI
SM
a.I
nfor
mthepubl
i
cthr
ought
henewscov
erage
b.I
nfl
uenceandmol
dthepubl
i
copi
nion

12
 c.Amuseorent
ert
aint
hepubl
i
c
d. Ser
veandpr
omot
ecommuni
tywel
far
easawhol
e.
FUNCTI
ONSOFCAMPUSPAPERS

A campuspapermaybemi meographedorprint
edpubli
shedorreleasedbyan
organi
zationorschoolwhosenameorlogoappearsinthemast
headorintheedit
ori
al
box.Thecampuspaperl i
keanyothermedi
ahasfuncti
ons.

1.Ai
dtoSt
udent
s

 Pr
ovi
desoppor
tuni
tyf
ori
nter
est
ingwr
it
ing.
 Gi
vesst
udent
stheoppor
tuni
tyt
olear
nhowt
oreadt
henewspaper
s.
 Act
sasst
imul
ust
obet
terwor
k.
 Dev
elopsstudent
s’powerofobser
vat
ionanddi
scr
imi
nat
ionconcer
ningr
elat
ive
meri
tsofnewsart
icl
es.
 Ser
vesasout
letandmot
ivat
ionf
orj
our
nal
i
sti
cwr
it
ing.
 Off
erstrai
ningi
norganizat
ions,busi
nessmet
hods,commer
cialar
ts,sal
esmanshi
p,
bookkeepi
ngandbusinessmanagement .
 Devel
ops qual
i
ties ofcooper
ati
on,t
act
,accur
acy
,tol
erance,r
esponsi
bil
i
ty and
l
eadershi
p.

2.Ai
dtoSchool
andCommuni
ty

 I
nfor
mst
hecommuni
tyoft
hewor
koft
heschool
.
 Publ
i
shesschool
news.
 Cr
eat
esandexpr
essesschool
opi
nions.
 Makesknownt
heachi
evement
soft
heschool
.
 Hel
psuni
fyt
heschool
.
 Encour
agesandst
imul
ateswor
thwhi
l
eact
ivi
ti
es.
 Dev
elopsr
ightst
andar
dofconduct
.
 Pr
ovi
desandout
letf
orst
udent
s’suggest
ionsf
ort
hebet
ter
mentoft
heschool
.
 Dev
elopsbet
teri
nter
school
rel
ati
onshi
p.
 Dev
elopsschool
spi
ri
t.
 Dev
elopscooper
ati
onbet
weent
hepar
ent
sandt
heschool
.
Thecampuspaperhast
hef
oll
owi
ngf
unct
ioncat
egor
ies.

 INFORMATI ONFUNCTI ON:Thisi sthenewsf unct ionsoft hecampuspaper :t o

i
nf orm.Si ncei nf
ormati
ondi ssemi nat i
oni sthemai dpur poseoft hecampus
paper ,thi
si sthefuncti
onmostl ikelyper f
ormedbyanycampuspaper .Itgi
v es
ther eadersinformati
onconcer ningt het hi
ngsar oundt hecommuni tyandwithin
theschool .
 OPI NIONFUNCTI ON:Throught heedi torial
sandedi tor
ialcolumns,theedi
torhas
thechancet oposthisopini
onr egar dingcurrentev entsinsidetheschoolandthe
communi ty.Themai npurposef ort hisistoper suadet or eadertowardacertain
pointofv i
ew.
 EDUCATI ON FUNCTI ON:Tabooed t opicssuch assex,sexeducat i
on,fami l
y
planningandt hel i
keareext ensi v
elyandi ntensiv el
ydi scussedbywr i
tersof
campuspaper s.Thisisoneoft hemosti mpor t
antf uncti
onsoft hecampus

13
 paper: t
oeducat e.
 WATCHDOGFUNCTI ON:Theschoolpaperser vesasaney ef orther eaderst o
seewhati shappeningintheschool andt oguardt her ightoftheyoungones.
 LABORATORYFUNCTI ON:I tservesast heteachingt oolforbuddi ngjournali
sts.
Neophy tespatternthei
rnewexper i
encef rom theexi stingandpastpaper s.
 DOCUMENTATI ONFUNCTI ON:I mpor tantschoolev ent sandwor thwhilestudent
accompl ishments and achievement s arerecor ded i nt he campus paperf or
posterit
y’ssake.Mostpr esent-dayst ori
esarer esear chedf r
om oldnewspaper s.
 ENTERTAI NMENTFUNCTI ON:Theschoolpaper ,likeani nt
eresti
ngbook,keeps
thereadercompanyespeci al
lywhenhei sal
one.Mosthuman-i nter
estst ori
es
arestimul at
ingtoread.
 DEVELOPMENTAL FUNCTI ON:I n dev elopi
ng a count ryli
ke t he Phili
ppines,
scholastic and commer ci
alj ournali
sm has been gi ven greaterand nobl er
signi
ficance.

The sources of new j our nal

ist
s ar e schoolalso.Jour nalistsi n campus
publi
cati
onsar emostl ikelytobet hejournali
stsoft hefuture.They oungjournali
st
whosenewsdeal swi thcl ubact ivi
ti
es,schoolel ect
ionsandcampusact iv
iti
eswi l
l
eventual
lybecomeabet teronewhosenewsdealwi thacti
vi
tiesoft henation,nati
onal
el
ecti
ons and nat ionalconcer ns. The dev elopmentalf uncti
on of t he campus
paperdoesn'tonl
yhav eimplicat
ionsont hey oungonehi mselfbutalsoont heschool as
awhol e.Schooladministrat
orsandst af
fmayr efl
ectthei
rper f
ormanceont heschool
paperandseewhati mpr ovement smustbedone.

QUALI
TIESOFAGOODJOURNALI
ST
a.Resourcef
ul-agoodj our
nal
i
stissupposedt
oberesour
cefuli
nor
dertogain
accesscredi
blesour
cesofinfor
mati
onandt ogai
nsuccesstoal
limpor
tant
event.
b.Cri
ti
cal-i
nor
dert
osepar
atet
rut
hfr
om pr
opagandaanddogmast
hatmaydi
stor
t
tr
uth.
c.Obj
ect
ive-aj
ournal
isti
ssupposedtoputasi
deper
sonalbi
asesandshoul
dnot
l
ethi
semoti
onscloudhi
sjudgment.
d.Conscient
ious-aj our
nali
sti
snotsupposedtousehi
sinf
luenceinordert
omeet
personalobject
ivesandshouldbewel lawareoftheconsequencesthatmay
resul
tfrom hi
sact i
ons.
Asjour
nal
ist
sy ou needtobethi
nki
ng“Iwantt
obet hebest”andbeprepar
edto
takeallt
henecessarystepstogetthi
s.Hemustbeeffi
cient
.Beingeff
ici
entmeans
beingabl
etoachievemaxi mum pr
oduct
ivi
tywi
thmi
nimum wastedeffor
torexpense,
organi
zedandcompetent..
Speci
fi
cski
l
ls:ar
ti
cul
ate,conf
identandbegoodatwor
kingt
ost
ri
ctgui
del
i
nes.You
mustalsoknowhowt olearnfr
om y ourmistakes.Someonewhosejobitist
olearnf
rom
mist
akes(includingthoseofotherpeopleoror gani
zat
ions)andproposeacti
onsisa
st
rat
egist
.A st rategi
stmustr ecognizer el
evantsimil
ari
ti
esbetweensi t
uati
onsand
avoi
dproposingact i
onsthatar
elikelytor
epeatf ai
lur
e.
REFERENCES
horUnknown.Whati
Aut sjournali
sm?Def i
nit
ionandmeaningoft
hecr
aftRet
ri
eved@
htt
ps://
www.amer
icanpressi
nst
it
ute.
org›what-
is-
jour
nal
.
Aut
horUnknown.(
2021).Jour
nali
sm meaning|Best11Def
ini
ti
onsofJour
nal
i
sm -Your
.
..
htt
ps:/
/www.yourdi
cti
onar
y.com ›j
ournal
i
sm
Aut
horUnknown.( 2021)Journali
sm meani
ng,
defi
nit
ionandscopeofj
ournal
i
sm.
ht
tp:/
/study
lecturenot
es.com/j
ournal
i
sm-meaning-
def
ini
ti
on-
and-
scope-of
-
j
ournali
sm/.

14
DO94s.
1992.
Pr omul
gati
ngtheRul
esAndRegulat
ionsNecessar
yfort
heEff
ect
ive
Impl
ementati
onofRa7079Other
wiseKnownast he“
CampusJournal
i
sm Actof
1991”
Deuze,Mark.( .Whatj
2019) ournal
i
sm i
s(not
).Ret
ri
eved@ Soci
alMedi
a+Soci
ety
ht
tps:
//journal
s.sagepub.
com/
Mal
i
nao,
Ali
toL.( .Jour
1997) nal
i
sm f
ort
heFi
l
ipi
nos.Nat
ional
BookSt
ore:
QuezonCi
ty.
Republ
icAct7079:CampusJournal
i
sm Actof1991.AnActProvi
dingfort
he
Devel
opmentandPromoti
onofCampusJour nal
ism andf
orOtherPur
poses.
St
ephens,Mit
chel
l( .Ahi
2007) stor
yofnews(
3ed.
).NewYor
k:Oxf
ordUni
ver
sit
yPr
ess.
pp.55–57.I
SBN978-0-
19-518991-
9.
Zel
i
se,B.(2005).Whati sjournal
ism? -RobertNi
l
esht
tps:
//www.
rober
tni
l
es.
com ›
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our
nali
sm. Def ini
ti
ons of Jour nal
ism – Scholarly Commonshtt
ps:
//
r
eposi
tor
y.upenn.
edu›cgi›vi
ewcontent

15