Acta Math. Hungar.

, 135 (1–2) (2012), 184–191

DOI: 10.1007/s10474-011-0175-2
First published online November 29, 2011

FURTHER REMARKS ON ENLARGEMENTS OF

GENERALIZED TOPOLOGIES
Y. K. KIM1 and W. K. MIN2,∗
1
Department of Mathematics, MyongJi University, Yongin 449-728, Korea
e-mail: [email protected]
2
Department of Mathematics, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea
e-mail: [email protected]

(Received April 12, 2011; accepted July 6, 2011)

Abstract. The concepts of κμ -open set and enlargement κ of a generalized

topology μ were introduced by Császár [5]. In this paper, we introduce the con-
cept of weak κμ -open sets induced by an enlargement κ of a generalized topology
μ, and study some basic properties. We also introduce the concept of κ-regular
open sets, and investigate the characterizations of weak κμ -open sets in terms of
κ-regular open sets.

1. Introduction

Let X be a nonempty set and exp (X) be the power set of X. Then
μ  exp (X) is called a generalized topology (briefly GT) [2] on X iff ∅ ∈ μ
and Gi ∈ μ for i ∈ I = ∅ implies G = ∪i∈I Gi ∈ μ. We call the pair (X, μ)
a generalized topological space (briefly GTS) on X. The elements of μ are
called μ-open [1,2] sets and the complements are called μ-closed sets. We
call a GTS X is strong if X ∈ μ [4]. The generalized-closure of a subset S
of X, denoted by cμ (S), is the intersection of generalized closed sets includ-
ing S. And the interior of S, denoted by iμ (S), is the union of generalized
open sets included in S.
Let us define δ(μ) = δ  exp (X) by A ∈ δ iff A  X and, if x ∈ A, then
there is a μ-closed set Q such that

x∈ i Q  A [4]. A is said
 μ 
to be μr-open
(resp., μr-closed ) [4] if A = iμ cμ (A) (resp., A = cμ iμ (A) ).
For a GT μ on X, a mapping κ : μ → exp X is called an enlargement [5]
on X if M  κ(M ) whenever M ∈ μ. Let us say that a subset A  X is κμ -
open [5] iff x ∈ A implies the existence of a μ-open set M such that x ∈ M

∗ Corresponding author.
Key words and phrases: generalized topology, enlargement, co-enlargement, κμ -open, weakly
κμ -open, κμ -regular open, E-regular.
2000 Mathematics Subject Classification: 54A05.

0236-5294/$ 20.00 
c 2011 Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, Hungary
 ENLARGEMENTS OF GENERALIZED TOPOLOGIES 185
and κ(M )  A. The collection κμ of all κμ -open sets is a GT on X and
κμ  μ [5]. Let us say that a subset A  X is κμ -closed [5] iff X − A is
κμ -open. The set cκ (A) is defined in [5] as the following:
 
cκ (A) = x ∈ X : κ(M ) ∩ A = ∅ for every μ-open set M containing x .

Theorem 1.1 [2]. Let μ be a GT on X and A  X . Then

(1) cμ (A) = X − iμ (X − A);
(2) iμ (A) = X − cμ (X − A).

2. Weak κμ -open sets defined by an enlargement κ

Definition 2.1. Let μ be a GT on X and κ : μ → exp X an enlargement

of μ. Let us say that a subset A  X is a weak κμ -open (briefly wκμ -open)
set iff x ∈
 A implies the existence of a μ-open set M such that x ∈ M and
iμ κ(M )  A. And A is called a weak κμ -closed (briefly wκμ -closed ) set if
X − A is a weak κμ -open set.
Remark 2.2. Let (X, μ) be a GTS, and let κ be an enlargement
 of μ.
(1) Define a mappingλ : μ → 
exp X by λ(M ) = i μ κ(M ) for M ∈ μ.
Then for M ∈ μ, M  iμ κ(M ) = λ(M ). So the mapping λ is an enlarge-
ment of μ and a λμ -open set is exactly a weak κ-open set.
(2) If κ(M ) = cμ (M ) for M ∈ μ, a wκμ -open set is δ-open.
Theorem 2.3. Let (X, μ) be a GTS, and let κ be an enlargement of μ.
The union of wκμ -open sets is wκμ -open.
Proof. Let Ai be a wκμ -open set for each i ∈ J . For each x ∈ ∪Ai ,
there exists k ∈ J such that x ∈ Ak . Since Ak is awκμ -open set containing x,
there exists a μ-open set M such that iμ κ(M )  Ak  ∪Ai . So ∪Ai is a
wκμ -open set. 
Corollary 2.4. Let (X, μ) be a GTS, and let κ be an enlargement of μ.
Then the collection wκμ of all weak κμ -open sets is a GT on X and wκμ  μ.
Theorem 2.5. Let (X, μ) be a GTS, and let κ be an enlargement of μ.
Then κμ  wκμ  μ.
 
Proof. Since M  iμ κ(M )  κ(M ) for every μ-open set M , obvi-
ously the statement is proved. 
Definition 2.6. Let (X, μ) be a GTS, and let κ be an enlargement of μ.
The wκμ -closure of a subset A of X, denoted by cwκμ (A), is the intersec-
tion of wκμ -closed sets including A. And the wκμ -interior of A, denoted by
iwκμ (A), is the union of wκμ -open sets included in A.

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186 Y. K. KIM and W. K. MIN

Let μ be a GT on X, and let κ be an enlargement of μ. Then κ is said

to be  
(1) quasi-idempotent if κ(iμ κ(M ) )  κ(M ) for M ∈ μ;
(2) monotonic if M  N implies κ(M )  κ(N ) for M, N ∈ μ.
Theorem 2.7. Let μ be a GT on X . If κ is a quasi-idempotent
 and
monotonic enlargement of μ, then for M ∈ μ, iμ κ(M ) is wκμ -open.
 
Proof. For each x ∈ iμ κ(M ) , there exists a μ-open
 
set N contain-
ing x such that N  κ(M ). Since 
N = iμ (N )  iμ κ(M ) ∈ μ and κ is
monotonic, we have κ(N )  κ(iμ κ(M ) ). From quasi-idempotence of κ,
       
it follows iμ κ(N )  iμ (κ(iμ κ(M ) ))  iμ κ(M ) , and so iμ κ(N ) 
   
iμ κ(M ) for a μ-open set N containing x. Hence iμ κ(M ) is wκμ -open.


Theorem 2.8. Let μ be a GT on X and A  X . If κ is a quasi-

idempotent and monotonic enlargement of μ, then the following hold. 
(1) x ∈ cwκμ (A) if and only if x ∈ M and M ∈ μ implies iμ κ(M ) ∩ A
= ∅.
(2) x ∈ iwκμ (A) if and only if there exists a μ-open set M containing x
 
such that iμ κ(M )  A.

Proof.
 (1)
 Suppose that there exists a μ-open
 set M containing x such
that iμ κ(M ) ∩ A = ∅. Then A  (X − iμ κ(M ) ), and by Theorem 2.7,
   
X − iμ κ(M ) is wκμ -closed. But since the wκμ -closed set (X − iμ κ(M ) )
does not contain x, x ∈ cwκμ (A).
For the converse, let x ∈ cwκμ (A). Then there exists a wκμ -closed set F
not containing x such that A  F . Since X − F is a wκμ -open set con-
taining x, from the definition

of

wκμ -open set, there exists a μ-open

M
containing x such that iμ κ(M )  X − F . It implies A ∩ iμ κ(M ) = ∅.
(2) Let x ∈ iwκμ (A). Then there is a wκμ -open set Q containing x
such that
 x∈ Q  A. Furthermore, there is a μ-open set M such that
x ∈ iμ κ(M )  Q  A. So the condition is satisfied.
 
The converse is obviously obtained since iμ κ(M ) is wκμ -open. 

Definition 2.9. Let μ be a GT on X and κ an enlargement of μ.

A mapping κ∗ : μc → exp X is called a co-enlargement on X if κ∗ (F )
= X − κ(X − F ) for every F ∈ μc , where μc = {F  X : F c ∈ μ}.
Let μ be a GT on X, and let κ∗ be a co-enlargement of μ. Then κ∗ is
said to be  
(1) quasi-idempotent if κ∗ (F )  κ∗ (cμ κ∗ (F ) )) for F ∈ μc ;
(2) monotonic if F1  F2 implies κ∗ (F1 )  κ∗ (F2 ) for F1 , F2 ∈ μc .

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 ENLARGEMENTS OF GENERALIZED TOPOLOGIES 187
Theorem 2.10. Let μ be a GT on X and κ an enlargement of μ.
(1) κ∗ (F )  F for F ∈ μc .
(2) For M ∈ μ, κ(M ) = X − κ∗ (X − M ).
(3) κ is monotonic if and only if κ∗ is monotonic.
(4) κ is quasi-idempotent if and only if κ∗ is quasi-idempotent.
Proof. (1) For F ∈ μc , κ∗ (F ) = X − κ(X − F )  X − (X − F ) = F . So
κ∗ (F ) F.
(2) For M ∈ μ, since X − M ∈ μc , we have X − κ∗ (X − M ) = X − (X −
 
κ X − (X − M ) = κ(M ).
(3) For F1 , F2 with F1  F2 , κ∗ (F1 ) = X − κ(X − F1 )  X − κ(X − F2 )
= κ∗ (F2 ). From the fact, we know that κ∗ is monotonic.
Similarly, the converse is proved.  
(4) Suppose that κ is quasi-idempotent. For F ∈ μc , since iμ κ(X − F )
is μ-open,
     
κ∗ (cμ κ∗ (F ) ) = κ∗ (cμ X − κ(X − F ) ) = κ∗ ( X − i μ κ(X − F ) )
 
= X − κ(iμ κ(X − F ) )  X − κ(X − F ) = κ∗ (F ).
 
So κ∗ (F )  κ∗ (cμ κ∗ (F ) ).
Similarly, the converse is obtained. 
Definition 2.11. Let μ be a GT on X and κ an enlargement of μ. For
M ∈ μ, M is said to be κ-regular open if iμ κ(M ) = M . The complement
of a κ-regular open set is called a κ-regular closed set.
Remark 2.12. Let μ be a GT on X and κ an enlargement of μ.
(1) In general, the empty set is not κ-regular
 open.
 For example, let X =
{a, b, c} and a generalized topology μ = ∅, {a} 
.  Define an enlargement
κ : μ → exp X by κ(M ) = M ∪ {a}. Then iμ κ(∅) = {a} and so ∅ is not
κ-regular open.
(2) If κ(M ) = cμ (M ) for M ∈ μ, then a κ-regular open set is μr-open.
Lemma 2.13. Let μ be a GT on X and κ an enlargement
 of μ.
(1) F is κ-regular closed if and only if cμ κ∗ (F ) = F .
(2) Every κ-regular open set is wκμ -open.

 For F ∈ μ , F is κ-regular closed  if X − F =

c
 Proof. (1)  if and only
iμ κ(X− F ) if and only

if X −
 ∗
F =

X − cμ X − κ(X − F ) if and only if
F = cμ X − κ(X − F ) = cμ κ (F ) .
(2) Obvious. 
From Remark 2.12 (1), we know that there is a wκμ -open set that is not
κ-regular open.

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188 Y. K. KIM and W. K. MIN

Lemma 2.14. Let μ be a GT on X . Then there is no nonempty μ-open

set B such that ∅  B  iμ cμ (∅) .

Proof. If μ is strong, it is obvious from cμ (∅) = ∅.

In case μ is not
 strong, if there exists a nonempty μ-open set B such
that B  iμ cμ (∅) , then since cμ (∅) = ∅, B c ∩ cμ (∅) is a nonempty μ-closed
set including ∅. So cμ (∅)  B c ∩ cμ (∅) and this implies cμ (∅)  B c . This
contradicts B  cμ (∅). 

Lemma 2.15. Let μ be a GT on X . Then ∅ is μr -open.

 
Proof. By Lemma 2.14, ∅ = iμ cμ (∅) and so ∅ is μr-open. 
Let μ be a GT on X and κμ an enlargement of μ. The enlargement κ is
said to be ordinary if κ(M )  cμ (M ) for M ∈ μ.
Lemma 2.16. Let μ be a GT on X and κ an enlargement of μ. If κ is
ordinary, then iμ (F )  κ∗ (F ) for F ∈ μc .
 
Proof. Let F be any μ-closed set. Then iμ (F ) = iμ X − (X − F )
= X − cμ (X − F )  X − κ(X − F ) = κ∗ (F ). So iμ (F )  κ∗ (F ). 

Theorem 2.17. Let μ be a GT on X and κ an enlargement of μ. If κ

is ordinary, then ∅ is κ-regular open.
   
Proof. From hypothesis, it follows
∅  iμ κ(∅)  iμ cμ (∅) . Since
the empty set ∅ is μr-open, we have iμ κ(∅) = ∅ and hence ∅ is κ-regular
open. 

Corollary 2.18. Let μ be a GT on X and κ an enlargement of μ.

If κ is ordinary, then X is κ-regular closed.

Example 2.19. Let μ be a GT on X and κ an enlargement  of μ.

Let X = {a, b, c} and a generalized topology μ = ∅, {a} . Define an
enlargement κ : μ → exp X by κ(M ) = M ∪ {a}. Then κ(∅) = {a} and
cμ (∅) = {b, c}, so κ is not ordinary. For the 
whole set X,
since X is μ-

closed, from the definition of κ ∗ , it follows c κ∗ (X) = c X − κ(X − X)
  μ μ
= cμ X − {a} = {b, c} = X. So we can say X is not κ-regular closed.

Theorem 2.20. Let (X, μ) be a GTS, and let κ be

 an enlargement of μ.
If κ is quasi-idempotent and monotonic, iμ κ(M ) is κ-regular open for
every μ-open set M .
 
Proof. From hypothesis and M  iμ κ(M ) , it follows
     
iμ κ(M )  iμ (κ(iμ κ(M ) ))  iμ κ(M ) .

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 ENLARGEMENTS OF GENERALIZED TOPOLOGIES 189
   
So iμ (κ(iμ κ(M ) )) = iμ κ(M ) . 
A GT μ is called a quasi-topology (briefly QT) [3] on X if it satisfies the
following: For U1 , U2 ∈ μ, U1 ∩ U2 ∈ μ.
Theorem 2.21. Let μ be a QT on X , and let κ be an enlargement
of μ. If κ is monotonic, then the intersection of two κ-regular open sets is
κ-regular open.
Proof. Let A and B be κ-regular open sets. Then A, B ∈ μ and from
the notion of quasi-topology,
 A ∩B ∈ μ.
 Since
 κ is monotonic,
 we have
A ∩ B = iμ (A ∩ B)  iμ κ(A ∩ B)  iμ κ(A) ∩ iμ κ(B) = A ∩ B, and it
implies iμ κ(A ∩ B) = A ∩ B. 
Theorem 2.22. Let (X, μ) be a GTS. If κ is a quasi-idempotent and
monotonic enlargement of μ, then wκμ − {∅} coincides with the collection
of all unions of κ-regular open sets.
Proof. Let Q be a non-empty wκμ -open set and x ∈ Q. Then there
exists

a μ-open

set Mx such that x ∈ iμ κ(Mx )  Q and by Theorem 2.20,
iμ κ(Mx ) is a κ-regular open set. Hence Q is the union of κ-regular open
sets.
By Theorem 2.3 and Lemma 2.13 (2), easily we know that each union of
κ-regular open sets is wκμ -open. 
Corollary 2.23. Let (X, μ) be a GTS, and let κ be a quasi-idempotent
and monotonic enlargement of μ. If κ is ordinary, then wκμ coincides with
the collection of all unions of κ-regular open sets.
Proof. This follows from Theorem 2.17 and Theorem 2.22. 
Theorem 2.24. Let μ be a GT on X , and κ an enlargement of μ. If κ
is quasi-idempotent and monotonic, then
(1) x ∈ cwκμ (A) if and only if for every κ-regular open set G containing x,
G ∩ A = ∅ for A  X ;
(2) x ∈ iwκμ (A) if and only if there exists a κ-regular open set G contain-
ing x such that G  A for A  X .
Proof. Obvious. 
Lemma 2.25 [5]. Let μ be a GT on X , A  X and κ an enlargement
of μ. Then x ∈ cκ (A) if and only if x ∈ M and M ∈ μ implies κ(M ) ∩ A
= ∅.
Theorem 2.26. Let μ be a GT on X , A  X and κ an enlargement of μ.
If κ is quasi-idempotent, monotonic and ordinary, then cκ (M ) = cwκμ (M )
for every M ∈ μ.

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190 Y. K. KIM and W. K. MIN

Proof. Let x ∈ cκ (M ) for M ∈ μ. Since κ is ordinary, ∅ = κ(G) ∩ M

 cμ (G) ∩ M for any μ-open set G containing

x. From cμ (G) ∩ M = ∅ and
M ∈ μ, we have ∅ = G ∩ M  iμ κ(G) ∩ M . Hence by Theorem 2.8, x ∈
cwκμ (M ).
Let x ∈ cwκμ (M ) for M ∈ μ. Then from Theorem 2.8, it follows ∅ =
 
iμ κ(G) ∩ M  κ(G) ∩ M for any μ-open set G containing x. So by
Lemma 2.25, x ∈ cκ (M ). 
Theorem 2.27. Let (X, μ) be a GTS, and let κ be a quasi-idempotent
and monotonic enlargement of μ. If μ is strong, then wκμ is strong.
 
Proof. Since X ∈ μ and κ is an enlargement of μ, X = iμ κ(X) and
by Lemma 2.13, X is wκμ -open. Hence wκμ is strong. 
Theorem 2.28. Let (X, μ) be a GTS, and let κ be an enlargement of μ.
If μ is QT and κ is quasi-idempotent and monotonic, then wκμ is QT.
Proof. This follows from Theorem 2.21 and Theorem 2.22. 
Corollary 2.29. Let (X, μ) be a GTS, and let κ be an enlargement
of μ. If μ is a topology and κ is quasi-idempotent and monotonic, then wκμ
is a topology.
Proof. Since a topology is a strong GT and a QT, it follows from The-
orem 2.27 and Theorem 2.28. 
Definition 2.30 [6]. Let μ be a GT on a non-empty set X and let κ
be an enlargement for μ. (X, μ) is said to be E-regular if for each x ∈ X
and each μ-open set U containing x, there exists a μ-open set V such that
x ∈ V  κ(V )  U .
Lemma 2.31 [6]. Let (X, μ) be E -regular GTS. Then every μ-open set
is κμ -open.
Theorem 2.32. Let μ be a GT on a non-empty set X and let κ be an
enlargement for μ. Let (X, μ) be E -regular GTS. Every μ-open set is wκμ -
open.
Proof. This follows from Theorem 2.5 and Lemma 2.31. 

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 ENLARGEMENTS OF GENERALIZED TOPOLOGIES 191
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Acta Mathematica Hungarica 135, 2012