3.

The Steam Engine

(1st. Industrial Revolution)
Second-Half 18th. Century (1750-1800)
Fundamental Change:
Human Manual Labor & Draft-Animal–based Economy
Information Technology Revolution towards
and Machine-based Manufacturing

Electronics Started with:

Increased use of refined Coal (Coal fuelled the Steam)
ECEN 1003 紡織)
紡織 Industries (Steam Powered)
Mechanization of Textile (紡織
Development of Iron-making Techniques (All-metal machine tools)

Trade Expansion:
林智聲)
林智聲
Dr. LAM Chi Seng, Terence (林智聲 運河)
運河
Introduction of Canals (運河
Improved Roads
[email protected] Great Influx of Population (Countryside into Towns and Cities)
Improved Railways & Maritime Routes (Steam Boats & Train Locomotives)
1 2

3. The Steam Engine 3. The Steam Engine

(1st. Industrial Revolution) (1st. Industrial Revolution)
Evolution based on
2 Key Factors: Coal & Steam
Human Accumulated Knowledge
經驗)]
經驗
[Still More Empirical (經驗
Dwarfs standing on the shoulders of Giants
"One who develops future intellectual pursuits by
understanding the research and works created by
notable thinkers of the past“.
Anthracite Coal (Mineral) Coal Mine Coal
Steam Engine at its Core
[External Combustion]
Evolution-History:
Hero of Alexandria
[Greek Mathematician & Engineer / 0010-0070]

Hero’s Engine – Aeolipile

汽轉球)
汽轉球
(汽轉球

Steam
Boiler Extracting Water (Mines)
Courtesy – Wikipedia et al.
3 4
 3. The Steam Engine 3. The Steam Engine
(1st. Industrial Revolution) (1st. Industrial Revolution)
Steam Engine at its Core Steam Engine at its Core
Robert Boyle [British Natural Philosopher, Physicist, Inventor /1627-1691] Denis Papin [French Physicist, Inventor / 1647-1712]

Steam Digester [1679]

Papin worked with Boyle

Boyle’s Law [1662]

(also known as Boyle-Marriotte Law)
Courtesy
U. of Rochester
P x V = Constant Bone Digester
Concept of Valve to avoid Explosion
先驅
Precursor ( ) of Pressure Cooker & Steam
Engine
Courtesy - NASA 5 6

3. The Steam Engine 3. The Steam Engine

(1st. Industrial Revolution) (1st. Industrial Revolution)
Steam Engine at its Core Steam Engine at its Core
Thomas Savery [British Military Engineer, Inventor / 1650-1715] Thomas Savery [British Military Engineer, Inventor / 1650-1715]

Savery Engine [Patented 1698]

First Rudimentary ( 簡陋) Steam Engine  Water above the boiling point produces
steam at a pressure greater than one
atmosphere.
 If taps A and B are open but C and D
closed, then the steam pressure can
pump water to height h2.
 When the cylinder is full of steam,
then taps A and B can be closed and D
opened. If cooling water is supplied to
Early Steam Engine
External Combustion the cylinder, then the steam will
To Pump Water from Mines condense, dropping its vapor pressure.
No moving parts
 The resulting vacuum causes water to
No piston, only taps
rise height h1 from the mine shaft
Problems:
provided that height is less than 34 ft.
Waste in heating water to be pumped  The process can be repeated to pump
High-Pressure steam (Vacuum) damages soldering Courtesy
Several stages to pump water-up (Height Limitation) Wikipedia water from the mine. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu
Musée des Arts et Metiers
Large amount of Fuel
7 8
 3. The Steam Engine 3. The Steam Engine
(1st. Industrial Revolution) (1st. Industrial Revolution)
Steam Engine at its Core Steam Engine at its Core
Thomas Newcomen 鐵匠 )/ 1663-1729]
[British Blacksmith (鐵匠 James Watt [Scottish Mechanical Engineer, Inventor/ 1736-1819]
Watt Steam Engine [1763]
Newcomen Steam Engine [1712]
First Rudimentary ( 初步) Steam Engine

Water
(Cold)

Steam

Courtesy The Heart of the 1st. Industrial Revolution

The Story of Great Inventions, Harper & Brothers Valves (Improved Newcomen Engine)
Atmospheric Engine
Main Problem: Inefficiency Steam [Much Higher Efficiency] using less:
Also Vacuum Principle
(Too much waste) Time – Steam – Coal (Fuel)
To Drain water from Mines
Water Separated Condenser
First System (Hot)
Steam Power to produce Mechanical Work
Used 75% Less Coal (Cheaper to Run)
[Forefather of the 1st. Industrial Revolution]
Major components of a Watt pumping engine
Courtesy - Wikimedia 9 10

3. The Steam Engine 3. The Steam Engine

(1st. Industrial Revolution) (1st. Industrial Revolution)
Steam Engine at its Core Steam Engine at its Core
James Watt [Scottish Mechanical Engineer, Inventor/ 1736-1819] James Watt [Scottish Mechanical Engineer, Inventor/ 1736-1819]

Watt Steam Engine [1763] Because the condenser and the working Watt Steam Engine [1763]
cylinder were separate, condensation
Watt's two most important occurred without significant loss of heat
improvements were the separate from the cylinder. The condenser remained
cold and below atmospheric pressure at all
condenser and rotary motion. times, while the cylinder remained hot at
all times.
The separate condenser, located
external to the cylinder, condensed steam Steam was received from the boiler to the
Steam Steam
cylinder under the piston. When the piston
without cooling the piston and cylinder Jacket
reached the top of the cylinder, the steam
Jacket

walls as did the internal spray in inlet valve closed and the valve controlling
Newcomen's engine the passage to the condenser opened. The
steam in the cylinder was drawn into the
cool condenser, condensing into water and
Rotary motion was more suitable for causing a partial vacuum that was
industrial power than the oscillating beam communicated to the space under the
of Newcomen's engine. piston by the connecting passage. External
Condenser Condenser
atmospheric pressure then pushed the
piston down the cylinder.
Watt Engine Working Principle 11 Watt Engine Working Principle 12
 3. The Steam Engine 3. The Steam Engine
(1st. Industrial Revolution) (1st. Industrial Revolution)
Steam Engine at its Core Steam Engine at its Core
James Watt [Scottish Mechanical Engineer, Inventor/ 1736-1819] James Watt [Scottish Mechanical Engineer, Inventor/ 1736-1819]

 This engine worked a crossbeam for pumping. The Watt Steam Engine [1763]
James Watt to repair a Newcomen engine of U. of Glasgow.
cylinder was closed (by a cap) and heated by a
warm steam jacket. Demonstrated that ¾ of the heat of the steam was
 The condenser, positioned underground, was wasted, consumed by heating the engine cylinder on every
cooled and vacuum operated (by a pump). cycle.
 When the piston reached the top of its stroke the Energy wasted because later in the cycle, cold water
exhaust-valve opened and a partial vacuum was injected into the cylinder to condense the steam and
produced below the piston (inside the cylinder reduce its pressure.
communicating to the condenser).
Engine expended most of its energy in repeatedly Steam
 Above the piston, at the same time, the entrance Jacket
heating the cylinder rather than in delivering mechanical
of steam helped the atmospheric pressure to drive force.
the piston down. On this stroke the crossbeam
raised water in the pump. Critical observation was to cause the steam to condense
in a separate chamber (condenser) apart from the piston.
 When the piston reached the bottom of the stroke
the inlet valve closed and an equilibrium valve And, to maintain the temperature of the cylinder as the
opened to allow steam to pass from above to http://lancefuhrer.com/steam_engine.htm injected steam (surrounded by a steam jacket).
below the piston. The engine piston (now with the
Very little heat was absorbed into the cylinder itself on
same pressure above and below) was driven up by
each cycle, and far more steam pressure available to Condenser
the crossbeam and the descent of the very, very provide mechanical force.
heavy pump piston and rod.
13 Watt Engine Working Principle 14

3. The Steam Engine 3. The Steam Engine

(1st. Industrial Revolution) (1st. Industrial Revolution)
Velocity of wheel is reduced Velocity of wheel is increased
Steam Engine at its Core
James Watt [Scottish Mechanical Engineer, Inventor/ 1736-1819]
James Watt improved significantly its original engine with further inventions.

Courtesy
U. of Rochester

Fly ball governor

Automatic Steam Conveying
輸送)
輸送 Regulator
(輸送
Courtesy
U. of Rochester

Fly ball governor

Automatic Steam Conveying (輸送輸送)
輸送 Regulator

Two heavy iron balls were located at the end of two pins,
which have been connected to a spindle that is itself
connected to the fly-wheel. The more the velocity of the A fly ball governor is a specific type of governor with a feedback
wheel is increased the farther the two balls separated. system that controls the speed of an engine by regulating the
Doing this they automatically reduced the conveying of
amount of fuel (or working fluid) admitted, so as to maintain a
steam. When the pressure of the steam is falling too
much, the two balls are also falling and by doing this near-constant speed.
increasing the conveying of steam again.
Boulton-Watt Double-Acting Engine 15 16
 3. The Steam Engine 3. The Steam Engine
(1st. Industrial Revolution) (1st. Industrial Revolution)
Steam Engine at its Core
Fundamental Change
James Watt [Scottish Mechanical Engineer, Inventor/ 1736-1819]

Double-Acting stationary steam engine

A Watt steam engine, the steam engine fuelled primarily by Coal

Vertical to Rotational Movement that propelled the 1st. Industrial Revolution in Great Britain and
the world – British Museum.
17 18

3. The Steam Engine

(1st. Industrial Revolution) Curiosity
…and until Today …even in Watt (symbol: W) is the unit of Power in the International System of Units (SI),
[with Modern Steam Turbines ] named after James Watt.
Nuclear Power Plants
The unit, defined as one joule per second,
measures the rate of energy conversion.
One Watt is the rate at which work is done when an object's
velocity is held constant at one meter per second against
constant opposing force of one newton.

In terms of electromagnetism, One Watt is the rate at which

work is done when One Ampere (A) of Current flows through
Condenser an Electrical Potential Difference of One Volt (V).

According to Ohm's Law

(Circuit Analysis)

James Watt
Where Ohm (Ω) is the unit of Electrical Resistance. by
Carl Frederik von Breda
National Portrait Gallery, London, UK
Condenser 19 20
 4. Electrical Power & 4. Electrical Power &
the Combustion Engine the Combustion Engine
(2nd. Industrial Revolution) (2nd. Industrial Revolution)

Second-Half 19th. Century (1831-1914) 2 Key Factors: Electricity & Oil

Fundamental Change:
The Age of Synergy - Most of great innovations developed
Different from 1st. Industrial Revolution
Inventions and Innovations were Science-based.

Important for New Technologies:

Electricity Generation, Transmission & Distribution
Internal Combustion Engine (Electricity + Combustion) Electricity (Generation, Transmission & Distribution)
New Materials and Substances (Alloys (合金合金)
合金 & Chemicals)
Communication Technologies (Telegraph & Radio)

Centered on:
Electricity
Steel
Railroads
Chemicals Oil Car Telegraph Telephone
21 22

4. Electrical Power & 4. Electrical Power &

the Combustion Engine the Combustion Engine
(2nd. Industrial Revolution) (2nd. Industrial Revolution)
Evolution based on Electricity - [1831]
Human Accumulated Knowledge Michael Faraday [English Chemist & Physicist / 1791-1867]
[More Scientific]
Dwarfs standing on the shoulders of Giants Due to his efforts electricity became
"One who develops future intellectual pursuits by viable for use in technology
understanding the research and works created by
notable thinkers of the past“. The Farad (symbol: F) is the SI unit for Capacitance,
named after Michael Faraday.
F = (A x s) / V => Ampere x second / Volt

Electricity & Combustion Engine [Internal]

Evolution-History:
Courtesy: Royal Institution (UK)
Allessandro Volta [Italian Physicist / 1745-1827]
Little formal education and knew little about Calculus
The Volt (symbol: V) is the SI derived unit for Electric Potential,
electric potential difference, and electromotive force, named after One of the most influential scientists in history
Alessandro Volta.
V=AxΩ Best experimentalist in the History of Science
Magnetism and electricity
Research of the magnetic field around a conductor carrying a Experiment demonstrating Induction – 1831
Inventor DC electric current established the basis for the concept of The liquid battery (right) sends an electric current
of the the electromagnetic field and induction in physics enlarged through the small coil (A). When it is moved in or out of
Battery later by James Maxwell the large coil (B), its magnetic field induces a
[1800] momentary voltage in the coil, which is detected by the
galvanometer (G).
Volta explains the battery to His inventions of electromagnetic rotary devices were the
Napoleon foundation of electric motor technology Courtesy: Wikipedia
23 24
 4. Electrical Power &
the Combustion Engine
(2nd. Industrial Revolution)
Fundamental
Electricity - [1831] Electricity & Electromagnetism

Michael Faraday [English Chemist & Physicist / 1791-1867]

James Maxwell [Scottish Physicist & Mathematician / 1831-1879]

Faraday’s Disc Higher achievement formulation of classical

Faraday’s Law - The Electro-Magnetic Electromagnetic Theory
Force generated is proportional to the
rate of change of the Magnetic Flux. United all previously unrelated observations,
experiments and equations of electricity,
Dynamo magnetism and optics into a consistent theory

Maxwell's Equations demonstrated that electricity,

magnetism and light are all manifestations (表現)
Maxwell’s Equations
[in Vacuum] of the same phenomenon, namely the
Electromagnetic Field
First Electrical Generator. The horseshoe-shaped magnet (A)
creates a magnetic field through the disk (D). When the disk was
turned this induced an electric current radially outward from the All other classic laws or equations of these
center toward the rim. The current flowed out through the sliding
spring contact m, through the external circuit (B’ to B), and back
disciplines became simplified cases of
into the center of the disk through the axle. Maxwell's Equations
Courtesy - Émile Alglave & J. Boulard (1884) The Electric The Dynamo was the first electrical generator capable
Light: Its History, Production, and Applications of delivering power for industry. The dynamo uses E – Electrical Field
electromagnetic principles to convert mechanical B – Magnetic Field
rotation into current. c – Speed of Light
25 26

4. Electrical Power &

Fundamental the Combustion Engine
(2nd. Industrial Revolution)
Electricity & Electromagnetism
Fundamental Change
James Maxwell [Scottish Physicist & Mathematician / 1831-1879]
Electrical Power Generation – Fluid movement transformed into Electricity
Maxwell's achievements concerning
electromagnetism have been called the
“Second Great Unification in Physics", after
the first one realized by Isaac Newton

Maxwell is considered to be the 19th-

century scientist who had the greatest
influence on 20th-century physics
Maxwell’s Equations
[in Vacuum] The Maxwell (symbol: Mx) is the compound
derived CGS unit of Magnetic Flux named after
James Maxwell.
1 Maxwell = 1 Gauss × cm2 = 10−8 Weber [SI]

Turbine – Rotary Engine that extracts energy from a fluid flow and converts
E – Electrical Field Fundamental influence in Telecommunications, it into useful mechanical work.
B – Magnetic Field
c – Speed of Light as well.
27 28
 4. Electrical Power & 4. Electrical Power &
the Combustion Engine the Combustion Engine
(2nd. Industrial Revolution) (2nd. Industrial Revolution)
Fundamental Change Fundamental Change
Transmission and Distribution Grid Structure within the Power Industry

Generation: 1kV-30 kV

EHV Transmission: 500kV-

765kV, E =Extra

HV Transmission: 230kV-
345kV

Sub-transmission system:
69kV-169kV

Distribution system: 120V-

35kV

29 30

4. Electrical Power & 4. Electrical Power &

the Combustion Engine the Combustion Engine
(2nd. Industrial Revolution) (2nd. Industrial Revolution)
Oil Production – [Mid-1850s] Combustion Engine [Internal] – With Electrical Start-Ignition

Various forms of internal combustion engines were developed before the

19th century, their use was hindered until the commercial drilling and
production of petroleum began in the mid-1850s Two-Stroke Engine
Dugal Clerk (British)
Combustion Engine [Internal] - [1864] Patented 1881

Siegfried Marcus [German-born Austrian Inventor / 1831-1898]

Four-Stroke Engine Four-Cylinder Engine

Nikolaus Otto Karl Benz

Practical 1872 Patented in Automobile 1886

Second Marcus Car of 1888 1. INTAKE

Courtesy - Technical Museum Vienna
2. COMPRESSION
Start-Ignition Device First Marcus Car of 1870 3. POWER /
(Internal Mobile Combustion Engine)
[Gasoline]
IGNITION
Courtesy - WordPress
31 4. EXHAUST 32
 4. Electrical Power & 4. Electrical Power &
the Combustion Engine the Combustion Engine
(2nd. Industrial Revolution) (2nd. Industrial Revolution)
Combustion Engine [Internal] – With Electrical Start-Ignition Combustion Engine [Internal] – With Electrical Start-Ignition

 Two-stroke engines are typically

Two-Stroke Engine noisier and produce more
Dugal Clerk (British)
Patented 1881 exhaust fumes, but also produce
more power compared to their
Two-stroke cycle is the basic operation weight than four-stroke engines,
Four-Cylinder Engine
of one of the internal combustion making them popular for racing.
engines; Four-Cylinder Engine

 Four-stroke engines, whilst

The difference of two-stroke cycle and
heavier and producing less power
the more common four-stroke cycle is
the different stroke (piston linear per weight unit, are typically
motion) number; described to run smoother, emit
less exhaust fumes and generally
Although both of them have four motion last longer.
occurs (intake, compression, ignition
and exhaust), but the two-stroke engine
completes the above four motions in https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hV3
Courtesy - WordPress
two-stroke cycles, while the four-stroke LImCslpo
engine complete it in four-stroke cycles. Courtesy - WordPress
33 34

4. Electrical Power & 4. Electrical Power &

the Combustion Engine the Combustion Engine
(2nd. Industrial Revolution) (2nd. Industrial Revolution)
Combustion Engine [Internal] – With Electrical Start-Ignition Combustion Engine [Internal] – With Electrical Start-Ignition

3. Power / Ignition: The start of second

1. Intake: this stroke of the piston 1. INTAKE
revolution of the cycle. While the
1. INTAKE
2. COMPRESSION 2. COMPRESSION
begins at top dead center. The piston 3. POWER / piston is close to Top Dead Centre, the 3. POWER /
descends from the top of the cylinder IGNITION
compressed air–fuel mixture in a
IGNITION
4. EXHAUST 4. EXHAUST
to the bottom of the cylinder, gasoline engine is ignited, by a spark
increasing the volume of the cylinder. plug in gasoline engines, or which
A mixture of fuel and air is forced by ignites due to the heat generated by
atmospheric (or greater by some form compression in a diesel engine. The
of air pump) pressure into the resulting pressure from the
cylinder through the intake port. combustion of the compressed fuel-air
mixture forces the piston back down
2. Compression: with both intake and toward bottom dead centre.
exhaust valves closed, the piston
returns to the top of the cylinder 4. Exhaust: during the exhaust stroke,
compressing the air or fuel-air piston once again returns to top dead
mixture into the cylinder head. centre while the exhaust valve is open.
This action expels the spent fuel-air
mixture through the exhaust valve(s).
35 36
 4. Electrical Power & 4. Electrical Power &
the Combustion Engine the Combustion Engine
(2nd. Industrial Revolution) (2nd. Industrial Revolution)
…and until Today
Fundamental Change [with Modern Combustion Engines]

37 38

4. Electrical Power & 4. Electrical Power &

the Combustion Engine the Combustion Engine
(2nd. Industrial Revolution) (2nd. Industrial Revolution)
…other Fundamental Inventions Radio Waves Communications - [1888]
Telephone - [ US Patent 1876]
Heinrich Rudolf Hertz [German Physicist / 1857-1894]
Alexander Graham Bell [Scottish Scientist, Inventor & Engineer/ 1847-1922]

Experience - 1888

Hertzian Wave Detector

Clarified and expanded the

electromagnetic theory of
light defined by Maxwell

Was the first to satisfactorily

Alexander Graham Bell at the opening of the long- demonstrate the existence of
distance line from New York to Chicago electromagnetic waves by
The Hertz (symbol Hz) is the SI unit of
Courtesy -Gilbert H. Grosvenor Collection, Library of Congress building an apparatus to produce
frequency defined as the number of cycles
and detect radio waves
39 per second of a periodic phenomenon. 40