Manhole

This is also referred to as utility hole, inspection chamber, access chamber, sewer
hole, smell hole, flab hole.

It is the top opening to an underground utility vault. Used to house an access point
for making connections, inspection, valve adjustments.

Manhole is usually provided with cover for protection. The cover is a removable
plate forming the lid over the opening of a manhole to prevent anyone or anything
from falling in and to keep out unauthorized persons and material.

This date back at least to the era of ancient Rome.

There are concrete manholes. A time what is needed is the installation. The new
manhole design comprises a precast concrete monolithic base unit complete with
channel. It is water tight to remove possible leakage.

Dyke / Levees

This is an embankment, like a dam constructed to prevent the overflow of a body

of water. It can also mean a formal reception i.e to receive water.

It can be constructed of stone or earth. Embankment is also used to support road.

It is used for flood control i.e to prevent flooding.

It is a continuous dike or ridge for confirming the irrigation area of land to be

flooded.

This is an elongated naturally occurring ridge or artificially contributed fill or wall

which regulates water levels. It is usually earthen and often parallel to the cause of
a river its flood plain or along low-lying coastlines.

A dyke or dike is a natural or artificial slope or wall to regulate water levels. It is

also called levee in American English.

Locks and Harbor

 Locks allow boat users to enter/leave the bay. It is the upstream limit of the
harbor. Lock chamber is enclosed by gate

A harbor or harbour or haven, is a body of water where ships, boats and berges
can seek shelter from stony weather, or are stored for future use.

ports are different from harbours. A port is a facility for loading and unloading
vessels. Ports are usually located in harbors.

Engineering Economy in Water Resources

Water resources projects and engineering proposals involve alternatives .Electricity

for example can be generated from hydro, thermal, solar etc.

For hydro, alternative sites are usually available.

Choices should be made based on economic judgment is needed.

Steps in an engineering economy study

1. Alternatives should be identified and defined in physical terms

2. Each alternative should be translated to money estimates

3. The money estimates of the alternatives should be placed on comparable basis

considering such things as compound interest and rate of return

4. The money estimates and the intangibles or irreducible are finally used in
making a choice

Example

Two alternative plans are considered for a section of an aqueduct. plan A uses a
tunnel, plan B uses a section of lined canal and a section of steel flume. In plan A,
the estimated first cost of tunnel is ₦ 450,000.00, its estimated annual maintenance
cost is ₦4,000.00 and its estimated life is 100yr,

Estimated first costs and lives for the elements of plan B are canal (not including
lining), ₦120,000.00, 100 yr, canal lining ₦ 50,000.00, 20yr, flume, ₦ 90,000.00,
50yr. The annual maintenance cost is ₦10,500.00. The interest rate to be used in
the economy study is 6 percent per annum. The study period is 100yr. All salvage
values are assumed to be negligible. There are no estimated revenue differences or
difference in water loss

Solution

(i+ ί) n
❑
Recovery factor, R.F = ί
[
( i+ί ) n
❑−1 ]
plan A

capital recovery cost for tunnel = 450,000x0.06018

= 27, 081

Annual maintenance cost = 4,000

Total annual cost = ₦31, 081.00

R.E = 0.06018

plan B

Capital recovery cost for Canal = 120,000x0.0618=7,222

Capital recovery cost for canal lining = 50,000x0.08718=4,359

Capital recovery cost for flume = 90, 000x0.06344=5,709.6

Annual maintenance =10,500

Total annual cost =27,791.00

plan B should be selected

Evaluation of time stream of Benefits and costs

Considering an interest r, present value, pv it means at the end of period 1, one

should receive the principal pv plus the interest rpv. this translates to

v1= pv + rpv = (1+r) pv

where v1 is the value at the end of period 1.

if this is immediately re-invested at the end of period 2 i.e

v2 = (1+r) [1+r) pv] =

:. vt = (1+r) tpv

Example

An engineer and a manager has to design which of two optional projects

should be selected based on the following data. Find the project at interest rate of
4%

Year Project A projectB

1 ₦100 -₦100

2 ₦200 ₦100

3 ₦400 ₦400

4 ₦500 ₦600

5 ₦500 ₦800

Solution

(1) Given FV =pv ((1+ί)n

where FV is future value

PV is present value

l is interest rate

Plan A

For year 1
FV 100
PV = ( 1+ ί ) n = ( 1+0.04 ) = ₦96.2
 200
For year 2, pv = ( 1.04 ) 2 = ₦ 184.9
❑
400
For year 3, pv = ( 1.04 ) 3 = ₦ 355.6
❑
500
For year 4, Pv = ( 1.04 ) 4 =₦ 427.4
❑
500
For year 5, pv = ( 1.04 ) −¿❑ ¿ ₦ 410.96
¿

Net profit value for plan A

=96.2+184.9+355.6+427.4+410.96

= ₦ 1,475.06

For project B
−100
For year 1, pv = ( 1.04 ) 1 = -₦96.2
❑
100
=¿
For year 2, pv = ( 1.04 ) 2 ₦92.5
❑
400
For year 3, pvv = ( 1.04 ) 3 = ₦355.6
❑
600
=¿
For year 4,pv = ( 1.04 ) 4 ₦512.9
❑
800
For year 5, pv = ( 1.04 ) 5 = ₦657.5
❑

Net value = -96.2 + 92.5 + 355.6 + 512.9 + 657.5 = ₦1,522.3

Project B is better and therefore recommended.