JR MATHS-IIA

MATHS-IB VSAQ SOLUTIONS

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (2 Marks)

STRAIGHT LINES
1. Prove that the points (1,11), (2,15) and (-3, -5) are collinear and find the equation of
the stright line containing them.
CHEMISTRY-I
Sol. Let A = (1, 11); B = (2, 15) ; C = (-3, -5)
5  15 20 y2 - y1
slope of BC (m) =   4  slope of the linepassing through x1 ,y1  & x2 ,y2  is x - x
3  2 5 2 1

Equation of BC is y - y 1 = m(x - x1 )
 y  5  4( x  3)  4 x  y  7  0 .................(1)
put A(1,11) in equation (1)  4(1)  11  7  0
 A(1,11) satisfies equation (1)  the points A,B,C are collinear and the equation of the
stright line is 4x-y+7=0
2. Find the condition for the points (a, 0), (h, k) and (0, b) where ab  0 to be collinear..
(Mar-10)
Sol. Let A = (a, 0); B = (h, k) ; C = (0, b)
Given that A, B, C are collinear.
 slope of AB = slope of BC
k 0 bk y 2 - y1
   slope of the line passing through  x 1 , y 1  &  x 2 , y 2  is
ha 0h x 2 - x1

k bk
   hk  bh  hk  ab  ak  bh  ak  ab
ha h
bh ak h k
  1   1
ab ab a b
3. Transform the equations into normal form (i ) x  y  1  0 (May-10)
 ii  x  y  2  0 (Mar-12)
Sol. (i) Given that x  y  1  0  x  y  1   x  y  1

Divide with 2  a  b  1  1  2 

2 2

 1   1  1
 x  y
 2  2 2
This is in the form of xcosα + ysinα = p (normal form)
1 1 1
where cos   0,sin   0, p 
2 2 2
 5
  Q3      
4 4
5 5 1
 The equation of st.line in normal form is x cos 4  y sin 4 
2
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(ii) x  y  2  0  x  y  2

Divide with 2  a  b  1  1  2 

2 2

 1   1   
 x   y  2  x cos  y sin  2
 2
CHEMISTRY-I
 2 4 4
This is in the form of xcosα + ysinα = p  Normal form 
1 1 
where cos   ; sin   and p  2 ,  
2 2 4

4. If the area of the triangle formed by the straight lines x = 0, y = 0 and 3x+4y=a (>o) is
6.Find the value of a. (May-07, Mar-09)
Sol. Given that 3x  4 y  a  3x  4 y  a  0       1

Also, Given that

The area of the triangle formed with (1) and the co-ordinate axes = 6

 area of the traingle formed by the line

c2 c2
 6
2 ab ax  by  c  0 with coordinate axes is
2 | ab |

a2
  6  a 2  144  a  12  a  0
2 3.4
5. If the product of the intercepts made by the straight line
 
x tan   y sec   1  0     on the co-ordinate axes is equal to sin  , find  .
 2
x y
Sol. Given that x tan   y sec   1   1
cot  cos 
x y
This is in the form of + =1
a b
where x - intercept, a = cot  ; y - intercept, b = cos 
Given that, the product of intercepts  sin 
cos  cos 2 
 cot  .cos   sin   .cos   sin    1  cot 2   1
sin  sin 2 
 
 cot   1  0      cot   cot 450    450
 2

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6. Find the area of the triangle formed by the straight line x  4 y  2  0 with the
co-ordinate axes.
Sol. Given that x  4 y  2  0
c2
Area of the triangle formed by the line ax  by  c  0 with co-ordinate axes =
2 | ab |
CHEMISTRY-I
4 1
 sq.units
2 1 4  2
7. Find the equation of the straight line passing through (-4, 5)and cutting off equal
non zero intercepts on the co-ordinate axes. (May-10, Mar 2007, May 2008)
x y
Sol. Let the equation of a striaght line is   1       1
a b
Given that intercepts are equal
a  b
x y
then the equation of straight line is + =1
a a
 x  y  a --------(2)
it passes through (-4, 5)
 4  5  a  a 1
 Required equation of the straight line is xy1  from  2 
8. Find the equation of the straight line passing through the point (3, -4) and making X
and Y- intercepts which are in the ratio 2:3. (Mar-08)
x y
Sol. Let the equation of the straight line be + = 1------ 1
a b
a 2 2b
Given that, a : b = 2 : 3   a        2
b 3 3
x y
 1
from (1) and (2),  2b  b
 3 
3x y 3x  2 y
  1   1  3 x  2 y  2b ------------(3)
2b b 2b
it passes through (3, -4)
1
9 - 8 = 2b  2b  1  b 
2
 The required equation of the straight line is 3x  2 y  1  from  3  

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9. Find the equation of the straight line passing through the points
 at , 2at  and  at , 2at 
2
1 1
2
2 2 (Mar-04)

Sol. Let A   at12 , 2at1  ; B   at22 , 2 at2 

2 at 2  2 at1 If A x , y  and B x , y  aretwopoints,then slope of AB  y2  y1

CHEMISTRY-I
slope of AB, m  1 1 2 2
at 22  at12 x2  x1

2a  t2  t1  2  t2  t1  2
  
 t2  t1  t2  t1   t2  t1   a  b   a  b  a  b 
2 2
a t  t
2
2 1
2

The equation of line passing through  x1 , y1  with slope m is y - y1 = m  x - x1 
2
 y  2at1 
t1  t 2
 x  at12 

  t1  t2  y  2at1  t1  t2   2 x  2at12  2 x   t1  t2  y  2at12  2at1  t1  t2 

 2 x   t1  t2  y  2at1  t1  t1  t2   2 x   t1  t2  y  2at1t2
 2 x   t1  t2  y  2at1t 2  0
10. Find the length of the perpendicular drawn from the point (-2, -3) to the straight line
5x 2y 4 0 (Mar-09)
Sol. Given that 5 x  2 y  4  0       1

given point  x1 , y1    2, 3

The length of the perpendicular drawn from  2, 3 to (1)

5  2   2  3   4 | ax1  by1  c |
 The lr distancefrom P( x1 , y1 ) totheline ax  by  c  0 is
25  4 a2  b2

10  6  4
 =0
29
11. Find the distance between the parallel lines 5 x  3 y  4  0;10 x  6 y  9  0 (Mar-09)
Sol. Given that 5x  3 y  4  0  10 x  6 y  8  0       1
10 x  6 y  9  0        2 
Distance between the parallel lines (1) and (2)

 The distance between the parallel lines

8  9 c1 - c 2
 ax + by + c1 = 0 & ax + by + c2 = 0 is
100  36 a 2 + b2

1 1
  units
136 2 34

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12. Find the equation of straight line passing through the point (5, 4) and parallel to the
line 2x + 3y+ 7 = 0. (March-2013)
Sol. The equation of straight line parallel to the line ax + by + c = 0 is ax + by = k.
The equation of straight line parallel to the line 2x + 3y + 7 = 0 is 2x + 3y =k -------- (1)
(5, 4) passes through the equation (1)
2(5) + 3 (4) = k  k = 22
CHEMISTRY-I substitute k = 22 in equation (1)
 2x + 3y = 22
2x + 3y - 22 = 0
13. Find the value of y, if the line joining (3, y) and (2, 7) is parallel to the line joining the
points (-1, 4) and (0, 6). (March-2014 SAQ) (Mar-08)

Sol. Let A = (3, y); B = (2, 7)

C = (-1, 4); D = (0, 6)

 
Given that AB is parallel to CD
 slope of AB = slope of CD

7 y 64 y 2 - y1
  slope of the line AB  m  =
2  3 0 1 x 2 - x1

7 y
  2  7  y  2  y  9
1
14. Find the value of k, if the straight lines 6 x  10 y  3  0 and kx  5 y  8  0 are parallel.
Sol. Given that 6 x  1 0 y  3  0 ......... 1  , k x  5 y  8  0 .........  2 

6 3 a
slope of (1), m1    slope of the line ax  by  c  0 is m 
10 5 b
k k
slope of (2), m2  
5 5
Given that (1) and (2) are parallel
3 k
 m1 = m 2    k=3
5 5

15. Find the value of p, if the straight lines 3x  7 y  1  0 and 7 x  py  3  0 are

mutually perpendicular.
Sol. Given that 3x  7 y  1  0 ------(1), 7 x  py  3  0 ------(2)
3 a
slope of (1), m1   slope of the line ax  by  c  0 is m 
7 b
7 7
slope of (2), m2  
p p
Given that (1) and (2) are perpendicular

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 m1m2  1  If m1 , m 2 be the slopes of two non vertical lines are  lr then m1 m 2  1

 3   7 
      1  p  3
 7   p 
16. Find the equation of the straight line passing through (2, 3) and making non-zero
intercepts whose sum is zero. (Mar-12)
CHEMISTRY-I
x y
Sol. Let the equation of the straight line be + = 1       1
a b
Given that a  b  0  b  a ------(2)
from (1) and (2)
x y
  1  x  y  a        3
a a
it passes through (2, 3)
2 - 3 = a  a  1
 Required equation of the straight line is x  y  1  from  3   x  y  1  0
17. Find the equation of the straight line passing through (-2, 4) and making non zero
intercepts whose sum is zero. (May-09)
x y
Sol. Let the equation of the straight line be + = 1       1
a b
Given that a + b = 0  b  a ------(2)
x y
from (1) and (2);   1  x  y  a        3
a a
it passes through (-2, 4); 2  4  a  a  6
 Required equation of the straight line is x  y  6  from  3   x  y  6  0
18. Find the equations of the straight lines passing through the origin and making equal
angles with the co-ordinate axes. (May-05)
Y

135 0
45 0
X
O
Sol.

The equation of the straight line which passes through the origin is y = mx ...........(1)
case(i) Inclination of the line   450  m  tan 450  1  m  tan 

 Equation of straight line is y  1.x  from 1 

 y x  x y 0
case(ii) Inclination of the other line   1350  m  tan1350  1

 Equation of straight line is y  1.x  from 1 

 y  x  x  y  0
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19. Find the value of P, if the straight lines x + p = 0, y + 2 = 0, 3x + 2y + 5 = 0 are concurrent.

(March-13)
Sol. Given straight lines x + p = 0, y + 2 = 0, 3x + 2y + 5 = 0 are concurrent then
1 0 P
0 1 2  0  If three lines areconcurent thenthe det volue is 0
CHEMISTRY-I
3 2 5

1
 1(5  4)  0  P (0  3)  0  1  3P  0  P  3 .

20. If 2 x  3 y  5  0 is the perpendicular bisector of the line segment joining (3, -4) and
 ,   then find    . (Mar-11)
Sol. Given that 2x - 3y - 5 = 0 ----------(1)
 ,   be the image of (3, -4) w.r.to (1)
We know that  h, k  is the image of  x1 , y1  w .r .t the line ax  by  c  0 then
h  x1 k  y1 2  ax1  by1  c 
 
a b a 2  b2

  3   4 2  6  12  5    3   4 2 13  3  4
         2
2 3 49 2 3 13 2 3
   3  4 ;   4  6    1 ;   2
    1
Alternate Method:
Given that
2 x  3 y  5  0 ------(1)

Let A = (3, -4) ; B =  ,  

Let C be the midpoint of AB

 3  4    If A x , y B x , y aretwopoints, then mid point of AB= x1  x2 , y1  y2 

C   ,  1 1  2 2  2
 2 2 

 2 
C lies on (1)
 3     4    6  2  12  3  10
2   3 5  0   0  2  3  8  0 ------(2)
 2   2  2

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Also, (1)  AB
slope of (1)  slope of AB = -1
 2    4 
    1  2   8  3  9  3  2  1  0 ------(3)
 3    3 
Solving (2) and (3)
CHEMISTRY-I
  1
-3 8 2 -3
2 -1 3 2
  1   1 13 26
        1;   2
3  16 24  2 4  9 13 26 13 13 13
     1  2  1
21. Find the value of k , if the straight lines y  3kx  4  0 and (2k 1)x(8k 1)y60
are perpendicular. (Mar-10).
Sol. Given that y  3kx  4  0  3kx  y  4  0 ------(1)
 2k  1 x  8k  1 y  6  0 ------(2)
 3k 
slope of (1), m1   3k
1
  2k  1 2k  1
slope of (2), m2   8k  1  8k  1
 
Given that (1) and (2) are perpendicular
 m1m2  1  If m1 , m2 are slopes of two  ler lines thenm1m2  1

 2k  1 
 3k    1  6k 2  3k  8k  1  6k 2  5k  1  0
 8k  1 

 6k 2  6k  k  1  0  6k  k  1  1 k  1  0   k  1 6k  1  0
1
 k  1  0  or  6k  1  0  k  1 or  k 
6
x y x y
22. If  is the angle between the lines   1,   1 then find the value of
a b b a
sin   a  b  . (May-09)
x y
Sol. Given that   1  bx  ay  ab  0 ------(1)
a b
x y
  1  ax  by  ab  0 ------(2)
b a

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Let  be the actu angle between (1) and (2)

 If  is the angle between the lines a1 x  b1 y  c1  0

b b  a  a a1b2  a2b1
sin  and a2 x  b2 y  c2  0 then sin  
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
b a a b a1  b1 a2  b2
CHEMISTRY-I
b2  a2 a 2  b2
   a  b
b2  a2 a2  b2 a2  b2

23. Transform the equation  2  5k  x  31 2k  y   2  k   0 into the form L1   L2  0 and

find the point of concurrency of the family of straight lines.
Sol. Given that  2  5k  x  31  2k  y   2  k   0
 2 x  5kx  3 y  6ky  2  k  0
  2 x  3 y  2   k  5 x  6 y  1  0
It represents a family of concurrent straight lines are 2 x  3 y  2  0 ------(1)

 The equation of family of lines passing through the point of

5 x  6 y  1  0 ---(2) intersection of L  0 and L  0 is L   L  0
1 2 1 2

Solving (1) and (2)

x y 1
-3 2 2 -3
-6 -1 5 -6
x y 1 x y 1
    
3  12 10  2 12  15 15 12 3
 x  5, y  4
 Point of concurrency = (5, 4) (1M)

24. Find the ratio in which the straight line 2 x  3 y  20  0 divides the join of the points
(2, 3) and (2, 10).
Sol. Let the given straight line is L  2 x  3 y  20  0
 x1 , y1    2,3 ;  x2 , y2    2,10
We know that the ratio in which the line ax  by  c  0 divides the line
joining of  x1 , y1  and  x2 , y2    L11 : L22

=   4  9  20  :  4  30  20 
   7  :14
 7 :14  1: 2

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25. If a portion of a straight line intercepted between the axes of coordinates is bisected
at  2 p, 2q  write the equation of the straight line.

Sol.
CHEMISTRY-I

x y
Let the equation of the straight line is + =1
a b
 A =(a, 0) ; B =(0, b)
Given that (2p, 2q) bisects AB
 (2p, 2q) = midpoint of AB

a b  x1  x2 y1  y2 
  2 p, 2q    ,  If A x1, y1  B x2 , y2  aretwopoints, then mid point of AB= ,
 2 2  2 2 

 a  4 p, b  4 q
x y qx  py
 The equation of the straight line is 4 p  4q  1 
4 pq
 1  qx  py  4 pq

26. Find the foot of the perpendicular drawn from(4, 1) upon the straight line 3x  4 y  12  0 .
(x1,y1)

Sol. Given that 3x  4 y  12  0 ------(1)

ax+by+c=0
(h, k)

Let  x1 , y1    4,1
Let (h, k) be the foot of the perpendicular from (4, 1) on (1)
We know that  h, k  is the foot of the  ler from P  x1 , y1  w .r .t
h  x1 k  y1   ax1  by1  c 
the line ax  by  c  0 then  
a b a 2  b2

h  4 k  1  12  4  12 
  
3 4 9  16
h  4 k  1 20 h  4 k  1 4
     
3 4 25 3 4 5
h4 4 k  1 4
 ; 
3 5 4 5
 12 16
h4 ; k 1 
5 5

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12 16
h  4 ; k 1
5 5
8 21
h  ; k
5 5

CHEMISTRY-I  8 21 
 Foot of the perpendicular =  5 , 5 
 
27. Find the orthocentre of the triangle whose sides are given by
4 x  7 y  10  0, x  y  5 and 7 x  4 y  15 .
Sol. Given that 4 x  7 y  10  0 ------(1) , x  y  5  0 ------(2), 7 x  4 y  15  0 ------(3)

4 a
Slope of eq(1)   slope of a line ax  by  c  0 is
7 b
7
Slope of eq(3) 
4

2
4   7 
slope of (1)  slope of  3       1
3

 7  4  1

 Eq(1) and Eq(3) are perpendicular

 (1),(2),(3) forms a right angled triangle
In right angled triangle, the orthocentre is the point of intersection of perpendicular sides.
Solving (1) and (3),
x y 1
-7 10 4 -7
4 -15 7 4
x y 1 x y 1
      x  1, y  2
105  40 70  60 16  49 65 130 65
 Orthocentre = (1, 2)
28. Find the incentre of the triangle whose sides are x  1, y  1, x  y  1
Sol. Given that x  1 ------(1), y  1 ------(2), x  y  1 ------(3)

C (1,0)
Let th e p o in t o f in terse ctio n o f (1 ) & (2 ) is A (1 , 1 ) 3
1
T h e p o in t o f in te rsec tio n o f (2 ) an d (3 ) is B (0 ,1 )
T h e p o in t o f in te rsec tio n o f (3 ) an d (1 ) is C (1 ,0 ) A (1,1) 2 B (0,1)

a  BC  2 ; b  CA  1 ; c  AB  1
 ax1  bx2  cx3 ay1  by2  cy3 
 Incentre =  a  b  c , a  b  c 
 

 2 1  1 0   11 2 1  1 1  1  0    2  1 2  1 

 ,    , 

 2  1  1 2 11 
  2  2 2  2 

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 
2 1 2 1   1 , 1 
 ,
 2 1 2 2 1 2      2 2 
 
29. If a,b,c are in A.P. then show that ax by  c  0 represents a family of concurrent
lines and find the point of concurrency.
CHEMISTRY-I
Sol. Given that a,b,c are in A.P.  2b  a  c  c  2b  a ------(1)
Also, ax  by  c  0 ------(2)
from (1) and (2), ax  by  2b  a  0  a  x  1  b  y  2   0
 It represents a family of concurrent lines.It represents the straight lines
 The equation of fam ily of lines pas sin g through the po int of
int er sec tion of L1  0 and L2  0 isL1   L2  0

x 1  0 ; y  2  0  x  1 ; y   2
 Point of concurrency = (1, -2)
30. Find the ratio in which the straight line 2 x  3 y  5 divides the join of the points (0, 0)
and (-2, 1). (Mar-2014)
Sol: Let the given straight line is L  2 x  3 y  5  0
 x1 , y1    0,0 ;  x2 , y2    2,1
W e know that the ratio in w hich the line ax  by  c  0 divides the line
joining of  x 1 , y 1  and  x 2 , y 2    L11 : L 22

=   0  0  5  :   4  3  5   5 : 6

3D-GEOMETRY
31) Find the centroid of the triangle whose vertices are (5,4,6),(1,-1,3) and (4,3,2) (Mar 04)

Sol: Given vertices of triangle A( x1, y1, z1)  (5,4,6); B( x2, y2, z2 )  (1, 1,3); C( x3, y3, z3 )  (4,3, 2)

We know that the centroid of a triangle whose vertices are A  x1 , y1 , z1  , B  x 2 , y 2 , z 2  ,

 x  x 2  x 3 y1  y2  y 3 z1  z2  z 3 
C  x 3 , y 3 , z3  is G  x , y , z    1 , , 
 3 3 3 

 5  1  4 4 1 3 6  3  2   10 11 
G  , ,    , 2, 
 3 3 3   3 3
32) Find the coordinates of the vertex’c’of ABC if its centroid is the orgin and the verices
A,B are (1,1,1)and (-2,4,1) respectively
SOL Given two vertices of triangle A (1,1,1) B (-2,4,1)
Let the third vertex be C(x, y, z)
Given Centriod G= (0,0,0)
We know that the centroid of a triangle whose vertices are A  x1 , y1 , z1  , B  x 2 , y 2 , z 2  ,
 x  x 2  x 3 y1  y2  y 3 z1  z2  z 3 
C  x 3 , y 3 , z3  is G  x , y , z    1 , , 
 3 3 3 
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 1 2  x 1 4  y 11 z 
 (0, 0, 0)   , , 
 3 3 3 
x 1 y 5 z2
  0,  0,  0  x  1, y  5, z  2
3 3 3
Third vertex C = (1,-5,-2)
CHEMISTRY-I
33) Find the centroid of the tetrahedron whose vertices are (2,3,-4),(-3,3,-2),(-1,4,2),(3,5,1)
SOL: Given vertices of tetrahedron are
A( x1, y1, z1 )  (2,3, 4), B( x2, y2, z2 )  (3,3, 2), C( x3, y3, z3 )  (1, 4, 2), D( x4 y4 z4 )  (3,5,1)

We know that the centroid of a tetrahedron whose vertices are A x1 , y1 , z1  , B x2 , y2 , z2  ,

 x  x  x  x y  y  y  y z z z z 
C  x3 , y3 , z3  , D x4 , y4 , z4  is G x, y, z    1 2 3 4 , 1 2 3 4 , 1 2 3 4 
 4 4 4 

 2  3  1  3 3  3  4  5 4  2  2  1   1 15 3 
G=  , , = , , 
 4 4 4  4 4 4 
34) If (3,2,-1),(4,1,1) and (6,2,5) are three vertices and (4,2,2) is the centroid of a
tetrahedron, find the fourth vertex. (Mar-09)
SOL: given vertices of tetrahedron are A(3,2,-1), B(4,1,1), C(6,2,5)
Let the fourth vertex be D(x,y,z)
Centroid of tetrahedron G = (4,2,2)
We know that the centroid of a tetrahedron whose vertices are A x1 , y1 , z1  , B x2 , y2 , z2  ,
 x  x  x  x y  y  y  y z z z z 
C  x3 , y3 , z3  , D x4 , y4 , z4  is G x, y, z    1 2 3 4 , 1 2 3 4 , 1 2 3 4 
 4 4 4 

 3  4  6  x 2  1  2  y 1  1  5  z 
  4, 2, 2 =  , , 
4 4 4 
 13  x 5  y 5  z 
  4, 2, 2    , , 
 4 4 4 
13  x 5 y 5 z
 4,  2,  2  13  x  16,5  y  8, 5  z  8
4 4 4
 x  3, y  3, z  3
Fourth vertex D = (3,3,3)

35) Show that the point A(3,-2,4),B(1,1,1),C(-1,4,-2) are collinear.

Sol: Given points are A(3,-2,4) B(1,1,1) C(-1,4,-2)
 The distance between two points A( x1, y1, z1 ), B( x2, y2, z2 ) is
2 2 2
AB   3 1   2 1   4 1 AB   x1  x2 
2 2
  y1  y2    z1  z2 
2

 4  9  9  22
2 2 2
BC  1  1  1  4   1  2   4  9  9  22

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2 2 2
AC   3  1   2  4    4  2   16  36  36  88  2 22
 AB  BC  AC
 Given points are Collinear..  If A, B, C are collinear iff AB  BC  CAor BC  CA  AB or CA  AB  BC
36. Show that the points A 1, 2, 3 B  7, 0,1 C  2,3, 4  are collinear
CHEMISTRY-I (March 2013)

Sol: The given points are A 1, 2, 3 B  7, 0,1 C  2,3, 4 

 The distance between two points A( x1, y1, z1 ), B( x2, y2, z2 ) is

2 2 2
AB  1 7   2  0   31 AB   x1  x2 
2 2
  y1  y2    z1  z2 
2

 36  4  4  44  2 11
2 2 2
BC   7  2    0  3  1  4   81  9  9  99  3 11
2 2 2
CA   2  1   3  2    4  3  9  1  1  11  11
 AB  CA  BC
 Given points are collinear  If A, B, Care collinear iff AB  BC  CAor BC  CA  AB or CA  AB  BC
37) Find the fourth vertex of the parallelogram whose consecutive vertices are
(2,4,-1),(3,6,-1)and (4,5,1) (june 2003, mar-11)
Sol: Given three vertices of parallelogram are A(2,4,-1) B(3,6,-1) and C(4,5,1)

Let the fourth vertex be D(x, y, z)

In Parallelogram,Midpoint of AC  midpoint of BD

 Midpoint of A  x1 , y1 , z1  & B  x 2 , y2 , z 2 
 2  4 4  5 1  1   3  x 6  y 1  z   x  x y  y z  z 
 , ,   , ,  1 2 1 2 1 2
 2 2 2   2 2 2  is  2 , 2 , 2 
 

 3  x  6, 6  y  9, z  1  0  x  3, y  3, z  1
Fourth vertex D = (3,3,1)
38) Find the ratio in which YZ-plane divides the line joining A(2,4,5)andB(3,5,-4).Also find the
point of intersection. (May-10)
Sol: Given points A( x1 , y1 , z1 )  (2, 4,5) ; B( x2 , y2 , z2 )  (3,5, 4)
YZ-plane divides the line joining A  x1 , y1 , z1  and B  x2 , y2 , z 2  in the ratio   x1 : x2
= -2 : 3
Let line AB meet plane at P,
P divides AB in the ratio l: m = 2 : 3 externally

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 2(3)  3(2) 2(5)  3(4) 2(4)  3(5) 
 point of intersection   2  3 , 2  3 , 23
   0, 2, 23
 

 If P divides the line segment joining A( x1 , y1 , z1 ) B( x2 , y2 , z2 )in the ratio l : m externally

 lx  mx1 ly2  my1 lz2  mz1 
then P   2 , ,
CHEMISTRY-I lm lm l  m 

39) Find x if the distance between (5,-1,7) and (x,5,1)is 9 units. (May-11)
Sol: Let point A(5,-1,7) B(x,5,1)
Given that AB = 9  AB 2  81

 The distance between two points A( x1, y1, z1 ), B( x2, y2, z2 ) is

2 2 2
 ( x  5)  (5  1)  (1  7)  81 AB   x  x  2   y  y  2   z  z  2
1 2 1 2 1 2

 ( x  5)2  36  36  81  ( x  5)2  9
 x  5  3  x  5  3  8, x  5  3  2  x  8  or  x  2

40) Show that the points(1,2,3),(2,3,1)and(3,1,2) from an equilateral triangle.

Sol: Let the points A (1,2,3) B(2,3,1) C (3,1,2)
 The distance between two points A( x1, y1, z1 ),
2 2 2
AB  1 2   2  3   3 1  1 1 4  6 B( x y z ) is AB   x  x  2   y  y  2   z  z  2
2, 2, 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

2 2 2
BC   2  3   3  1  1  2   1 4 1  6

2 2 2
CA   3  1  1  2    2  3  4 11  6
Clearly AB=BC=CA
 Given points form an equilateral triangle.

41. If H,G,S and I respectively denotes orthocentre, centroid, circumcentre and in-centre
of a triangle formed by the points 1,2,3 2,3,1 and  3,1,2  then find H,G,,S,I

The distance between two points A( x1, y1, z1 ), B( x2, y2, z2 )

2 2 2
Sol: AB   2  1   3  2   1  3  6 is AB   x  x  2   y  y  2   z  z  2
1 2 1 2 1 2

2 2 2
BC   3  2   1  3   2  1  6
2 2 2
CA  1  3   2  1   3  2   6
 AB  BC  CA

 ABC is an equilateral triangle.

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We know that orthocentre(H), centroid(G), circumcentre(S) and incentre( I ) of an equiletral triangle
are the same
The centroid of a triangle whose vertices are A x1 , y1 , z1  ,
 1 2  3 2  3 1 3 1 2 
centroid G   3 , 3 , 3    2,2,2 B x2 , y2 , z2  ,C  x3 , y3 , z3  is G  x1  x2  x3 , y1  y2  y3 , z1  z2  z3 
   3 3 3 
CHEMISTRY-I
 H   2, 2, 2  , S   2, 2, 2  , I   2, 2, 2 
42. Show that the points A(-4,9,6) B(-1,6,6) and C(0,7,10) form a rightangled isosceles triangle.
Sol: Let the points A  4,9,6  , B  1, 6,6  , C  0,7,10 
 The distance between two points A( x1, y1, z1 ), B( x2, y2, z2 ) is
2 2 2
AB   4 1  9 6  66 AB   x1  x2 
2 2
  y1  y2    z1  z2 
2

 99  3 2
2 2 2
BC   1 0   6  7   6 10  1 116  3 2
2 2 2
CA   0  4   7  9  10  6  16  4 16  6
Clearly AB  BC and AB 2  BC 2  CA 2
 Given points form a rightangled isosceles triangle.
43. If the point (1,2,3) is changes to the point (2,3,1) through translation of axes. find
the new origin.
Sol: Given  x, y, z   1, 2,3 and  X , Y , Z    2,3,1
We know that the origin is shifted to O '  h, k , l  by translation of axes the co-ordinates
of  x , y , z  changed to  X , Y , Z  then x  X  h, y  Y  k , z  Z  l

  h, k , l    x  X , y  Y , z  Z 
 h, k, l   12, 2 3, 31   1,  1, 2 
 O '   1, 1, 2  is the new origin

44. Find the ratio in which the point P(5,4,-6) divides the line segment joining the points
A(3,2,-4) and B(9,8,-10) . Also,find the harmonic conjugate of P.
Sol: Let the points A  3, 2, 4  B  9,8, 10  and P  5, 4, 6 
A  x1 , y1 , z1  , B  x 2 , y2 , z 2  in the ratio x1  x : x  x2
P  x, y, z  divides the line segment
= 3  5 : 5  9 = 1: 2 internally
Let Q be the harmonic conjugate of P then Q divides AB in the ratio 1 : 2 enternally
If P divides the line segment joining A(x1 , y1 , z1 ) B( x2 , y2 , z2 )in
 1 9   2  3  18   2  2  1  10   2  4  
 , ,  the ratio l : m externally then P   lx2  mx1 , ly2  my1 , lz2  mz1 
 1 2 1 2 1 2   l m l m l m 
 
  3, 4,2 
 Q  3, 4, 2  is the harmonic conjugate of P  5, 4, 6 

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THE PLANE
45. Find the angle between the planes x+2y+2z-5=0 and 3x+3y+2z-8=0. (M-09)
Sol Given equation of the planes are x+2y+2z-5=0 and 3x+3y+2z-8=0
a1  1, b1  2, c1  2
Here
a  3, b2  3, c2  2
CHEMISTRY-I 2
We know that the acute angle between two plane a1 x + b1 y + c1 z + d 1 = 0,
a1 a 2 + b1 b 2 + c1 c 2
a 2 x + b 2 y + c 2 z + d 2 = 0 is θ then cosθ =
a 1
2 2
+ b 1 + c1
2
 a 2
2
+ b 2 + c2
2 2

36 4 13
 cos  
1  4  4  9  9  4 3 22

 13 
 Angle between planes   Cos 1  
 3 22 
46. Find the angle between the planes 2x-y+z=6and x  y  2 z  7 . (Mar-11)
Sol: Given equation of the planes are 2x-y+z=6 and x  y  2 z  7
a1  2, b1  1, c1  1
Here
a2  1, b2  1, c2  2

We know that the acute angle between two plane a1 x + b1 y + c1 z + d1 = 0,

a1a 2 + b 1b 2 + c1 c 2
a 2 x + b 2 y + c 2 z + d 2 = 0 is θ then cosθ =
a 1
2 2
+ b1 + c1
2
 a 2
2 2
+ b2 + c2
2

2 1 2 3 1
 cos    
 4  1  1 1  1  4  6 2


 Cos  Cos
3

 Angle between the planes  
3
47) Find the equation of the plane whose intercepts on x, y, z axes are 1,2,4 respectively.
(Mar-10)
Sol: Given intercepts are a=1,b=2,c=4 on x,y,z axes respectively
x y z
We know that the equation of the plane whose x, y,z -intercepts a, b, c is   1
a b c
x y z
    1  4x  2y  z  4
1 2 4

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48) Transform the Equation 4x-4y+2z+5=0 into intercept form. (Mar-12)
Sol Given equation of the plane 4x-4y+2z= -5
divide with -5 on both sides
4x 4 y 2 z x y z
   1   1
5 5 5   5   5   5 
     
CHEMISTRY-I  4   4  2 
x y z
Which is of the form   1
a b c
5 5 5
The Intercepts on x, y and z axes respectively are a 
,b ,c
4 4 2
49. Find the intercepts of the plane 4x+3y-2z+2=0 on the coordinate axes. (Mar-11)
Sol Given equation of the plane 4x+3y-2z = -2
divide with -2 on both sides
4 x 3 y 2 z 2 3 x y z
     -2x  y  z 1    1
2 2 2 2 2  1   2  1
   
 2  3
x y z
Which is of the from   1
a b c
1 2
X-intercept  a  ; Y- intercept  b  ; Z-intercept (c) =1
2 3
50) Find the direction cosines of the normal to the plane x+2y+2z-4=0. (Mar-13)
Sol Given equation of the plane x+2y+2z=4
Divide with a 2  b2  c 2  1  4  4  3 on both sides
1 2 2 4
x y z 
3 3 3 3
Which is of the form lx+my+nz=p ; where (l,m,n) are D.C.’s of the plane.
1 2 2
 Dc’s of normal to plane  l , m, n    3 , 3 , 3 
 
51. Reduce the Equation x+2y-3z-6=0 of plane in to the normal form.
Sol: Given equation of plane x+2y-3z=6
Divided with a 2  b 2  c 2  1  4  9  14 on both sides
 1   2   3  6
 x   y  z 
 14   14   14  14
Which is of the form lx+my+nz = p
 1 2 3 
Where (l,m,n) =  , ,  are dc’s of normal to plane
 14 14 14 
6
The perpendicular distance from origin to the given plane p 
14
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52) Find the equation of the plane passing though the point (1,1,1) and parallel to the plane
x+2y+3z-7=0. (May-09,10,11)
Sol: Given equation of the plane is x+2y+3z-7=0
here a=1,b=2,c=3 and point  x1 , y1 , z1   1,1,1
We know that the Equation of the plane parallel to plane ax  by  cz  d  0
CHEMISTRY-I
and passing through  x1 , y1 , z1  is a  x  x1   b  y  y1   c  z  z1   0

 1 x  1  2  y  1  3  z  1  0  x  2 y  3z  6
53) Find the equation of the plane passing through the point(-2,1,3)and having(3,-5,4)as direction
ratio of its normal.
Sol Dr’s of normal to plane are (a, b, c)=(3,-5,4)
Given point is  x1 , y1 , z1  =(-2,1,3)
We know that the Equation of the plane parallel to plane ax  by  cz  d  0
and passing through  x1 , y1 , z1  is a  x  x1   b  y  y1   c  z  z1   0

 3  x  2   5  y  1  4  z  3  0  3x  5 y  4 z  1  0
54) Find the Equation to the plane parallel to the ZX-plane and passing through (0,4,4).
Sol: We know that the equation of the plane which is parallel to the ZX-plane is y=k
It passes through (0,4,4)
 4=k  y=4
The required equation of the plane is y  4  0
55. Find the midpoint of the line joining the points (1,2,3) and (-2, 4, 2) (May-12)
Ans. Given points are A(1,2,3) and B(-2, 4, 2)
x  x y  y z z
Midpoint of line joining the points  x1 , y1 , z1  and  x2 , y2 , z2    1 2 , 1 2 , 1 2 
 2 2 2 
 1  2 2  4 3  2   1 6 5   1 5
 , ,    , ,    , 3, 
 2 2 2   2 2 2  2 2
56. Find the equation of the plane passing through the points (2,0,1) and (3,-3,4) and
perpendicular to x-2y+z=6
Sol: Let (a, b, c) are Dr’s of normal to required plane.
Equation of plane passing through the point  x 1 , y 1 , z1  and having  a, b, c  are Dr’s
’s
normal is a x  x1   b y  y1   c z  z1   0

It passes through  2,0,1 is a  x  2   b  y  0   c  z  1  0  (1)


It also passes through  3, 3, 4  then a  3  2   b  3  c  4  1  0
a  3b  3c  0  (2)

Plane (1) is perpendicula to the plane x  2y  z  6
 a  2b  c  0  (3)

a b c
Solving (2) & (3) for a, b, c we get  
3 2 1
Substitute these values in equation (1)
 equation of required plane is 3x  2 y  z  7

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57. Find the equation of the plane passing through (2,3,4) and perpendicular to X-axis.
Sol: Equation of a plane perpendiculr to x-axis is the plane parallel to YX - plane
Equation of the plane parallel to YZ plane is x = k.
Since it passes through  2,3, 4   k  2
 Equation of required plane is x  2
CHEMISTRY-I
LIMITS
 1  x 1 
58. Find lim 
x 0 
 . (MAR-04, 07, MAY-10)
 x 

 1 x 1   1  x  1  1  x  1 
lim  lim
Sol : x 0 x  = x  0 

x  1  x  1   rationlising with 1  x  1

    
1  x 1
lim
  a  b  a  b   a 2  b 2
= x 0 x  1 x 1 
1 1
 
 1 0 1  2

 3x 1 
59. lim
Find x0   (MAR-05)
 1  x 1 

 3x  1   3x  1   1  x  1 
 lim
  3 x  1 1  x  1

  
Sol: lim   = lim
x 0
    x  0  1 x 1 
x 0
 1  x  1   1  x  1  1  x  1   

 3x  1 
 lim 
x0
 x  x0
 lim  1 x  1 
ax  1
= (log3)(2) =2 log3 = log9  lim  loge a  log a m  m log a
x 0 x
lim  ex 1 
60. Compute x  0  1  x  1  (MARCH 2009)
 

lim  e x  1  lim  e 1   1 x 1   lim  e 1 1 x 1

x
x
 
Sol.        a  b a  b  a2  b2
x  0  1  x  1  = x0  1 x 1   1 x 1  x0
2
1 x  1
2
 
 e 1 
x
1 x 1   lim e 1 lim
x

= lim
x0 1 x 1

 x 
x0
  x0
1 x 1 

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ex  1
= 1  
1  0  1  lim
x 0 x
1

 1 2   2

lim a x  1
61. Compute
CHEMISTRY-I (a  0, b  0, b  1) . (Mar 02,08,13, Jun-02)
x  0 bx 1

 a x 1   a x 1 
 lim
 x 0  
a x 1 x  x 
lim x  lim  x  
Sol. x 0 b  1 x 0  b  1   bx 1 
  lim  
 x  x 0  x 

log e a ax  1
  lim  loge a
log e b x 0 x
 log b a
lim sin  a  bx   sin  a  bx 
62. Find (Mar-05,12, May 2009)
x0 x
lim sin  a  bx   sin  a  bx  2 cos a sin bx
Sol. = lim sin( A  B)  sin( A  B)  2cos A sin B
x0 x x 0 x
sin bx sin x
 2 cos a lim .b  2 cos a (b)  as x  0  bx  0   lim 1
bx 0 bx x 0 x

 2b cos a
lim  cos ax  cos bx 
63. Find   (MARCH 2004, MARCH 2007)
x  0 x2 

 ax  bx   ax  bx 
lim  cos ax  cos bx  2sin   sin    C  D C  D
Sol:  2   lim  2   2  cosC cos D  2sin sin
x  0 x  x 0 x2 2 2

 ab   a b 
sin  x sin  x  a  b  a  b  sin nx
 2 lim  2 
lim  2   2    lim n
x0 x x 0 x  2  2  x  0 x

 a 2  b2   b2  a 2 
      a  b  a  b   a 2  b 2
 2   2 
lim
64. Find
x
 
x2  x  x . (MARCH 2008, MARCH -09,10,11)

lim  x  x  x x  x  x  lim x  x   x

2 2 2 2

Sol:
x 
 x  x  x2
  lim
 x  x  x
x 2
 x  x  x
x 2  a  b a  b  a2  b2
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x2  x  x 2 x
 lim  lim 1
x  2 x   1   
x xx
x  1   1 as x     0 
x   x 


1 1 1
CHEMISTRY-I
  
1 0 1 1 1 2

Cosx
lim
65. Find x
   (JUNE 2005, MARCH 2008)
2 x 
 2

  
Cosx  Sin  2  x  
lim  
Sol:

x     lim    sin  90     cos 
2 x  x     
 2 2
 x 2  
   

   
 sin  x  2  
  lim    sin

x  0       1  sin      sin lim 1
2
 x 2  
 0 
   

1  cos 2 mx
66. Compute lim (MARCH-2010)
x 0 sin 2 nx
1  cos 2 mx 2sin 2 mx
Sol: lim  lim  1  cos 2  2sin 2 
x 0 sin 2 nx x0 sin 2 nx

2
 sin mx  2
lim
 mx   mx  1 .m 2 sin x
0 mx 
 2  2  lim 1
 sin nx 
2
2 1 .n 2 x 0 x
 nxlim   nx 
 0 nx 

m2
2
n2

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lim 11x3  3x  4
67. Find . (MAY 2007)
x  13x3  5x2  7

 3x 4 
x 3  11  3  3   3 4 
 x x   11  x 2  x 3 
lim  lim  
CHEMISTRY-I
Sol x 
3 5x2 7  x    5 7 
x  13  3  3   13   3
 x x   x x 

11  0  0 11  1 1 1 
   as x  , 2 , 3 0
13  0  0 13  x x x 

sin  x 1
68. Evaluate Lt (MAY 2006)
x1 x2 1

Sin  x  1 sin  x  1
Sol: lim  lim  a2  b 2   a  b  a  b 
x 1 2
x 1 x 1  x  1 x  1
 sin  x  1   1 
  lim lim
 x 10  x  1   x1 x  1 
 

1 1 sin x
 1.   lim 1
2 2 x 0 x

3
1 x  3 1 x
69. Compute lim (MAY 2006)
x 0 x
3
1 x  3 1 x 3
1  x 1 1  3 1 x
Sol: lim  lim ( add and subtrack by 1)
x 0 x x0 x
3 3
1  x 1 1 x 1
 lim  lim
x0 1  x  1 x 0 1  x  1
1 1 1 1
1  x  3  1 3  lim 1  x  3  1 3 1 13 1 1 13 1 xn  an
= lim  1  1  lim  n .a n  1
x0 1  x 1 x0 1 x 1 3 3 x a xa

1 1 2
  
3 3 3
lim sin  x  a  tan 2  x  a 
70. Find x  a 2 (MARCH 2006)
 x2  a2 
sin  x  a  Tan2  x  a 
lim
Sol: 2
x a
x 2
 a2 
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 sin  x  a   Tan2  x  a 
  lim  x  a  .lim
 x  a  x  a    a  b  a  b   a  b
2 2
 2 2
 xa x  a  xa

Tan 2  x  a   x  a
1.lim . sin x
= 2 2  lim 1
x a
x a   x  a x 0 x
CHEMISTRY-I
2
 Tan  x  a    x  a
  lim  .lim 2

x a  x  a  x a
 x  a
0
 1. 2
 0 lim tan x  1
 2a  x 0 x

 x sin a  a sin x 
71. Compute lim   (MARCH 2011)
x a
 xa 
 x sin a  a sin x   x sin a  a sin a  a sin a  a sin x 
Sol: lim    lim   [ Add & subtract with ' a sin a ' ]
x a
 xa  x  a
 xa 

 sin a  x  a   a  sin a  sin x     sin a  sin x  

 lim    lim  sin a  a .  
x a
  x  a 
x a
  xa 

 xa xa 
 2 cos 2 sin 2 
 sin x  sin a   sin a  a lim   CD CD
 sin a  a.lim   x a xa sinC  sinD  2cos sin
x a
 xa    2 2
 

 xa 
sin  
 xa 2  1
 sin a  2a.limcos   .lim  .
xa
 2  xa  x  a  2
 
 2 

aa sin x
 sin a  a.cos   .1  lim 1
 2  x 0 x

 sin a  a cos a

lim x2
72. Show that x  2  x  2  1 (JUNE 2004)
Sol: x  2  x  2  x  2  0
 x  2    x  2

x2   x  2
lim  lim  1
x  2 x2 x 2  x  2
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lim  2 x 
73. Show that   x  1  3 (MAY 2008)
x 0  x 

2 x 
Sol: lim   x  1
x 0
 x 
CHEMISTRY-I
x  0  x  0  x  x

2 x   2x 
= xlim  
 x  1  lim   x  1  2  0  1  3
0
 x  x0
 x 

lim 8 x  3x
74. Find x   3 x  2 x . (MAY 2009, MARCH 2010, MARCH 2012)

Sol: As x    x  0
x x

8 x  3x 8 x  3x 11x
lim  lim = lim  11
x  3 x  2x x  3 x  2 x x  x

lim
2x 2
 7x  4
75. Compute x 2
 2 x  1  x 2 . (MAY 2007 )

2x  7 x  4  2 x  1 x  4  .  
2
2 x2  8x  x  4 x 2
lim  lim  lim
x 2
 2 x  1  x 2  x 2
 2 x 1  x 2  x2
 2 x  1  x  2   x  2

 2 x  1 x  4   x  2 
 lim   a  b  a  b   a 2  b 2
x 2  2 x  1 x  4 
 2 x  1  x  2  
5 2 2 
= lim 
x 2  2 x  1 3

e 3 x  e 3
76. Compute lt
x0 x
e 3 x  e 3 e3.e x  e3
Sol: lt = lt
x0 x x0 x
e3  ex 1 ex 1 ex  1
 lt  e3 lt  e3 .1  e3  lim 1
x0 x x0 x x 0 x

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log e 1  5 x 
77. Compute lt
x0 x
log e 1  5 x  log 1  5 x 
lt  lt 5
Sol: x 0 x x 0 5x
x  0 as 5 x  0
CHEMISTRY-I

log 1  5 x  loge  1  x
lt  5  1 5  5 lim 1
5 x0 5x x 0 x

e3 x  1
78. Compute lt
x 0 x
Sol:
e3 x  1 e3 x  1
lt  lt 3
x0 x x 0 3x
x  0 as 3x  0

e3 x  1 ex  1
lt  3  1 3  3  lim 1
3x0 3x x 0 x
lim lim
79. Compute x2
 x  x  and x2
 x   x  .
lim
Sol: x2
 x  x  = lim
x2
 2  x  = 2+2=4  x  2   x   2   x  1   x  x
lim
x2
 x  x  = lim
x 2
1  x  =1 + 2= 3  x  2   x   1
lim  2 x  3 
80. Find x    2 
 x 1 

 3  3
x2   x2 
lim  2 x  3   lim  x x
 lim 
Sol:  2
x    x  1 
 x 1 x 
1  As x  , x   x 
x 1 2 x 1 2
x x

20
  2
1 0
x2
81. Compute xlim .
2 x3  8

x  2 lim  x  2
Sol: lim =  a 3  b 3   a  b   a 2  ab  b2 
x 2 x3  8
x2
 x  2  x 2  2 x  4
1 1 1
= lim 2
 
x2 x  2 x  4 4  4  4 12

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 1 4 
82. Compute xlim  2 .
2 
 x2 x 4

 1 4   1 4 
Sol: lim   2 lim
=      a 2  b 2   a  b  a  b 
x2  x  2 x  4 
 x2   x  2  x  2 x  2 
CHEMISTRY-I
x24 x2 1 1
 lim  lim  
   x2  x  2  x  2  2  2 4
x 2 x  2 x  2

83. Compute xlim


 x 1  x . 
 x 1  x    x 1  x 
Sol: lim
x 
 x  1  x  lim
x  x 1  x  [ rationalize with x 1  x ]

x  1 x
 lim   a  b  a  b   a 2  b 2
x 
x 1  x

1
1
 lim x
x   1   lim 1
x  1   1 1  0 1 as x    0
x  x 1 1 x
 x

0 0
  0
1 0 1 2
1  cos mx
84. Compute lim ,n  0
x 0 1  cos nx
1  cos mx
Sol: lim
x  0 1  cos nx

 mx 
2sin 2  
 lim  2  
x 0  nx  1  cos  2sin2
2sin 2   2
 2 

2
 mx 
 sin   mx  2
lim 2 .
 mx mx   2 
 2 0  m
2

 2  1.
m2
 42  2
2
 nx  sin x
sin n n  lim 1
 2   nx  2 1.
x 0 x
lim
 nx nx   2  4
 2 0 
 2 
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x3
lim 0
85. Show that x 3
x2  9

x 3
lim
Sol: Given x 3
x2  9
CHEMISTRY-I

x 3  lim
 x3  x3 
For x 2  9, lim  a 2  b 2   a  b  a  b 
x 3 2
x 9
x 3
 x  3  x  3

x 3 3 3
 lim  0
x 3 x 3 33

tan  x  a 
86. Compute lim
x a x2  a 2

tan  x  a  tan  x  a 
Sol: lim  lim  a 2  b 2   a  b  a  b 
x a 2
x a 2 xa  x  a  x  a 
tan  x  a  1 1 1 tan x
 lim lim
 x  a 0  x  a  x a x  a
  lim 1
a  a 2a x 0 x

x 2  sin x
87. Compute lim
x x2  2

 sin x    sinx  1  
x2 1    1    
x2  x  x  
x 2  sin x  lim   Lt   2
Sol : lim 2 x   2  1
0  1 
x x 2 x2 1  2  x
 1  2   
 x   x 

1 0 1  1 1  sin x
   1  as x    , 2  0   lim 1
1 0 1  x x  x 0 x

x
88. Show that lim does not exist
x 0 x
 x if x  0
Sol: We know that x 
  x if x  0
x
lim f  x   lim  lim 1  1
x 0 x 0 x x0
x
lim f  x   lim  lim  1  1
x 0 x0 x x 0

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MATHS-IB VSAQ SOLUTIONS
lim f  x   lim f  x 
x 0  x 0

x
 lim does not exist
x0 x
sin ax
89. Compute lim
CHEMISTRY-I x 0 x cos x
sin ax sin ax 1
Sol: lim  lim lim
x 0 x cos x x0 x x 0 cos x
 sin ax  1 sin x
  lim   a  lim 1
 ax 0 ax  cos 0  1.a.1  a x 0 x

sin ax
90. Compute lim , b  0, a  b
x 0 sin bx
sin ax  sin ax bx a 
Sol: lim  lim  . . 
x  0 sin bx x  0
 ax sin bx b 
a sin ax bx
 lim . lim
b ax 0 ax bx 0 sin bx
as x  0, ax  0 and bx  0
a a sin x
 .1.1   lim 1
b b x 0 x

log e x
91. Evalute lim
x 1 x 1
Sol: Put x  1  y as x  1then x  1  0
 y0

loge x log 1 y  loge  1  x

lim  lim e 1 lim 1
x1 x 1 y0 y x 0 x

e x  sin x  1
92. Compute Lt (Mar-2013)
x0 x
e x  sin x  1 ex 1 sin x
Sol: Lt  Lt  Lt
x0 x x  0 x x  0 x

ex  1 sin x
 11  0  lim 1  lim 1
x 0 x x 0 x

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DIFFERENTIATION
93. If y  a x n  1  b x  n th e n P .T x 2 y ''  n ( n  1) y . (MAR-06, MAY-10 )
Sol. Given y  ax n  1  bx  n ...........................(1) .
Differentiating w.r.t " x " on both sides
CHEMISTRY-I
dy d
  n  1 ax n 11    n  bx  n 1   xn   nxn1
dx dx
dy
 a  n  1 x n  bnx  n 1
dx
Again differentiating w.r.t. on both sides

d  dy  d
  xn   nxn1
n 1  n 11
   na  n  1 x  bn  n 1 x
dx  dx  dx

d2y
  n  n  1 axn1  bx n 2 
dx 2
Multiply with x 2 on both sides
d2 y
 x
2
 n  n  1 a.xn 1 x2  bxn 2 .x2 
dx2
2 11
 x y  n  n  1   ax
n 1  2
 bx  n  2  2   n  n  1  ax n 1  bx  n 

 x2 y11  n  n  1 y ( from (1) )

dy
94. If y  sec  tan x  , Find (MAY 2007)
dx
Sol. Given y  sec  tan x 
Differentiating w.r.t " x " on both sides

d d d
dx
 y   sec
dx
 
tan x  sec   
tan x .tan tan x  dxd tan x 
dx
 sec x  sec x tan x

d
 sec tan x .tan  tan x 2 1 d
tan x dx
tan x 
dx
 x   2 1x
1 d
 sec tan x.tan  tan x . 2 tan x
sec2 x 
dx
 tan x  sec2 x

sec2 x
 .sec tan x.tan tan x
2 tan x

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2
95. Find the derivative of the function f  x   a x .e x (MAY 2008)
2
Sol. Given f  x   a x .e x
Diff. w.r.to. ‘x’ we get

| |
|
f  x  a
CHEMISTRY-I
x
  e
ex
2 x2
a  x |  uv  uv|  vu|

d d d
  2
f |  x   a x e x 2 x  e x  a x  log a
2
  ex   ex   xn   nxn1   ax   ax .log a
dx dx dx
2
 f
|
 x   a x e x  2 x  log a 
96. If f ( x )  7 x 3  3 x ( x  0), then find f 1 ( x) . (MAY 2005)
3
3x
Sol. Given f  x   7 x

d  d x
 f |  x   7x
3
3 x
log 7
dx
 x  3x  
dx
 a   ax .log a
d n
 7 x 3 x log 7  3x 2  3  x  nx
3

dx
n1
 
3
 7 x 3x 3  x2  1 log7

dy e y
97. If x  tan  e y  , then show that  . (MARCH 2005)
dx 1  x 2
Sol. Given x  tan e    tan  x   e
y 1 y

Diff. w.r.to ‘x’ we get

d d

dx
 tan 1  x     e  y 
dx

1 dy d 1 d y dy

1 x 2
 e  y .
dx

dx
 tan1 x  2
1 x dx
 e   ey
dx

1
dy 1  x 2 e y
  
dx e  y 1  x2
98. If f ( x)  log(sec x  tan x), find f 1 ( x) [March-2014, May -11]
Sol. Given f ( x)  log(sec x  tan x),
Diff. w.r.to ‘x’ we get

1 d d 1
f 1  x    sec x  tan x    log x 
sec x  tan x dx dx x

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1 d d
  sec x. tan x  sec 2 x   secx  = secxtanx  tanx  = sec 2 x
sec x  tan x dx dx

sec  tan x  sec x 

  sec x
sec x  tan x
CHEMISTRY-I
2 dy
99. 
If y  Cot 1 x 3  , find
dx
. (MAY-09)

2
Sol. Put u  cot 1 x 3 so that y  u
dy dy du
Then   ;
dx du dx

dy 1 d n d -1
 2u  .3 x 2   x  = nxn-1  cot -1 x  =
dx 1  x 6
 dx dx 1 + x2

dy 2
co t  1  x 3 
  6 x
dx 1 x6
dy
100. 
If y  log sin  e  then find
1 x
 dx
. (MAR-10)

Sol. Given y  log sin  1

 e 
x

Diff. w.r.to ‘x’ we get

dy 1 |
d 1

dx sin  e x 
1 
. sin 1  e x   
dx
 logx =
x

dy 1 1 x |
 .
 dx sin  e  1  e x 2
1 x  e  
d
 sin-1x  =
1
  dx 1- x2

dy 1

 dx sin 1 e x . 1  e x 2
 ex  d x
 e  = ex
    dx

dy

e  x

 dx s in  1  e x  . 1  e 2 x

101. If f  x   x 2 2 x log x  x  0  , then find f |  x  (MAY-10)

Sol. Given f  x   x 2 2 x log x  x  0 

Diff. w.r.to. ‘x’ we get
| | | |
f |  x   x 2 2 x  log x   x 2 log x  2 x   2 x log x  x 2   uvw = uvw| +uwv| + vwu|

1 d 1 d x
= x 2
2 x
 x 2 log x 2 x log 2  2 x log x  2 x    logx =
dx x dx
 a  = a x .loga dxd  xn  = nxn-1
x

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x 2 x x
= x 2  x log x 2 log 2  2 log x  2 x 
f |  x   x 2 x 1  x log x log 2  2log x 
dy
102. If y  cos  log  cot x  , then find (Mar-09)
dx
CHEMISTRY-I
Sol. Given y  cos  log  cot x  
Diff. w.r.to. ‘x’ we get

dy | d
  sin  log  cot x   log  cot x     cosx  = -sinx
dx dx

1 | d 1
  sin  log  cot x   cot x    logx =
cot x dx x

 sin  log  cot x   d

   cos ec x  2   cotx  = -cosec2x
cot x dx

cos ec 2 x .sin  log  cot x  


cot x
dy
103. If y  log  cosh 2 x  then find (Mar-12)
dx
Sol. Given y  log  cosh 2 x 
Diff w.r.to. ‘x’ we get

dy 1 | d 1
  cosh 2 x    logx =
dx cosh 2 x dx x

1 d
  sin h 2 x   2    coshx  = sinhx
co sh 2 x dx

sinh 2 x sinhθ
2  2 tanh 2x  tanhθ =
cosh 2 x coshθ

dy
104. Find , if y  sin 1 x (March-2013)
dx
Sol: Given y  sin 1 x
Diff w.r.to. ‘x’ we get

dy 1 d
dx

2
.
dx
 x 
d
 sin -1 x  =
1
1  x dx 1 - x2

1  1  d

1 x
. 
2 x 

dx
 x  = 2 1x
1 1
 
2 x 1  x  2 x  x2
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ax  b
105. Find the derivative of f  x   (Mar-12)
cx  d
Sol: Diff w.r.to. ‘x’ we get
ax  b
y  f x  
cx  d
CHEMISTRY-I
dy  cx  d  a   ax  b  c | | |
 u  uv - vu d d
 2   = k  = 0  x = 1
dx  cx  d   v v2
dx dx

acx  ad  acx  bc ad  bc
 2
 2
 cx  d   cx  d 
 1  dy
106. y  sec 1  2  find (March 2013)
 2x 1  dx

1  1 
Sol: Given y  sec  2 
 2x 1 
put x  cos 
   cos1  x 

 1  1  1 
 y  sec1  2   sec    2cos2 A -1  cos2A
 2 cos   1   cos 2 

 sec1  sec 2   2 sec-1  secθ  = θ

y  2.cos 1 x
Differentation w.r.to x

dy 2.   1  2 d -1
   
dx
 cos-1x =
dx 1 x2 1 x2 1- x2

1  2 x  dy
107. If y  sin  2  , then find
1 x  dx

1  2x 
Sol. Given y  sin  2 
1 x 
put x  tan     tan 1 x

 2 tan   2tanA
 y  sin 1  2
1
  sin  sin 2  sin2A =
 1  tan   1+ tan2A

 2  2 tan 1 x  sin -1  sinθ  = θ

Diff. w.r.to ‘x’ we get

dy 1 2 d 1
dx
 2.
1 x 2

1  x2

dx
 tan-1x =
1+ x2

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dy
108. If x  a cos3 t , y  a sin 3 t , find .
dx
Sol: Given that x  a cos3 t , y  a sin 3 t
3
Now x  a  cos t 

CHEMISTRY-I d d 3
Diff b.s. w.r.to t then , x  a  cos t 
dt dt

dx 2 d dx d n d

dt
 a.3 cos t  . cos t   3a cos2 t   sin t 
dt dt

dx
 
x = nxn-1   cosx  = -sinx
dx

dx
  3a cos 2 t sin t  1
dt
3
Now y  a  sin t 
Diff b.s. w.r.to t then

d d dy 2 d d n
dt dt
3
y  a  sin t    a.3  sin t  .  sin t 
dt dt

dx
 x  = nx n -1

dy d
  3a sin 2 t  cos t    2    sinx  = cosx
dt dx
dy dy / dt
From (1) and (2),  ;
dx dx / dt

dy 3a sin 2 t cos t

dx 3a cos 2 t sin t

dy sinθ
   tan t tanθ =
dx cosθ
dy
109. y  log  sin  log x   , find
dx
Sol Given y  log  sin  log x  
Diff.w r.to ‘x’ we get

dy 1 | d 1

dx sin  log x 
 sin  log x     logx =
dx x

1
.cos  log x  log x   d  sinx  = cosx
|

sin  log x  dx

cos  log x  1
= .
sin  log x  x

dy cot  log x  c o sθ
  c o tθ =
dx x sin θ
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dy
110. If y  x x then find dx .
Sol. given y = x x
take ‘log’ on both sides we get

log y  log  x x   log y  x log x logxn = nlogx

CHEMISTRY-I
Diff. w.r.to ‘x’
1 dy | |
 x  log x   log x  x  |
 uv = uv| +vu|
y dx

1 dy 1 d d 1
  x  log x 1   x =1   logx =
y dx x dx dx x
dy
  y 1  lo g x 
dx
dy
  x x
1  lo g x 
dx
dy
111. If x3  y 3  3axy  0, find . (APR 2000)
dx
Sol. Given x 3  y 3  3axy  0
Differentiating w.r.to " x " on both sides

dy  dy  d n d dy
3x 2  3 y 2
dx
 3a  x  y   0
 dx 
 uv = uv| +vu| 
|

dx
 x  = nxn-1 
dx
 
y n  ny n1
dx

2 2 dy dy
 3x  3 y  3ax  3ay  0
dx dx
 2 2 dy dy 
 3  x  y dx  ax dx  ay   0
 

dy 2 dy ay  x 2
  x  ay  
2

dx
 y  ax   0  dy
dx
 y 2  ax     x 2  ay    ay  x 2   
dx y 2  ax
112. Find the derivative of the following functions w.r.to x.
1  cos x
i) Cos 1  4 x3  3x  ii) Tan 1 (JUNE 2002)
1  cos x

Sol. (i) Let y= cos

1
 4x 3
 3x 

Put x  cos     cos 1 x

y  cos 1  4 cos3   3cos    y  cos 1  cos3   y  3  y  3cos 1 x

d d
Diff. w.r.to x on both sides y  3 cos 1 x
dx dx

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dy 1 dy 3 d -1
 dx  3.   
dx
 cos-1x =
1 x 2 dx 1  x2 1- x2

1 1  cos x
(ii) tan
1  cos x
CHEMISTRY-I  2sin 2 x / 2 
 1  cos x  A A
1-cosA = 2sin2
1 1
Let y  tan  
 1  cos x 
 tan  
 2 cos 2 x / 2  1 + cosA = 2cos 2
    2 2

 sin x / 2 
 tan 1  
 cos x / 2 

 x sinθ
 tan 1  tan  tanθ =
 2 cosθ
x
 y tan-1  tanθ = θ
2
d d 1
Diff. both sides w.r.to x then  y  .x
dx dx 2

dy 1 d 1 1 d
  . x  .1   x = 1
dx 2 dx 2 2 dx

113. Differentiate f  x  with respect to g  x  if f  x   e x , g  x   x (MARCH 2003)

Sol. Given f  x   e x , g  x   x

f  x   e x  1 ; g  x   x   2 

d
Diff (1) w.r.to x then f |  x   ex   ex   ex
dx

d
Diff (2) w.r.to x then g
|
 x 
2 x
1

dx
 x   2 1x
Now diff. f(x) w.r to ‘g(x)’

f |  x ex
  2e x x
g|  x 1
2 x
114. Find the derivative of the following functions w.r.to x.
 1 x2 1 
1 1  1  x 
i) Tan   (JUNE 2003 ) ii) tan   (May-12).
 x  1 x 
 

1
 1  x2  1 
Sol. (i) Let y= T a n  x


 
Let x  tan     tan 1 x

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 1  tan 2   1   sec   1 
y  tan 1    y  tan 1 
 tan    tan  
 secθ = 1+ tan2θ
 

1  sec  1 
 y  tan  tan   tan  
 

CHEMISTRY-I 1  1 cos  cos   1  1  cos   1 sinθ

 y  tan      y  tan   secθ = tanθ =
 cos  sin  sin    sin   cosθ cosθ

 2sin 2  / 2  A A A
 y  tan 1   1-cosA = 2sin2 sinA = 2sin cos
 2sin  / 2 cos / 2  2 2 2

 
 y  tan 1  tan 
 2
 1
 y  y  tan 1 x tan-1  tanθ  = θ
2 2
d 1 d
Diff. both sides w.r.to x then y tan 1 x
dx 2 dx

dy 1 1 dy 1 d 1
 .
dx 2 1 x 2
 
dx 21 x2 

dx
 tan-1x =
1+ x2

1  1  x 
(ii) Let y  tan  
 1 x 
Put x  tan     tan 1  x 

 1  tan  
 y  tan 1  
 1  tan  
   1+ tanA π 
 tan 1  tan        tan  + A 
 4  1- tanA 4 

 
     tan 1 x  tan -1  tanθ  = θ
4 4

dy 1 1 d 1
Diff. w.r.to x, we get
dx
 0
1 x 2

1  x2

dx
 tan-1x  =
1+ x2

115. If f  x   x e x sin x, then find f 1  x 

x
Sol. Given f  x  xe sin x

Here u  x  x, v  x   e , w x  sin x
x

d d d
f |  x   xe x  sin x   x sin x  e x   e x sin x  x    uvw | = uvw | + uw v | + vw u |
dx dx dx

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d d x d
f 1  x  xex cos x  xex sin x  ex sin x 
dx
 sinx  = cosx
dx
 e  = ex  dx  x = 1

 e x  x cos x  x sin x  sin x 

116. If y  ae nx  be  nx then prove that y "  n 2 y .

CHEMISTRY-I
Sol. Given that y  ae nx  be  nx  1

d d
Diff b.s. w.r.to x then y   ae nx  be  nx 
dx dx

d nx d
y1  a
dx
 e   b  e  nx 
dx
d ax
y1  a.e nx .n  b.e  nx   n  
dx
e  = aeax
 y  ane  bne   2 
1 nx  nx

Again diff. b.s. w.r.to x then

d 1 d d
y  an enx  bn e nx
dx dx dx

d ax
 y11  anenx .n  bne nx  n  
dx
 e  = ae ax

 y11  an 2 enx  bn 2e  nx
 y11  n 2  ae nx  be  nx   y11  n 2 y  from 1

dy
117. If y  sin  log x  , find .
dx
Sol. y  sin  log x 
Diff. both sides. w.r.to x

d d d
y  cos  log x   log x    sinx  = cosx
dx dx dx

dy 1 d 1
  cos  log x  .   logx =
dx x dx x
dy 1
  cos  log x 
dx x
118. If f ( x )  1  x  x 2  .....  x100 then find f 1 (1) .
Given f  x   1  x  x  x .....  x
2 3 100
Sol.
Diff. both sides. w.r.to x .

d n
f 1  x   1  2 x  3 x 2  .....  100 x 99 
dx
 x  = nxn-1
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1
 f 1  1  2  3  ..............  100

n  n  1 n  n +1
f 1 1  here n  100 1+ 2+3+......... +n =
2 2
100 100  1
 f 1 1   f 1 1  50 101  5050
CHEMISTRY-I 2
dy ay
then prove that dx 
1
119. If y  e a sin x
1  x2
1
Sol. Given y  e a sin x

Diff. w.r.to ‘x’ we get

dy | d ax
dx
1
 ea sin x a  sin 1 x  
dx
 e  = ae ax

1 d 1
= a.e
a sin 1 x
.
dx
 sin -1 x  =
1  x2 1 - x2
1
a .e a s in x
ay
 
1 x2 1  x2
120. Find the derivative of 20log tan x 
log  tan x 
Sol: y  f  x   20

dy d d x
dx
 20   log 20.  log  tan x  
log tan x

dx

dx
a  = ax .loga
log  tan x  1 d d 1
 20 log 20.  tan x    logx =
tan x dx dx x

sec 2 x 
d
 20 log  tan x  log 20.  tanx = sec2x
tan x dx
121. Find the derivative of f ( x)  e x ( x 2  1) w.r.t x
Sol. Given f  x   e x  x 2  1
diff. w.r.to ‘x’ we get
d 2 d
f |  x   ex
dx
 x  1   x 2  1  e x 
dx
|
 uv = uv| +vu|

d n d x d
 e x  2 x  0    x 2  1 e x  
dx
 x  = nxn-1
dx
 
e = ex
dx
k = 0

 e x  2 x  x 2  1  e x  x  1
2 2
 a +b = a2 + 2ab +b2
2
 f |  x   e x  x  1
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ax
122. If f ( x)  then find f 1 ( x)
ax
ax
Sol. Given f  x  
ax
diff. w.r.to ‘x’ , we get
CHEMISTRY-I
d d
a  x a  x   a  x   a  x  u
|
vu | - u v |
f |
 x  dx dx   =
a  x
2
v v2


 a  x  1   a  x 1 d d
2   x =1 k = 0
a  x  dx dx

a  x  a  x 2 a
 2
 2
 a  x a  x 
100 dy
123. If y   x3  6 x 2  12 x  13 then find
dx
100
Sol. Given y   x3  6 x 2  12 x  13
diff. w.r.to ‘x’, we get
dy 99 d d n
dx
 100  x3  6 x 2  12 x  13  .  x 3  6 x 2  12 x  13 
dx

dx
 x  = nxn-1

99
 100  x3  6 x 2  12 x  13  .  3 x 2  12 x  12 
99
 300  x 3  6 x 2  12 x  13 .  x 2  4 x  4 

dy 99 2
  300  x3  6 x 2  12 x  13 .  x  2  a2 + 2ab +b2   a +b 
2

dx
124. If f ( x)  log 7 (log x ) then find f 1 ( x)
Sol. Given f  x   log 7  log x 

log  log x  loga

f  x  logba =
log 7 logb
diff. w.r.to ‘x’ , we get
1 1 d d 1
f |  x   log x    logx =
log 7 log x dx dx x
1 1 1 1
 
log 7 log x x x log 7 log x

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1 dy
125. If y  2 then find
ax  bx  c dx
1
Sol. Given y  2
ax  bx  c

CHEMISTRY-I
dy 1 d d  1  -1
 2
dx  ax 2  bx  c  dx
 ax 2  bx  c   
  =
dx  f  x    f  x   2
f | x

  2ax  b  d d
 d
2   xn   nxn1   x =1 k = 0
 ax 2
 bx  c  dx dx dx

dy
126. If y  cos ec 1 (e 2 x 1 ) , find
dx
Sol. Given y  cos ec 1  e2 x 1 
diff. w.r.to ‘x’ , we get
dy 1 d 2 x 1

dx e 2 x 1 2 dx
e  
d
 cosec-1x  =
-1
e  2 x 1
1 dx x x2 -1

1 d ax
 2  e 2 x 1   e  =eax
2 x 1 4 x 1
e e 1 dx

2

e 4 x 1  1
1  cos 2 x dy
127. If y  then Find
1  cos 2 x dx
1  cos 2 x 2sin 2 x
Sol: Given y  1+ cos2A = 2cos2 A 1 - cos2A = 2sin 2 A
1  cos 2 x 2 cos 2 x
sinθ
y  Tan2 x tanθ =
cosθ
Diff. w.r.to ‘x’ we get

dy d n d
dx
 2 tan x  sec 2 x  
dx
 x  = nxn-1
dx
 tanx  = sec2 x

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1  3 x 
128. If f ( x)  sinh   then find f 1 ( x)
 4 

1  3 x 
Sol. Given f  x   sinh  
 4 
CHEMISTRY-I 1 d  3x 
f |  x    d 1
 3 x  dx  4   sinh-1x =
2

1   dx 1+ x2
 4

1 3
   d
9x  4 
2
  kx  = k
1 dx
16

1 3
   3
16  9 x  4  
2

16  9x 2
4
dy
129. If y  sin 1  3 x  4 x 3  then find
dx
Sol. Given y  sin
1
3x  4 x  3

put x  sin     sin 1 x

y  sin 1  3sin   4sin 3  

 sin  1  sin 3   3  sin3A = 3sinA - 4sin3 A sin  sinθ  = θ

-1

 3 sin  1 x
Diff. w.r.to ‘x’ we get

dy 1 3 d 1
 3.  
dx
 sin-1x  =
dx 1  x2 1 x 2
1- x2

cos x dy
130. If y  then find
sin x  cos x dx
cos x
Sol. Given y 
sin x  cos x
Diff. w.r.to ‘x’ we get
| | |
dy  sin x  cos x  cos x    cos x  sin x  cos x   u  vu -uv
| |
 2   =
dx  sin x  cos x   v v2

dy  sin x  cos x   sin x    cos x  cos x  sin x  d d

 2   sinx  = cosx  cosx  = -sinx
dx  sin x  cos x  dx dx

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 sin 2 x  sin x cos x  cos 2 x  sin x cos x
 2
 sin x  cos x 
  sin 2 x  cos2 x  1
 
2
 sin x  cos x 
2
cos2θ + sin2θ = 1
 sin x  cos x 
CHEMISTRY-I
dy
131. I f x=at 2, y= 2at find
dx
Sol. Given x=at 2 , ; y = 2at
Diff. w.r.to ‘t’ we get ; Diff. w.r.to ‘t’ we get

dx d n dy d

dt
=a  2t  
dx
 
x = nxn-1 ; 
dt
=2a  1   x =1
dx
dx dy
 =2at ;  =2a
dt dt
dy
dy dt 2a 1
 =
dx dx = 2at = t
dt

ERRORS AND APPROXIMATIONS

132. Find y and dy if y  x 2  3x  6 . When x = 10, x  0.01 . (MAR-2005,2011,2014)
Sol. Given f  x   x 2  3x  6
x = 10 and x  0.01
(i) Δy = f  x + Δx  - f  x 
2
  x  x   3  x  x   6    x 2  3x  6   a +b 2 = a2 + 2ab +b2
 
2
 2 xx   x   3x   2 x  x  3 x   23.01 0.01  0.2301

(ii) dy = f |  x  .Δx

d n d
  2 x  3 x 
dx
 x  = nxn-1
dx
k  = 0
 [2(10)  3](0.01)  (23)(0.01)  0.23

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2
133. Find y and dy if y  x  x , at x = 10, x  0.1
Sol. Given f  x   x 2  x
x = 10, x  0.1
(i) Δy = f  x + Δx  - f  x 
CHEMISTRY-I 2
  x  x    x  x     x 2  x   a +b 2 = a2 + 2ab +b2
 
2
 2xx   x   x   2 x  x  1 x  = ( 21.1) (0.1)= 2.11
1

(ii) dy = f |  x  .Δx

d n d
  2 x  1 x  = (21) (0.1)= 2.1 
dx
 x  = nxn-1
dx
k  = 0

1
134. Find y and dy If y  when x = 8, x  0.02
x2
1
Sol. Given f  x  
x2
x = 8; x  0.02
(i) Δy = f  x + Δx  - f  x 
1 1 x 0.02
   
 x  x   2 x  2  x  x  2  x  2  10.02 10  = - 0.0001996
(ii) dy = f |  x  .Δx

1
 2
x  d  1  = -1
 x  2 dx  x  x2

0.02
 = - 0.0002
100
135. Find y and dy for y  e x  x , when x = 5, x  0.02
Sol. Given f  x   e x  x
x = 5 and x  0.02
(i) Δy = f  x + Δx  - f  x 

=  e x x  x  x    e x  x 

 e5.02  5.02   e5  5   e5  e0.02  1  0.02

(ii) dy = f |  x  .Δx

d x d n
  e x  1 x   e5  1  0.02  
dx
 e  = ex
dx
 x  = nxn-1
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0
136. Find y and dy if y  cos x, x  60 and x  10
Sol: Given y = f(x) = cos x , x  600 and x  10
(i) Δy = f  x + Δx  - f  x 

 cos  600  10   cos 600  cos  610   cos 600

CHEMISTRY-I
 0.4848  0.5  0.0152 cos610 = 0.4848 cos600 = 0.5
(ii) dy = f |  x  .Δx

d
  sin x.x    sin 600 10    cosx  = -sinx
dx

   0.866  0.0174   0.015 10 = 0.0174c sin600 = 0.866

137. Find the approximate value of 82 (March-2013, May-2009)

Sol. Let f  x   x
x = 81, and x  1
approximate value of 82 = f  x + Δx  f  x +f  x Δx
|

1
1 1 1 d 1 x2
x 2
 x 2 x
2

dx
 
x = 
2 x 2

1 1 1
 81 2  81 2 1
2
1 1 1
9  9   9   9  0.056  9.056
2 18
138. Find the approximate value of cos  60º 5|  (  10=0.0174 radians)

Sol. Let f  x   cos x

º
|  5  5
x  60º and x  5   60   60  0.0174 radians
 

approximate value of cos 600 5| = f  x + Δx  f  x +f  x Δx

|

 5 
 cos x    sin x  x   cos 60º  sin 60º    0.0174  d  cosx  = -sinx
 60  dx
1
 0.5  0.8   0.0174  0.5  0.00124  0.4987
12

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139. Find the approximate value of 3 65 .
Sol. Let f  x   3 x
x = 64, and x  1
approximate value of 3 65  f  x + Δx  f  x +f |  x Δx
CHEMISTRY-I
1 1 2 d 1 -23
x 3
 x 3 x
3

dx
 
3
x = x
3
1 1 2 1
  64  3
  64  3 1  4   4  0.0208  4.0208
3 48
140. Find the approximate value of 3
7.8
Sol. Let f  x   3 x
x = 8 and x  0.2
approximate value of 3 7.8  f  x + Δx  f  x +f  x Δx
|

-2
1 1 2 d 1
x 3
 x 3  x 
3

dx
 
3
x = x3
3

1 1 2 1 1 1
 8 3  8 3  0.2   2     0.2   2   2  0.016  1.984
3 3 4  60

141. (i) If the increase in the side of a square is 4% . Then find the approximate percentage
of increase in the area of square.
(ii) If the increase in the side of a square is 2% . Then find the approximate
percentage of increase in the area of square.
Sol. Let the side of the square be ‘x’ units.
x
Given  100  4
x
Area of square = x2 i.e. A = x2
Take log on both sides
logA = logx2
logA = 2logx  loge xn = nloge x

A x 1
2 change in logx = Δx
A x x
A x
 100  2 100 = 2 x 4 = 8
A x
 percentage change in area of a square = 8

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(ii) Let the side of the square be ‘x’ units.
x
Given  100  2
x
Area of square = x2 i.e. A = x2

Take log on both sides

CHEMISTRY-I
logA = logx2
logA = 2logx  loge xn = nloge x

A x 1
2 change in logx = Δx
A x x
A x
 100  2 100 = 2 x 2 = 4
A x
 percentage change in area of a square = 4
142. If the radius of a sphere is increased from 7cm to 7.02cm then find the approximate
increase in the volume of the sphere
Sol. Given radius of sphere r  7 cm
and r  0.02cm
4 3
Volume of sphere  V  = πr
3
4 2 changeinr3 = 3r2Δr
The change in V is V   3r .r
3

2  22 
= 4  7   0.02  = 4   (49)(0.02)  12.32 cm3
7
143. If y  f  x   kx n show that the approximate relative error in y is n times the relative
error in x where n and k are constants.
Sol: Given y  kx n
Take log on both sides
log y  log kx n

 log y  log k  log x n log  ab = loga + logb

 log y  log k  n log x log  xn  = nlogx

1 1
 y  0  n. x
y x
y x
  n.
y x
Relative error in y = n.(relative error in x)

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144. The diameter of sphere is measured to be 40cm. If an error of 0.02cm is made in it.
Then Find approximate errors in volume and surface area of the sphere.
Sol. Given diameter of a sphere = 40cm = d
 d  0.02 cm
3
4 4 d d
Volume of sphere  V  = πr 3      Diameter of sphere is d = 2r  r =
CHEMISTRY-I 3 3 2 2
 3
V d
6
 2  2
V  3d .d =  40   0.02  = 16 cm3
6 2
Surface area of sphere S  4 r 2
2
d
S  4     d 2
 2

S   .2d .d  2  40  0.02  = 1.6 cm2

145. The time t, of a complete oscillation of a simple pendulum of length ‘l’ is given by the
l
equation t  2 where ‘g’ is gravational constant. Find approximate percentage
g
error in ‘t’ when the perecentage of error in ‘l’ is 1%.
l l
Sol. Given 100  1 and t  2
l g
Take log on both sides
  l 1/ 2 
 log t  log  2  g  
   

1 l
 log t  log 2  2 log  g 
 
 
log  ab   log a  log b log x  n log x
n

1 a
 log t  log 2   log l  log g  log    log a  log b
2  b

t 1  l   g is a c o n sta n t
 t  0  2  l  0 th e n c h a n g e in lo g g  0
 
t 1 l 1 1
  100   100 =  1 =
t 2 l 2 2
1
 The percentage error in time ‘t’ is
2

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ROLLE’S THEOREM AND LAGRANGE’S MEAN VALUE THEOREM
146. State Rolle’s theorem
Sol: If f :  a, b   R be a function satisfying the following conditions
(i) f is continuous on  a, b

(ii) f is differentiable on  a, b 
CHEMISTRY-I

(iii) f  a   f  b  then there exists at least one c   a, b  such that f '  c   0

147. State Lagrange’s theorem

Sol: If f :  a, b   R be a function satisfying the following conditions
(i) f is continuous on  a, b

(ii) f is differentiable on  a, b  then there exists atleast one c   a, b 

| f b   f  a 
such that f  c   .
ba
148. f  x    x  1 x  2  x  3 prove that there is more than one ‘c’ in 1,3 such that
f ' c  0 (Mar-2013)

Sol: f  x    x  1 x  2  x  3 is polynomial which is continuous and differentiable on R

f is continuous on 1,3

f is differentiable on 1,3
f 1  1  11  2 1  3  0
f  3   3  1 3  2  3  3  0

 f 1  f  3  0  f a   f b

 f ( x ) satisfies all the conditions of Rolle’s theorem

f ' x    x  1 x  2    x  1 x  3   x  2  x  3 

' d
 uvw  u'  vw  u v'  w   uv  w'  x  1
dx
 3x 2  12 x  11
By Rolle's theorem , f |  c  = 0
 3c 2  12c  11  0
2
  12    12   4  3 11 -b ± b2 - 4ac
c if ax2 +bx +c = 0  x =
2  3 2a

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12  144  132 12  2 3
c c
6 6
1
c  2   1,3
3
CHEMISTRY-I
149. Find the value of c in Rolle’s theorm for the function y=f(x) = x2 + 4 on [-3,3]
Sol: f(x) = x2 + 4 as x2 + 4 is polynomial which is continuous and differentiable on R
f is continuous on [-3,3]
f is differentiable on (-3, 3)
f(3) = (3)2 + 4 = 13 and f(-3) = (-3)2 + 4 = 13
 f  3  f  3

 f ( x ) satisfies all the conditions of Rolle’s theorem  f a  = f b 

d n
f ' ( x)  2 x 
dx
 x  = nxn-1
By Rolle's theorem , f |  c  = 0
2c = 0  c = 0  (-3, 3)
Thus Rolle’s theorm is verified.

150. Find the value of ‘c’ from Rolle’s theorem for the function f  x   x 2  1 on  1,1
(Mar-2014)
Sol: f is continuous on  1,1

f is differentiable on  1,1
2 2
f  1   1  1  0 and f 1  1  1  0
 f  1  f 1

 f ( x ) satisfies all the conditions of Rolle’s theorem  f a  = f b 

d n
f '
x   2x 
dx
 x  = nxn-1

By Rolle's theorem , f |  c  = 0
 2c  0
 c  0   1,1

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151. It is given that Rolle’s theorm holds for the function f(x) = x + bx2 + ax on [1, 3]
3

1
with c  2  . Find the values of a and b
3
Sol: f(x) = x3 + bx2 + ax is polynomial which is continuous and differentiable on R
f is continuous on [1, 3]
CHEMISTRY-I
f is differentiable on 1,3

By Roll’s theorem f(a) = f(b)  f 1  f  3

2 2
 13  b 1  a 1  33  b  3  a  3
 a  4b  13  0
 a  4b  13 ....................(1)

d n
f |(x) = 3x2 + 2bx + a 
dx
 x  = nxn-1

By Rolle's theorem , f |  c  = 0
3c2 + 2bc + a = 0
2
 1   1 
 3 2    2b  2    4b  13  0 ( From (1) )
 3  3

 1 4  2b 2
 3 4     4b   4b  13  0  a +b = a2 + 2ab +b2
 3 3 3
12 2b
 13    13  0
3 3
 b  6
From (1)  a=-4(-6)-13=111
152. Verify Rolle’s theorem for function f(x) = sin x – sin 2x on [0,]
Sol: Let f(x) = sin x – sin 2x is continuous and differentible on R
f is continuous on [0, ]
f is differentiable on  0, 
f  0   sin 0  sin 2  0   0
f    sin   sin 2    0
 f (0) = f()

 f ( x ) satisfies all the conditions of Rolle’s theorem  f a  = f b 

d
f | (x) = cos x – 2 cos 2x 
dx
 sin  ax  = acos  ax 

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|
By Rolle's theorem , f  c  = 0
 cos c – 2 cos 2c = 0
 cos c – 2 (2 cos2c – 1) = 0  cos2A = 2cos2 A -1
 cos c – 4 cos2 c + 2 = 0
 4cos2 c – cos c – 2 = 0
CHEMISTRY-I

1  1  32 1 33 -b ± b2 - 4ac
co s c   if ax2 +bx +c = 0  x =
2 4  8 2a

 c  Cos 
1 1 33
8
  0,  
Thus Rolle’s theorem is verified.

153. Verify Rolle’s theorem for the function (x2 – 1) (x – 2) on [-1, 2]. Find the point in the
interval where the derivate vanishes.
Sol: f(x) = (x2 – 1) (x – 2) is polynomial which is continuous and differentiable on R
f is continuous on [-1,2]
f is differentiable on (-1,2)
f(x) = x3 – 2x2 – x + 2
f(-1) = (-1)3 – 2(-1)2 – (-1) + 2 = -1 -2 + 1 + 2 = 0
f(2) = (2)3 – 2(2)2 – 2 + 2 = 8 – 8 – 2 + 2 =0
f(-1)=f(2)

 f ( x ) satisfies all the conditions of Rolle’s theorem f  a = f  b

d n
f |
 x   3x2  4 x  1 
dx
 x  = nxn-1
By Rolle's theorem , f |  c  = 0
 3c2 – 4c – 1 = 0

4  16 12 -b ± b2 - 4ac
c  if ax2 +bx +c = 0  x =
6 2a

4  28 2  7
    1, 2 
6 3
Thus Rolle’s theorem is verified.
154. Verify Rolle’s theroem for the function f  x   x  x  3 e  x / 2 on  3, 0
Sol f  x   x  x  3 e  x / 2
f is continuous on [-3,0]
f is differentiable on (-3,0)
3
f  3    3   3  3  e 2  0
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0
f  0   0  0  3 e  0
 f  3  f  0

 f ( x ) satisfies all the conditions of Rolle’s theorem  f a  = f b 

1 
CHEMISTRY-I
'
f  x   1 x  3 e  x / 2  x 1 e  x / 2  x  x  3 e  x / 2  
 2 

d d
'
 uvw = u'  vw +u v'  w+  uv w'
dx
 x = 1
dx
 e ax  = ae ax
2
'  x / 2  2 x  6  2 x  x  3x 
 f  x   e  
 2 
2
'  x / 2  x  x  6 
 f  x   e  
 2 
By Rolle's theorem , f |  c  = 0

 c 2  c  6 
 ec/ 2  0
 2 

 c 2  c  6  0  c 2  3c  2c  6  0  c  c  3  2  c  3  0
  c  2  c  3  0

 c  3  0  c  3   3, 0 
 c  2  0  c  2   3, 0 
Thus Rolle’s theorem is verified.
155. Show that there is no real number ‘k’ for which the equation x 2  3x  k  0 has two
distinct roots in [0, 1]
Sol: Let f  x   x 2  3x  k is polynomial which is continuous and differentiable on R
Let  ,  are two distinct roots of f  x   0 , 0      1
 f    0, f     0
f is continuous on  ,  
f is differentiable on  ,  
 f    f   

 f ( x ) satisfies all the conditions of Rolle’s theorem f  a =f  b

d n
f '  x  2x  3 
dx
 x  = nxn-1

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|
By Rolle's theorem , f  c  = 0
3
 2c  3  0  c    ,  
2

 f(x) has two distinct roots in [0,1] for no real value of k

CHEMISTRY-I
' f b   f  a 
156. Find c so that f  c   in the following cases
ba
11 13
i) f(x) = x2 – 3x – 1, a = ,b= ii) f(x) = ex, a = 0, b = 1
7 7

11 13
Sol :i) f(x) = x2 – 3x – 1, a = ,b=
7 7

 13  169 39 169  273  49 153

f(b) = f     1  
49
7 49 7 49

 11  121 33 121  231  49 303

f a   f    1  
 7  49 7 49 49

d n
f | (x) = 2x – 3 
dx
 x  = nxn-1

f  b  - f a 
f | c  =
b -a
153 303

49 49  456/49 19
 2c – 3 = 13 11 24/7 =
 7
7 7

19 2 2 1
 2c = 3  = c =
7 7 7 7
x
ii) f(x) = e , a = 0, b = 1
f(b) = f(1) = e1 = e
f(a) = f(0) = e0 = 1
d x
x
f(x) = e  f (x) = e | x 
dx
e  = ex
f  b  - f a 
f | c  =
b -a
e 1
ec   ec  e  1  c  loge e 1
1 0

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157. Verify the conditions of the Lagrange’s mean value theorem for the following functions
In each case find a point c in the interval as stated by the theorem.
i) x2 – 1 on [2, 3] ii) sin x – sin 2x on [0, ] iii) log x on [1, 2]
Sol: i) f(x) = x2 – 1 is polynomial which is continuous and differentiable on R
f is continuous on [2, 3]
f is differentiable on (2,3)
CHEMISTRY-I

d n
f | (x) = 2x 
dx
 x  = nxn-1

| f  b  - f a 
By Lagrange’s mean value theorem f  c  =
b -a

1 f  3   f  2 83 5
f c    2c   2c = 5  c    2, 3
32 32 2
Thus Lagrange’s mean value theorem is verified.
ii) f(x) = sin x – sin 2x
f is continuous on [0, ]
f is differentiable on (0, )

d
f |(x) = cos x – 2 cos 2x 
dx
 sin  ax  = acos  ax 

| f  b  - f a 
By Lagrange’s mean value theorem f  c  =
b -a
f    f  0 
f ' c 
 0
 cos c – 2cos 2c = 0
 cos c – 2 (2 cos2 c – 1) = 0  cos2A = 2cos2 A -1
 cos c – 4 cos2 + 2 = 0 .
 4 cos2 c – cos c – 2 =0

1  33 -b ± b2 - 4ac
 cos c  if ax2 +bx +c = 0  x =
8 2a

1  33
 c = cos-1   0,  
8
Thus Lagrange’s mean value theorem is verified.
iii) f(x) = log x
f is continuous on [1, 2]
f is differentiable on 1,2 

1 d 1
f 1  x =   logx =
x dx x
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| f  b  - f a 
By Lagrange’s mean value theorem f  c  =
b -a
f  2  f 1
 f |(c) =
2 1

CHEMISTRY-I 1 log 2  log 1

 
c 2 1

1 1
  c  log 2  log 2 e
 log 2
c e
Thus Lagrange’s mean value theorem is verified.
158. Find a point on the graph of the curve y = x3 where the tangent is parallel to chord
joining the points (1, 1) and (3, 27).
Sol: y = x3
dy d n
 3x2   x  = nxn-1
dx dx
Let A  x1 , y1   1,1 , B  x2 , y2    3, 27 

27  1 y -y
Slope of chord AB=  13 slope = 2 1
3 1 x2 - x1
Given the tangent is parallel to the chord joining the points A and B
i.e. Slope of tangent = slope of chord
 3 x 2  13
13 13  3 39
x  
3 3  3 3

3
 39  13 39
y 
 3  9
 
 13 13 39 
 Point=  , 
 3 9 

***

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