Lesson worksheet Book 1A, Ch 3

Ch 3 Movement of substances across

cell membrane
3.1 Structure of the cell membrane (Book 1A, p. 3-2)

◼ The cell membrane is differentially permeable. It is made up of (1) _______________ (磷脂)

and (2) _______________.
◼ In 1972, Singer and Nicolson proposed the (3) _______________ _______________
_______________ (流動鑲嵌模型) to illustrate the structure of the cell membrane.

carbohydrate
outside of cell

glycoprotein
(糖蛋白)

protein
molecules

phospholipid
molecule
phospholipid
bilayer
inside of cell
(cytoplasm)

 The fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane

◼ Phospholipid molecules:
➢ Arranged in a (4) _______________ (monolayer / bilayer)
➢ Can move (5) _______________ (橫向地)
 the membrane is described as ‘(6) _______________’
◼ Protein molecules:
➢ (7) _______________ (散佈) among the phospholipid molecules
 the membrane is described as ‘(8) _______________’
➢ Some are (9) _______________ to the surface of the phospholipid bilayer, some are
(10) _______________ _______________ in the bilayer and others
(11) _______________ the entire bilayer.
➢ Those with carbohydrates attached are called (12) _______________.

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Lesson worksheet Book 1A, Ch 3

A Phospholipids (Book 1A, p. 3-3)

◼ A phospholipid molecule is structurally similar to a triglyceride (甘油三酯) molecule, except

that one of the fatty acid (脂肪酸) molecules is replaced by a (13) _______________
_____________ (磷酸鹽基團).

glycerol (甘油) fatty acid phosphate glycerol fatty acid

group

 A triglyceride molecule  A phospholipid molecule

◼ Features of a phospholipid molecule:

Phosphate group Fatty acid

◼ (14) ______________ (Polar / Non-polar) ◼ (17) ______________ (Polar / Non-polar)

◼ (15) _______________ (Attracted / ◼ (18) _______________ (Attracted /
Repelled) by water Repelled) by water
◼ Forms the (16) _______________ (親水的) ◼ Forms the (19) _______________ (疏水的)
‘head’ ‘tail’

◼ Arrangement of phospholipid molecules in the cell membrane:

aqueous solution outside the cell
(extracellular fluid)

Hydrophilic heads point

Hydrophobic tails point
(20) _______________,
being in contact with (21) _______________,
aqueous solutions inside not being in contact with
and outside the cells. the aqueous environments.

aqueous solution inside the cell

(cytoplasm)

 Phospholipid bilayer

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Lesson worksheet Book 1A, Ch 3

B Proteins (Book 1A, p. 3-5)

Type of membrane protein Function

(22) _______________ ◼ Provide channels for certain substances (e.g. ions) to move
(通道蛋白) across the membrane

(23) _______________ ◼ Bind to certain substances (e.g. sugar) and transports them
(載體蛋白) across the membrane

(24) _______________ ◼ Bind to chemical messengers (e.g. hormones) outside cells; the
(受體) binding may turn on certain activities in the cells

(25) _______________ ◼ Are glycoproteins for cell recognition (識別)

(抗原)

(26) _______________ ◼ Speed up chemical reactions

(酶)

◼ Development of the cell membrane model:

Identify the name of the following cell membrane models:
Cell membrane model Name of the model

A The ‘sandwich’ model

(27) _________ (proposed by Davson and
Danielli in 1935)

B The fluid mosaic model

(28) _________ (proposed by Singer and
Nicolson in 1972)

C The bilayer model

(29) _________ (proposed by Gorter and Grendel
in 1925)

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Lesson worksheet Book 1A, Ch 3

3.2 Relationship between the structure, properties and

functions of the cell membrane (Book 1A, p. 3-8)

1 The cell membrane is differentially permeable

Structure of cell membrane Relationship with its properties and functions

◼ The phospholipid molecules are ◼ This makes the cell membrane

arranged in a bilayer. The core (2) _______________ permeable.
of the phospholipid bilayer is ◼ Non-polar substances can (3) _______________ in
(1) _______________. the phospholipid bilayer and move across the
membrane.

◼ Some proteins molecules act as ◼ Polar substances and ions are transported by
(4) _______________ or (6) _______________ proteins or
(5) _______________. (7) _______________ proteins.

◼ Identify the nature of substances that I, II and III represent.

I II III

phospholipid
bilayer

channel carrier
protein protein
They dissolve in the They are repelled by the They cannot move
phospholipid bilayer and phospholipid bilayer but can across the cell
move across the membrane. be transported by channel membrane.
proteins or carrier proteins.

Substance Nature of substance and example

I (8) ______ A large molecules (e.g. starch, triglycerides, proteins)

B small, polar molecules (e.g. water, urea, amino acids,

II (9) ______ ______
glucose)
C small, non-polar molecules (e.g. oxygen, carbon
III (10) ______
dioxide, glycerol, fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D)
D small ions (e.g. sodium ion, calcium ion)

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Lesson worksheet Book 1A, Ch 3

◼ Factors affecting the permeability of the cell membrane:

Factor How it affects membrane permeability

◼ When temperature increases, the permeability of the membrane

(11) _______________ (decreases / increases).
Temperature
◼ Boiling can (12) _______________ the membrane, making it
(13) _______________ (fully permeable / impermeable).

◼ Organic solvents (14) ______________ the phospholipids and hence the

Organic solvents permeability of the membrane (15) ______________ (decreases /
increases).

Practical 3.1 Effects of temperature and organic solvents on the permeability of cell membrane
(Book 1A, p. 3-9; Practical Workbook for SBA 1A, p. 3-1)

2 The cell membrane is fluid in nature

Structure of cell membrane Relationship with its properties and functions

The phospholipid The cell membrane is (17) ___________ in nature. This allows the
molecules can move cell membrane to change (18) ___________ and (19) ___________
(16) _______________. with one another during phagocytosis and cell division.

Cell membrane Cell membrane Two cells

changes shape fuses together. are formed.
as the cell
begins to divide.

 How the cell membrane changes shape and fuses during cell division

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Lesson worksheet Book 1A, Ch 3

3.3 Movement of substances across membranes

(Book 1A, p. 3-13)

A Diffusion (Book 1A, p. 3-13)

◼ In liquids and gases, particles move (1) _______________ in (2) _______________ (one / all)
directions and tend to distribute (3) _______________.
◼ Diffusion (擴散) is the (4) _______________ movement of particles from a region of
(5) _______________ (higher / lower) concentration to a region of (6) _______________
(higher / lower) concentration (i.e. down a (7) _______________ _______________).
◼ When the particles become evenly distributed, there is no net movement of particles between
the two regions, but they are still moving randomly in all directions. We can say that an
(8) _______________ (平衡) state is reached.
◼ Diffusion depends on the spontaneous and random movement of particles and it does not
require (9) _______________. It is a/an (10) _______________ (active / passive) process.

region of net region of particles evenly distributed

higher movement lower (equilibrium state)
concentration concentration no net movement

brown
particle

particles move
randomly

water
tea
bag

 Diffusion

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Lesson worksheet Book 1A, Ch 3

◼ Factors affecting the rate of diffusion across membranes:

Factor How it affects the rate of diffusion

Concentration gradient The steeper the concentration gradient between two regions, the
(11) _______________ (higher / lower) the rate of diffusion.

Surface area The larger the surface area over which diffusion occurs, the
(12) _______________ (higher / lower) the rate of diffusion.

Distance The shorter the distance between two regions of different

concentrations, the (13) _______________ (higher / lower) the rate
of diffusion.

Temperature At higher temperatures, particles have more (14) ______________

energy, resulting in a (15) _______________ (higher / lower) rate of
diffusion.

Size of the particles Smaller particles diffuse (16) _______________ (faster / slower)
than large particles.

Nature of the particles Non-polar substances usually diffuse (17) _______________

(faster / slower) than polar substances because they move across the
membrane through the phospholipid bilayer directly.

◼ Importance of diffusion:
➢ Enables cells to (18) _______________ _______________ with the environment
➢ Involved in many life processes, e.g. (19) _______________ of nutrients in human
small intestine and (20) _______________ _______________ in human lungs

waste
nutrients (e.g. carbon dioxide)

oxygen

cell

fluid surrounding the cell

 A cell exchanges materials with the environment by diffusion

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Lesson worksheet Book 1A, Ch 3

B Osmosis – a special kind of diffusion (Book 1A, p. 3-15)

◼ Dissolving substances in water (21) _______________ (decreases / increases) the tendency of

water molecules to move.
◼ (22) _______________ _______________ (水勢) describes the tendency of the water
molecules to move from one place to another.
◼ The more the solute particles in a solution (i.e. the (23) _______________ the concentration
of the solution), the (24) _______________ (higher / lower) the tendency of the water
molecules to move. The solution is said to be having a (25) _______________ (higher / lower)
water potential.
◼ Osmosis (滲透) is the net movement of water molecules from a region of
(26) _______________ (higher / lower) water potential to a region of
(27) _______________ (higher / lower) water potential across a differentially permeable
membrane.
◼ Compare region A and region B below:

differentially permeable membrane

region A region B

water molecule solute particle

 Osmosis

➢ There are (28) _______________ (more / fewer) solute particles per unit volume in
region A than in region B.
➢ The solution in region A is (29) _______________ (more / less) concentrated than
the solution in region B.
➢ We say that region A has a (30) _______________ (higher / lower) water potential than
region B.

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Lesson worksheet Book 1A, Ch 3

◼ Water potentials:
➢ Water molecules in pure water have the highest tendency to move. Hence, pure water has
the (31) _______________ (highest / lowest) water potential, which is defined as
(32) _______________.
➢ All solutions have a water potential lower than that of pure water,
i.e. a (33) _______________ value.
➢ The higher the concentration of the solution, the (34) _______________ (higher / lower)
(more negative) its water potential.

water molecule

solute particle

pure water 1% sucrose solution 2% sucrose solution

highest water potential
(0 kPa)

(35) _______________ (decreasing / increasing) concentration

(36) _______________ (decreasing / increasing) water potential

(more negative)

 Relationship between concentration and water potential of a solution

Practical 3.2 Demonstration of osmosis using dialysis tubing

(Book 1A, p. 3-16; Practical Workbook for SBA 1A, p. 3-7)

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Lesson worksheet Book 1A, Ch 3

◼ Osmosis and cells:

Surrounding Hypotonic solution Isotonic solution Hypertonic solution

solution ((37) _______________ (same water ((38) _______________
water potential than the potential as the water potential than the
cytoplasm) cytoplasm) cytoplasm)

Net movement of (39) _______________ No net movement (40) _______________

water (Enters / Leaves) the cells (Enters / Leaves) the cells

Changes in (41) ___________ and may No change (43) ___________ (萎縮) and
animal cells finally (42) _______ (爆裂) become wrinkled (皺褶)

Changes in Become (44) ___________ No change Become (45) ________ (軟縮)

plant cells (膨脹) and (46) _______________
(質壁分離); vacuoles shrink

vacuole shrinks

◼ In hypotonic solutions, plant cells become (47) _______________ and press against one
another. This is important for the (48) _______________ of the plants.
◼ Importance of osmosis:
➢ Enables the movement of (49) _______________ in and out of cells
➢ Involved in the absorption of (50) _____________ in human intestines and plant roots

Practical 3.3 Study of osmosis at cellular level

(Book 1A, p. 3-21; Practical Workbook for SBA 1A, p. 3-11)

Practical 3.4 Study of osmosis at tissue level

(Book 1A, p. 3-22; Practical Workbook for SBA 1A, p. 3-14)

Determining water potential from a graph (Book 1A, p. 3-25)

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Lesson worksheet Book 1A, Ch 3

C Active transport (Book 1A, p. 3-28)

◼ Active transport (主動轉運) is the transport of substances from a region of

(51) _______________ (higher / lower) concentration to a region of (52) _______________
(higher / lower) concentration (i.e. (53) _______________ the concentration gradient) using
energy. It involves (54) _______________ proteins.
◼ It is an (55) _____________ process which requires energy. It only occurs in
(56) _______________ cells. The cells with high rates of active transport usually have a
high (57) _______________ rate and a large number of (58) _______________.
◼ Identify steps I, II and III of active transport below:

carrier protein

lower higher
concentration concentration

Step I
particle

Step II

Step III

Step Description of the step

I (59) ______ A The carrier protein changes its shape using energy.
II (60) ______ B The particle is released on the other side of the membrane.
III (61) ______ C The particle binds to a carrier protein.

◼ Importance of active transport:

➢ Enables cells to take up additional useful substances which are already
(62) _______________ (high / low) in concentration in the cells
➢ Involved in the absorption of (63) _______________ (e.g. glucose and amino acids) in
the human small intestine and the absorption of (64) _______________ from the soil
into plant roots

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 Lesson worksheet Book 1A, Ch 3

D Phagocytosis (Book 1A, p. 3-29)

◼ Phagocytosis (吞噬) is the uptake of (65) _______________ particles into the cells by
packaging the particles into (66) _______________ formed from the cell membrane.
◼ It is a/an (67) _______________ (active / passive) process and requires
(68) _______________.

1 A (69) ____________ (偽足)

is formed to surround
the particle to be taken in.
nucleus
2 Cell membrane
particle to be
taken in (70) __________ to form a
cell membrane (71) ______________
which encloses the particle.

digested products

digestive enzyme
4 The digested products are
(74) _______________
into the cytoplasm.

3 The vacuole is fused with some other vacuoles which

contain (72) _______________ _______________.
The particle is (73) _____________ ____________
with the help of the enzymes.

 Phagocytosis

◼ Importance of phagocytosis:
➢ Involved in the (75) _______________ of some (76) _______________ organisms,
e.g. Amoeba engulfs food particles by phagocytosis
➢ Involved in body defence against diseases in humans. Certain types of
(77) _______________ _______________ cells engulf harmful microorganisms by
phagocytosis

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