HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS DURING THE

MODERN TIME: INVENTIONS/ PETROLEUM REFINERY

CONTRIBUTIONS TO SCIENCE AND - animal oils for generating light to
TECHNOLOGY (Modern Times) illuminate their homes
- Samuel M. Kier was able to invent
PASTEURIZATION (History) kerosene by refining petroleum.
- invented by French scientist Louis - the “illuminating oil” because it was used
Pasteur at first to providing lighting at homes.
- To remedy the frequent acidity of the - The development of kerosene established
local wines he fount out experimentally the petroleum refinery industry. At
that it is sufficient to heat a young wine to present, petroleum is widely used in
only about 50-60°C (122-140°F) for a brief powering automobiles, factories, and
time to kill the microbes. power plant among others.
- was originally used as a way of preventing
wine and beer from souring, and it would TELEPHONE
be many years before milk was - the telephone is one of the greatest
pasteurized. inventions in history. Early telephones
- Pasteurization of milk was suggested by were nothing like ones we have today.
Franz Van Soxhlet in 1886 - Telephone is the Greek word for “far
sound”. This is how the telephone became
PASTEURIZATION what it is today.
- a heat treatment involves heating food to - The telephone was invented by
a temperature that kills disease cause Alexander Graham Bell in 1876, with the
micro organisms and substantially reduces help of his assistant Thomas A. Watson.
the levels of spoilage organisms Mr. Bell was originally from Scotland and
- is not intended to kill all micro organisms came to Boston, Massachusetts in 1872.
in the food. Instead pasteurization aims Mr. Bell got the idea for the telephone
reduce the number of viable pathogens so from a German inventor, Herman von
they are unlikely to cause disease. Helmholz.
- the heating may be by means of steam, - Mr. Bell invented the telephone by
hot water, dry heat, or electric currents, accident when he was trying to invent
and the products are cooled promptly after device that could send more than one
the heat treatment telegram at the same time. Mr. Watson
- heating also destroy enzymes that make and Mr. Bell were both practicing their
milk spoil, so pasteurized milk drinkable for musical instruments in separate rooms.
a long time Bell spilled some polishing liquid on
himself and said over telephone, “Mr.
Watson, come here, I want you”. Mr. Bell
also invented the microphone and the
Fresh milk in (heating section + cooling section) Pasteurized milk out
speaker.
- the first telephone didn’t have a bell, so
the caller had to tap the phone with a
hammer to let the receiver know a call was
being sent to them. It was Thomas Watson - Region includes Mexico and Central
who invented the bell. America
- The first telephone operators only - The people that inhabited this region had
answered the phone when they felt like it. migrated from other parts of North
The operator would pick up the phone and America
say, “Number please”. If the number - the people formed and grew corn, beans,
wasn’t busy, the operator took a chord and squash, sweet potatoes, peppers and
plugged it into a switchboard. This tomatoes.
connected the caller to the number. - Farmers also domesticated animals

CALCULATOR (History)
THE MESOAMERICAN
- the development of calculator started CIVILIZATIONS
many years ago. THE MAYAS
 THE ABACUS - Flourished from AD 300-900
- developed in the 9th century by the - complex agricultural society
Chinese - Mayas established large city-states
- was used by the Iranians, Mesopotamian, - Farming and Trade- most of people were
Greeks, and many more cultures farmers. Men farmed while the women
- can do Addition, subtraction, turned the crops into food. Farmers paid
multiplication, division, square root and taxes in foodstuffs to support the city
cube root. state.
- Religion was very significant and priests
 The First MECHANICAL CALCULATOR were well respected. Priests were the only
- In 1645, a 19 year-old Blaise Pascal who could conduct ceremonies and rituals
created a calculator that lets you add and that the Mayas believed would ensure
subtract with minimal physical effort. bountiful harvests and victories in battle.
- the gears only turn in one direction and
use the rules of nines. MAYAN CONTRIBUTIONS
 Architecture - built large pyramids and
 TODAYS CALCULATOR palaces
- on our cellphones we can do regular  Agriculture - Grew enough food to
calculations and we even have currency support large populations
converters and tip calculators  Science - Developed a hieroglyphic
-Also, we can get scientific calculators style of writing, an accurate calendar,
downloaded on our computers and we numbering system, and understood
have a calculators on our computers. the concept of zero
 Mayan knowledge and understanding
DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE about celestial bodies was advanced
(MESOAMERICA) for their times.
- predicting eclipse
PEOPLE and GEOGRAPHY
- Using astrological cycles in
- the first great American civilizations
planting and harvesting
developed in Mesoamerica, also called
 The Mayan Calendar System
Middle America
- Mayan is known for measuring time using
two complicated calendar systems.
- it is useful for their life especially in - The Aztecs were fierce warriors using
planning activities and observing religious military conquests and alliances to build
rituals and cultural celebration. huge empire
 tzolk’in - The Aztec Empire became very wealthy
- The tzolk’in calendar combines from collecting taxes from conquered
twenty day names with thirteen people
day numbers to produce 260 - By the 1500’s, the Aztec Empire covered
unique days. most of Mexico and included
- It is used to determine the time of approximately 30 million people
religious and ceremonial events for
Social Structure of Aztecs
divination. Each successive day is
- Aztecs were ruled by a single emperor
numbered from 1 up to 13 and
who was chosen by a council of priests and
then starting again at 1. Separately
nobles
from this, every day is given a name
 Nobility
in sequence from a list of 20 day
 Warriors
name
 Traders- also acted as military
 Haab’ scouts
- was made up of eighteen months  Farmers
of twenty days each plus a period  Slaves
of five days at the end of the year
Aztecs Religion
know as Wayeb’.
- Priest were highly respected individuals
- Chief god was the Sun of God
- To please their gods, the Aztecs offered
thousands of human sacrifices
Aztecs Contribution
 Developed an accurate calendar and
established schools
 Doctors learned to set broken bones
and dentists learned to treat dental
MAYAN DECLINE cavities
- Around 90 AD, the Mayas abandoned  Architecture- the capitol was built on
their cities for unknown reasons. the site of present day Mexico City.
Historians speculate that possible causes The city began as two small islands on
of the decline may have been warfare, Lake Texaco. Engineers filled in parts
overpopulation, Famine or natural of the lake and built bridges to
disaster. connect the city to the mainland.
 Mandatory Education- the Aztecs puts
value on Education; that is why their
THE AZTECTS
children are mandated to get
- In the late 1200’s, a nomadic group
education regardless of their social
settled into Mexico and established their
class, gender, or age. It is an early form
capital in Tenochtitlan
of universal or inclusive education
  Temple of the Sun- built in the capital,
 Chocolates- the Aztecs in Mexico it was so strong it could withstand the
developed chocolate during their time. power of major earthquakes
In the Mayan Culture, they used it as  Agriculture- terrace farming used in
currency. The Aztec valued the cacao mountainous regions
beans highly and made it as part of  Communication- Incan government
their tribute to their gods. officials kept records by means of a
 Antispasmodic medication- they used knotted, colored string system called
a type of Antispasmodic medication quipus
that could prevent muscle spasms and  Incans also excelled in medicine
relax muscles, which could help during
surgery DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE in ASIA
 Chinampa- It is a form of Aztec - the biggest continent in the world
technology for agricultural farming in - considered as the home of many ancient
which land was divided into civilization
rectangular areas and surrounded by - the host of many cultural, economic,
canals scientific and political activities of all ages.
 Aztec Calendar- this enabled then to - a huge peninsula surrounded by vast
plan their activities, rituals and bodies of water and fortified by huge
planting season mountains in its northern boarders
 Invention of the Canoe- a light narrow - known for manufacturing of iron and in
boat used for travelling in water metallurgical works.
system
DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE in ASIA
THE INCAS INDIA
- in the 1400’s, the Incas Emerged from the  Famous in medicine e.g. AYURVEDA
Andes Mountains and conquered a large Ayurveda- a system of traditional
area that extended over 2500 miles down medicine that originated in ancient
the Pacific Coast India before 2500 BC.
- the Incas were ruled by an emperor who  spherical self-supporting earth
held absolute power and also acted as  Year of 360 days with 12 equal parts of
chief religious leader and the son of the 30 days each
Sun of God  Siddhanta Shiromani- the interest in
- Capital was located at Cuzco astronomy was evident in this book.
- The government controlled the lives of  Indus Valley Civilization
the people within their empire, everyone - the people in this civilization tried to
had to speak the Incan language and standardize measurement of length to a
worship Incan gods high degree of accuracy and a design rules
(Mohenjodaro Ruler)
INCAN CONTRIBUTIONS
 Aryabhatiya- introduced a number of
 Engineering- a system of roads that
trigonometric functions, tables, and
extended over 12, 000 miles and
techniques as well as algorithms of
included bridges and tunnels
algebra.
ARYABHATA
- first of the major mathematician-
astronomers from the classical age of
Indian mathematics and Indian astronomy.
- Aryabhatiya
- a place value system
- approximation of pi
- Trigonometry
- Solar and lunar eclipse were scientifically
explained by Aryabhata. He states that the
Moon and planets shine by reflected
sunlight.
 Brahmagupta
- Brahmasphutasiddhanta
- defined the properties of the number
zero, both as a placeholder and a decimal
digit
- suggested that gravity was a force of
attraction

SUMMARY
The evolution of science is like a boon to
the world, as human beings come to know
a lot about the world they are living in
including the activities they indulge into.
Furthermore, the development of
technology along with the advancement in
Science helps to bring in a revolution in
various fields such as medicine,
agriculture, education, information and
technology, and many more.