AMITY INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, VYC, LUCKNOW

CLASS- IX
IS MATTER AROUND US PURE?
HAND OUT-3
How to separate components of a mixture?
We can separate the heterogeneous mixtures into their constituents by means of physical
methods like:

• Filtration

• Hand-picking

• Sieving

The components of a mixture can be separated from each other using several other
techniques like:

• Evaporation

• Centrifugation

• Sublimation

• Chromatography

• Distillation

1. Evaporation – For separating a mixture of a non-volatile and a volatile substance

• Applications:

o Separating coloured component from the ink

o Salt from water

o Sugar from Water

 • Method:

o Mix some ink into water and heat it. After some time the water will
evaporate leaving behind the coloured substance.

2. Centrifugation – Separating dense particles from lighter particles

• Applications:

o Separating milk from cream

o Separating butter from cream

o Squeezing out water from wet clothes

• Method:

o Milk is put in a centrifuging machine or milk churner and the cream thus
separates from milk.

3. Using a Separating funnel – To separate two immiscible liquids

 • Applications:

o Oil from water

o Iron and iron ore

• Method:

o The immiscible liquids are allowed to settle in the funnel. They soon form
separate layers due to varying densities. The first liquid is allowed to flow
out of the funnel and as soon as it is completely poured out, the stopcock
is closed thereby separating the two liquids from each other.

4. Sublimation – To separate a sublimable component from a non-sublimable component

• Applications:

o Ammonium chloride / camphor / naphthalene and salt

• Method:

o Heat the mixture in an inverted funnel so that the sublimable component

sublimes in the air and settles over the walls of the funnel and the non-
sublimable component, on the other hand, is left behind.
5. Chromatography – To separate solutes that can dissolve in the same solvent

• Applications:

o Separating colour components of a dye

o Drugs from blood

• Method:

o Take a filter paper or a blotting paper and place a drop of ink at the rear
end. Dip the end in water. Since ink is a mixture of two or more colors,
the component of ink which is soluble in water mixes into it and then
separates quickly from the other components that are less soluble in
water.

6. Distillation – To separate miscible liquids (the boiling points of the liquids must be
sufficiently different)
 • Applications:

o Acetone and water

• Method:

o The mixture is heated in a distillation apparatus. The one substance with

lower boiling point evaporates first, condenses and gets separated from
the one with a higher boiling point.

o Simple Distillation – when the miscible liquids have a satisfactory

difference in their boiling points
o Fractional Distillation – when the difference between the boiling points of
the liquids is less than 25 K
• Fractional Distillation:
Fractional distillation is a process of separating two or more miscible liquids by distillation,
the distillate being collected in fractions boiling at different temperatures.

When the boiling point difference between 2 miscible liquids is less than 25 K, then fractional
distillation is used. In this process, except distillation apparatus, a fractionating column is
fitted in between distillation flask and the condenser.

A simple fractionating column has glass beads. These beads provide surface for vapour to
cool and condense rapidly.
Separating different Gases from the Air
Method – Fractional Distillation
• Compress and cool the air by increasing the temperature and decreasing the
pressure. The air turns to liquid air.

• Liquid air is warmed up slowly in a fractional distillation apparatus

• The several components of air get separated and are collected at various heights on
the basis of their boiling points

Purifying Solids
Method used – Crystallization
In the crystallization method, we can obtain a pure solid in the form of crystals from its solution
 • Applications:

o Salt from sea water

o Purification of copper sulphate

• Method:

o The impurities of a substance are filtered out.

o Water is evaporated to obtain a saturated solution.

o The solution is covered with filter paper and left as it is.

o After some time, the crystals of pure solid are formed.

• Is evaporation better than crystallization?

Simple evaporation is not better than crystallization because:

1. Some solid substances decompose because of excess heat. For Example, Sugar gets
charred on extra heating.
2. If after filtration some impurities remain in the solution they can contaminate the solid and
therefore we would not obtain a pure substance.
8. Purification of surface water
The purification of surface water can be done through following steps-
Sedimentation → loading → filtration → chlorination.

i.Sedimentation: The river water is pumped into a series of sedimentation tanks where it is
allowed to stay for a day. Heavy particles of clay and other impurities settle down at the
bottom due to the effect of gravity. The supernatant water is then sent to another settling
tank.
ii. Loading: In next chamber, water is treated with chemicals, i.e. alum and lime to get
further settling of impurities.
iii. Filtration: The clear water from the second tank is pumped into filtration tank where
sand and gravel filter completely remove the suspended impurities.
iv. Chlorination: The clear water is chlorinated with a calculated amount of chlorine in
the chlorination tank. This process kills harmful bacteria and germs and provides safe
drinking water.
Physical Change and Chemical Change
Physical Property of a Substance:
Properties of a substance such as rigidity, colour, fluidity, boiling point, melting point, density and
hardness which we can observe are called as Physical Properties.
Physical Change:
When physical properties of a substance change it is known as a Physical Change. When we
convert a substance from one state to another, such as a solid into a liquid or vice-versa, it is also
a physical change as only the physical nature of the substance changes without affecting its
chemical nature.
For Example, Change of ice into water. The chemical properties of water remain the same.
Chemical Property of a Substance:
The chemical nature of a substance is known as its Chemical Property such as its odour or its
chemical composition.
Chemical Change:
When the chemical properties or chemical composition of a substance gets altered it is called a
chemical change. It is also called as a Chemical Reaction.
For Example, Burning of paper

Physical change Chemical change

no new substance is formed a new substance is formed

Mass does not change Mass changes
Energy is neither absorbed nor released Energy is absorbed or released
Reversible in nature Irreversible in nature
For example: For example:
Glowing of bulb rusting of iron
Sublimation of camphor Burning of magnesium
Magnetizing iron Reacting metal with acids