Department of Computer and Software Engineering

College of E&ME, NUST, Rawalpindi

CS – 107: Computer Programming

LAB # 04: Control and Iterative Structures in C++

Course Instructor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Farhan Hussain

Lab Instructor:Engr. Ayesha Khanam

Sr. No. Student’s Name CMS ID

CS – 107: Computer Programming 1

 Department of Computer and Software Engineering
College of E&ME, NUST, Rawalpindi

LAB # 04: Control and Iterative Structures in C++

Software Requirement(s): MS Visual Studio

Lab Objectives:
Control and iterative structures are fundamental constructs in programming, allowing to control
the flow of execution and repeat tasks efficiently. This lab explores switch-case statements, loops
(while, do-while, for), nested loops, and loop control statements (break, continue). Mastering
these concepts shall enable students to develop efficient, structured, and well-organized code.

Switch Case Statements

The switch-case statement allows multi-way branching based on an integer, character, or

enumeration constant, presented as an argument. It is an efficient alternative to multiple if-else
statements and is often used in menu-driven programs.

Syntax:
switch (expression)
{
case caseLabel1:
// Code to execute if expression == constant1
break;
case caseLabel2:
// Code to execute if expression == constant2
break;
...
default:
// Code to execute if no case matches
}

1. Expression: The switch statement evaluates an expression that must result in an integer,
character, or enumeration constant. The result of this evaluation determines which case is
executed.
2. Case Labels: Each case label specifies a possible value of the expression. If the evaluated
expression matches a case, the statements inside that case block execute.

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 Department of Computer and Software Engineering
College of E&ME, NUST, Rawalpindi

3. Break Statement: The break statement ensures that execution exits the switch-case
structure once a match is found. Without break, execution will continue to the next case
(fall-through behavior), which is often undesirable unless explicitly needed.
4. Default Case: The default block executes if no matching case is found. It acts as a
fallback mechanism to handle unexpected inputs.

Example:
#include<iostream>
usingnamespace std;
intmain() {
int day;
cout<<"Enter day number (1-7): ";
cin>> day;

switch (day)
{
case 1:
cout<<"Monday"; break; // If day is 1, print Monday
case 2:
cout<<"Tuesday"; break; // If day is 2, print Tuesday
case 3:
cout<<"Wednesday"; break; // If day is 3, print Wednesday
case 4:
cout<<"Thursday"; break; // If day is 4, print Thursday
case 5:
cout<<"Friday"; break; // If day is 5, print Friday
case 6:
cout<<"Saturday"; break; // If day is 6, print Saturday
case 7:
cout<<"Sunday"; break; // If day is 7, print Sunday
default:
cout<<"Invalid input!"; // If input is not 1-7, print invalid message
}
return 0;
}

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 Department of Computer and Software Engineering
College of E&ME, NUST, Rawalpindi

While Loop

The while loop executes a block of code as long as a condition remains true. It is useful when the
number of iterations is unknown before runtime.

Syntax:

while (condition)
{
// Code to execute
}

1. Condition: A Boolean expression that determines whether the loop should continue
executing. If the condition evaluates to true, the loop body executes; otherwise, the loop
terminates.
2. Execution Flow: The condition is checked before the loop body runs. If it is false
initially, the loop never executes.
3. Indeterminate Iterations: The while loop is useful when the number of iterations is
unknown before execution, as it depends on real-time data or user input.
4. Common Use Cases:
a. Reading User Input: Continuously asking for valid input until a correct value is
entered.

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 Department of Computer and Software Engineering
College of E&ME, NUST, Rawalpindi

b. Processing Data Streams: Iterating over a file or network data until reaching an
end marker.
c. Waiting for Events: Continuously checking for an external event to occur before
proceeding.
5. Potential Pitfall: If the condition is always true, the loop becomes infinite, leading to a
program hang.

Example:
#include<iostream>
usingnamespace std;

intmain()
{
int count = 1;
while (count <= 5) // Loop continues while count is less than or equal to 5
{
cout<<"Iteration: "<< count <<endl;
count++; // Increment count to prevent infinite loop
}
return 0;
}
Do-While Loop

The do-while loop ensures execution at least once before checking the condition. It is useful for
scenarios like menu-driven programs and user input validation.

CS – 107: Computer Programming 5

 Department of Computer and Software Engineering
College of E&ME, NUST, Rawalpindi

Syntax:
do {
// Code to execute
} while (condition);

1. Guaranteed Execution: The loop body runs at least once, even if the condition is false.
2. Condition Checking: Occurs after execution, making it suitable for user-driven loops.
3. Common Use Cases:
a. Password validation
b. Retrying operations
c. User confirmation dialogs.

Example:
#include<iostream>
usingnamespace std;

intmain()
{
int num;
do
{
cout<<"Enter a positive number: ";
cin>> num; // User input
} while (num < 0); // Repeat loop if input is negative
return 0;
}

Difference between while and do-while loop:

Feature While Loop Do-While Loop

Condition Check Before execution After execution for once

Execution Guarantee Will not execute if condition is false Executes at least once

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 Department of Computer and Software Engineering
College of E&ME, NUST, Rawalpindi

For Loop

The for loop is used when the number of iterations is known beforehand and follows a structured
approach with an initialization, condition, and update.

Syntax:
for (initialization; condition; update)
{
// Code to execute
}
1. Initialization: Declares and initializes the loop control variable.
2. Condition: Evaluated before each iteration; if false, the loop terminates.
3. Update: Modifies the loop control variable.
4. Common Use Cases:
a. Counting loops
b. Iterating over arrays
c. Running a fixed number of repetitions

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 Department of Computer and Software Engineering
College of E&ME, NUST, Rawalpindi

Example:
#include<iostream>
usingnamespace std;

intmain()
{
for (inti = 1; i<= 5; i++) // Loop runs from 1 to 5
{
cout<<"Iteration: "<<i<<endl;
}
return 0;
}

Nested Loops:

A nested loop is a loop that exists within another loop. The inner loop executes completely for
each iteration of the outer loop.
Use Cases:
 Matrix Operations: Iterating over 2D arrays.
 Pattern Printing: Creating complex patterns using nested structures.
 Sorting Algorithms: Bubble sort, selection sort, etc.

Example: Printing a multiplication table.

#include<iostream>
usingnamespace std;

intmain()
{
for (inti = 1; i<= 5; i++) // Outer loop iterates through numbers 1 to 5

{
for (int j = 1; j <= 10; j++) // Inner loop iterates through 1 to 10

{
cout<<i<<" x "<< j <<" = "<<i * j <<endl;
}
cout<<endl; // Separate each table
}
return 0;
}

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 Department of Computer and Software Engineering
College of E&ME, NUST, Rawalpindi

Break and Continue Statements:

 Break

The breakstatement is used to exit a loop immediately when a specific condition is met.

Example:
#include<iostream>
usingnamespace std;

intmain()
{
for (inti = 1; i<= 10; i++)
{
if (i == 4)
break; // Exit loop when i is 4
cout<<i<<" ";
}
return 0;
}

 Continue

The continue statement skips the current iteration and proceeds to the next one.

Example:
#include<iostream>
usingnamespace std;

intmain()
{
//The loop prints numbers 1, 2, 4, 5, skipping 3.
for (inti = 1; i<= 5; i++)
{
if (i == 3)
continue; // Skip iteration when i is 3
cout<<i<<" ";
}
return 0;
}

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 Department of Computer and Software Engineering
College of E&ME, NUST, Rawalpindi

Lab Tasks
1. Simulate an ATM transaction system where the user can choose options such as
withdraw, deposit, check balance, and exitusing a switch-case statement. Ensure proper
input validation and error handling.

2. Create a car rental system where the user selects a car type (Economy, Standard, Luxury)
and enters the number of rental days. Use control structures to determine the rental price
and apply a surcharge for luxury cars.

3. Write a program that takes the severity level of a patient’s condition (Mild, Moderate,
Severe, Critical) and assigns them to an appropriate medical department using if-else
conditions. Additionally, determine if the patient needs immediate admission based on
their severity level.

4. Write a program that calculates the factorial of a number using ado-while loop. Ensure
that the user enters a non-negative integer.

5. Write a program where the user has to guess a randomly generated number between 1
and 100. The program should provide hints such as "Too high" or "Too low" and stop
when the correct number is guessed.

Input:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
// already defined "random" number to gues
int randomNumber = 57; // testing value
int userGuess;
int attempts = 0;

cout << "Welcome to the number guessing game!" << endl;

// Loop until the user guesses the correct number

while (true) {
cout << "Guess a number between 1 and 100: ";
cin >> userGuess;

attempts++;

if (userGuess > randomNumber) {

cout << "Too high! Try again." << endl;

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 Department of Computer and Software Engineering
College of E&ME, NUST, Rawalpindi

}
else if (userGuess < randomNumber) {
cout << "Too low! Try again." << endl;
}
else {
cout << "Congratulations! You guessed the correct number " <<
randomNumber << " in " << attempts << " attempts." << endl;
break; // Exit loop when the correct number is guessed
}
}

return 0;
}

6. Develop a program that takes vehicle speed as input and determines if the driver is within
the limit, overspeeding, or heavily overspeedingusing if-else conditions. Use aswitch-
case statement to apply fines based on the violation category. Implement a loop to check
multiple vehicles.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
int limit = 80;
int vehicle_speed;
cout << "Enter the vehicle speed: ";
cin >> vehicle_speed;
if (vehicle_speed <= limit)
{
cout << "Speed is within the limit." << endl;
}
else if (vehicle_speed <= limit + 20)
{

CS – 107: Computer Programming 11

 Department of Computer and Software Engineering
College of E&ME, NUST, Rawalpindi

cout << "Overspeeding. Fine:1000Rs" << endl;

}
else {
cout << "Heavily overspeeding Fine: 2500Rs" << endl;
}
system("pause");
return 0;
}

7. Develop a program that simulates a restaurant ordering system. The user should be able
to choose a meal from a menu using a switch-case statement, enter the quantity, and
calculate the total bill. Use a loop to allow multiple orders and an if-else condition for
applying discounts on orders exceeding a specific amount.
8. #include <iostream>
9. using namespace std;
10.
11. int main() {
12. int choice, quantity;
13. float T_Bill = 0;
14. float price = 0;
15. char MoreOrder;
16.
17. // Loop to allow multiple orders
18. do {

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 Department of Computer and Software Engineering
College of E&ME, NUST, Rawalpindi

19. // Display menu

20. cout << "\n--- Welcome to to Ali Restaurant\n";
21. cout << "1. Burger - 550Rs\n";
22. cout << "2. Pizza - 1500Rs\n";
23. cout << "3. Pasta - 750Rs\n";
24. cout << "4. Salad - 300Rs\n";
25. cout << "Enter the number of the item you want to order:
";
26. cin >> choice;
27.
28. // Switch statement to handle the user's choice
29. switch (choice) {
30. case 1:
31. price = 550;
32. cout << "You selected Burger.\n";
33. break;
34. case 2:
35. price = 1500;
36. cout << "You selected Pizza.\n";
37. break;
38. case 3:
39. price = 750;
40. cout << "You selected Pasta.\n";
41. break;
42. case 4:
43. price = 300;
44. cout << "You selected Salad.\n";
45. break;
46. default:
47. cout << "Invalid choice. Please select from the
menu.\n";
48. continue; // Skip the rest and go back to the
menu if the choice is invalid
49. }
50.
51. // Enter quantity
52. cout << "Enter the quantity: ";
53. cin >> quantity;
54.
55. // total amount for the current order
56. T_Bill += price * quantity;
57.
58. // for more order
59. cout << "Do you want to order more items? (y/n): ";
60. cin >> MoreOrder;
61.
62. } while (MoreOrder == 'y' || MoreOrder == 'Y'); // more order
'n'
63.
64. // Apply discount if the total bill exceeds 2000 amount
65. if (T_Bill > 2000) {

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 Department of Computer and Software Engineering
College of E&ME, NUST, Rawalpindi

66. T_Bill *= 0.9; // Apply 10% discount

67. cout << "You received a 10% discount!\n";
68. }
69.
70. // Display the total bill
71. cout << "\nTotal bill: Rs" << T_Bill << endl;
72.
73. return 0;
74. }

General Guidelines
 Properly comment and indent the code.
 Make the console intuitive.
 Attach the code and screenshot of the console for each task.
 Ensure originality in your documentation. Plagiarized reports get zero credit, whatsoever.
 Make submissions well in time to earn a maximum score.
 In case of any queries related to the lab, reach me out at [email protected] .

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