CLOUD COMPUTING

UNIT - II

1. a) Explain about cloud computing features. 2M

b) Differentiate cloud and conventional computing. 3M
c) Demonstrate cloud computing architecture. 10M

2. a) Define cloud computing. 2M

b) Demonstrate “cloud computing is a service” 3M
c) Review need and motivations of cloud computing. 10M

3. a) Discuss advantages of cloud computing. 2M

b) Explore desired features of cloud computing 3M
c) Demonstrate “cloud computing is a platform”. 10M

4. a) Discuss limitations of cloud computing. 2M

b) Analyze the need of cloud computing. 3M
c) Study the performance of the cloud with its essential characteristics. 10M

5. a) Explain about layered cloud computing model. 2M

b) Define principles of cloud computing. 3M
c) Demonstrate cloud as utility model, pay per use model, service offering
model and distributed computing model. 10M

6. a) Define self-service cloud computing. 2M

b) Distinguish data center and data warehouse. 3M
c) Distinguish various cloud deployment models. 10M
 UNIT – II

Question And Answers

1. a) Explain about cloud computing features. 2M

ANS : Cloud computing has five essential features. They are
1. On-demand self-services: The Cloud computing services does not
require any human administrators, user themselves are able to
provision, monitor and manage
computing resources as needed.
2. Broad network access: The
Computing services are generally
provided over standard networks and
heterogeneous devices.
3. Rapid elasticity: The Computing
services should have IT resources
that are able to scale out and in
quickly and on as needed basis.
4. Resource pooling: The IT resource
present are shared across multiple
applications and occupant in an
uncommitted manner. Multiple
clients are provided service from a
same physical resource.
5. Measured service: The resource
utilization is tracked for each application and occupant, it will provide
both the user and the resource provider with an account of what has
been used.

b) Differentiate cloud and conventional computing. 3M

ANS :
c) Demonstrate cloud computing architecture. 10M
ANS : Cloud computing technology is used by both small and large organizations
to store the information in cloud and access it from anywhere at anytime using the
internet connection.
Cloud computing architecture is a combination of service-oriented
architecture and event-driven architecture.
Cloud computing architecture is divided into four layers -
i. Layer 1 (User/Client Layer) : This layer is the lowest layer in the cloud
architecture. all the users or client belong to this layer.
 This is the place where the client/user initiates the connection to the
cloud.
 The client can be
any device such as a
thin client, thick
client, or mobile or
any handheld device
that would support
basic functionalities
to access a web
application.

ii. Layer 2 (Network

Layer) : This layer
allows the users to connect to the cloud.
 The whole cloud infrastructure is dependent on this connection where
the services are offered to the customers.
 This is primarily the internet in the case of a public cloud. the public
cloud usually exists in a specific location and the user would not know
the location as it is abstract.
 The public cloud can be accessed all over the world, in the case of a
private cloud connectivity may be provided by a local area network (lan).

iii. Layer 3 (Cloud Management Layer) : This layer consists of software's

that are used in managing the cloud.
 The software's can be a cloud operating system (os), a software that acts
as an interface between the data center (actual resources) and the user,
or a management software that allows managing resources.
 This layer comes under the purview of service-level agreement (SLA) ,
that is, the operations taking place in this layer would affect the (SLA)
that are being decided upon between the users and the service providers.

iv. Layer 4 (Hardware Resource Layer) : layer 4 consists of provisions for

actual hardware resources. usually, in the case of a public cloud, a data
center is used in the back end. similarly, in a private cloud, it can be a
 data center, which is a huge collection of hardware resources
interconnected to each other that is present in a specific location or a
high configuration system.
 This is the most important layer that governs the (SLA) in the case of
data centers. Whenever a user accesses the cloud, it should be available
to the users as quickly as possible and should be within the time that is
defined by the slas.

Components of Cloud Computing Architecture

There are the following components of cloud computing architecture –

1. Client Infrastructure :Client Infrastructure is a Front end component. It

provides GUI (Graphical User Interface) to interact with the cloud.
2. Application : The application may be any software or platform that a
client wants to access.
3. Service : A Cloud Services manages that which type of service you
access according to the client’s requirement.
Cloud computing offers the following three type of services:
i. Software as a Service (SaaS) – It is also known as cloud
application services. Mostly, SaaS applications run directly
through the web browser means we do not require to
download and install these applications. Some important
example of SaaS is given below –
Example: Google Apps, Salesforce Dropbox, Slack, Hubspot,
Cisco WebEx.
ii. Platform as a Service (PaaS) – It is also known as cloud
platform services. It is quite similar to SaaS, but the
difference is that PaaS provides a platform for software
creation, but using SaaS, we can access software over the
internet without the need of any platform.
Example: Windows Azure, Force.com, Magento Commerce
Cloud, OpenShift.
iii. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) – It is also known
as cloud infrastructure services. It is responsible for
managing applications data, middleware, and runtime
environments.
Example: Amazon Web Services (AWS) EC2, Google
Compute Engine (GCE), Cisco Metapod.
4. Runtime Cloud : Runtime Cloud provides the execution and runtime
environment to the virtual machines.
5. Storage : Storage is one of the most important components of cloud
computing. It provides a huge amount of storage capacity in the cloud to
store and manage data.
 6. Infrastructure : It provides services on the host level, application
level, and network level. Cloud infrastructure includes hardware and
software components such as servers, storage, network devices,
virtualization software, and other storage resources that are needed to
support the cloud computing model.
7. Management : Management is used to manage components such as
application, service, runtime cloud, storage, infrastructure, and other
security issues in the backend and establish coordination between them.
8. Security : Security is an in-built back end component of cloud
computing. It implements a security mechanism in the back end.
9. Internet : The Internet is medium through which front end and back
end can interact and communicate with each other.

2. a) Define cloud computing. 2M

ANS : Cloud computing is storing and accessing data and programs over the
Internet from a remote location or computer.
• For cloud computing, we need to access our data or programs over the
Internet however, with an online connection, cloud computing can be
done anywhere, anytime, and by any device.

b) Demonstrate “cloud computing is a service” 3M

ANS : Cluster computer processor machines share resources such as a common
home directory and have a software such as a message passing interface (MPI)
implementation installed to allow programs to be run across all nodes
simultaneously.

Key characteristics of cloud computing as: “(1) the illusion of infinite computing resources; (2) the elimination of
an up-front commitment by cloud users; and (3) the ability to pay for use . . . as needed . . .”
-University of California Berkeley

a pay-per-use model for enabling available, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of
configurable computing resources (e.g. networks, servers, storage, applications, services) that can be rapidly
provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction.
-National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)

Data center hardware and software that provide services. -Armbrust et al.
“Cloud” is more often used to refer to the IT infrastructure deployed on an Infrastructure as a Service provider
data center. -Sotomayor et al.

c) Review need and motivations of cloud computing. 10M

ANS : Motivation For C C :
 Cloud computing is a mechanism of hiring or getting the services of the
computing power or infrastructure to an organizational or individual level
to the extent required and paying only for the consumed services.
 Cloud computing it eliminates a large computing investment without
compromising the use of computing at the user level at an operational
cost.
  Even if we lose our laptop or due to some crisis our personal computer—
and the desktop system—gets damaged, still our data and files will stay
safe and secured as these are not in our local machine (but remotely
located at the provider’s place—machine).
 It is a way to increase capacity or add capabilities without investing in new
infrastructure, training new personnel, or licensing new software.
 Cloud computing encompasses the subscription- based or pay-per-use
service model of offering computing to end users or customers over the
Internet .

Need for Cloud Computing :

 The need and use of cloud computing are convenience and reliability.
 The cloud also makes it much easier to share a file with friends, making it
possible to collaborate over the web.
 There is always a risk in internet that someone may try to gain access to
our personal data therefore it is important to choose and access attention to
privacy settings for the cloud service that we are using.
1. Efficiency :
 Accessibility- Cloud computing facilitates the access of applications and
data from any location worldwide and from any device with an internet
connection.
 Cost savings- Cloud computing offers businesses with scalable
computing resources hence saving them on the cost of acquiring and
maintaining them. These resources are paid for on a pay-as-you-go basis
which means businesses pay only for the resources they use.
 Security- Cloud providers especially those offering private cloud
services, have strived to implement the best security standards and
procedures in order to protect client’s data saved in the cloud.
 Disaster recovery- Cloud computing offers the most efficient means for
backup and restore their data and applications in a fast and reliable way.
 2. Flexibility
 Scalability- Cloud computing is the best option for businesses with
fluctuating workloads since cloud infrastructure scales depending on the
demands of the business.
 Tools selection- Cloud computing allows businesses to select specific
prebuilt tools and device support applications.
 Cloud options- Cloud computing offers private cloud, public cloud,
hybrid cloud and community cloud features. Organizations can choose
these options depending on what best serves their need.
 Control choices- Businesses can determine their level of control with
as-a-service options offered by the cloud provider. These options
include SaaS, PaaS, and IaaS.

3. Strategic edge
 Increased productivity- Cloud service providers acquire and manage
enabling businesses to focus on their core business operations.
 Automatic software updates- All the software applications that are
accessed through the cloud are usually up-to-date. This enables
businesses to access the latest features without having to maintain the
system themselves.
 Competitiveness- Businesses of organizations are compared to
competitors who devote their energies to acquiring and maintaining IT
resources.
 Increased collaboration- With the capabilities of cloud computing,
individuals from different places can collaborate in business projects
without necessarily having to meet.

3. a) Discuss advantages of cloud computing. 2M

ANS : Advantages of Cloud Computing :
- Access to applications from anywhere
- Support for searching and learning
- Software free or pay per use
- 24 hours access to infrastructure and content.
- Operating to business environment and
advanced records
- Protection of the environment by using green
technologies.
- Increasing functional capabilities
- Offline usage with future synchronization
opportunities

b) Explore desired features of cloud computing 3M

ANS :
c) Demonstrate “cloud computing is a platform”. 10M
ANS : The World Wide Web (WWW) can be considered as the operating system for
all our Internet-based applications.
• The basic meaning of the term platform is that it is the support on
which applications run or give results to the users.
• For example, Microsoft Windows is a platform. But, a platform does not
have to be an operating system. Java is a platform even though it is not
an operating system.
• Through cloud computing, the web is becoming a platform.
• The cloud offers quite a considerable amount of business agility, cost
improvements and service efficiencies to managers.
• The knowledge of objectives will give you an outline and align the
organization on the benefits that are expected.
Cloud Computing is a Platform- Need
 Cloud computing platforms offer a wide range of services.
 The types of service that these cloud computing platforms also determine
their type.
 Cloud computing is a scalable system, which made it adaptable to
specific conditions.
 Businesses in a wide range of sizes and industries have different
problems and needs.
 Cloud computing caters to these problems and needs by developing
various platforms.
 For instance, free cloud storage and paid storage service exist.
 The reason for this is to cloud computing could cater to small-scale and
large-scale usage receptively.
 This variety of solutions to various problems gave rise to the diverse
cloud computing platforms based on service models.

Cloud Computing is a Platform- Attributes

 A cloud computing platform can be assembled from a distributed set of
machines in different locations, connected to a single network or hub
service.
 It is possible to distinguish between two types of distributed clouds:
public-resource computing and volunteer cloud.
Public-resource computing—This type of distributed cloud results from an
expansive definition of cloud computing, because they are more akin to
distributed computing than cloud computing. Nonetheless, it is considered a
sub-class of cloud computing.
Volunteer cloud—Volunteer cloud computing is characterized as the
intersection of public-resource computing and cloud computing, where a cloud
computing infrastructure is built using volunteered resources. Many challenges
arise from this type of infrastructure, because of the volatility of the resources
 used to build it and the dynamic environment it operates in. It can also be
called peer-to-peer clouds, or ad-hoc clouds.

4. a) Discuss limitations of cloud computing. 2M

ANS :
- Not all applications run in cloud.
- Risks related to data protection and security and accounts management
- Organizational support
- Dissemination policies, intellectual property
- Security and protection of sensitive data.
- Maturity of solutions
- Students adherence
- Speed/lack of internet can affect work methods.

b) Analyze the need of cloud computing. 3M

ANS : Need for Cloud Computing :
 Cloud computing adoption is on the rise every year.
 Enterprises recognize cloud computing benefits and see how they impact
their production, collaboration, security and revenue.
 By using a cloud-based solution, an enterprise can prevent a lot of problems
that plague organizations that rely on on-premises infrastructure.
 Pooled computing resources available through cloud computing have been
proven to offer tremendous benefits to business organizations.
 Unraveling are these benefits broadly classified into three categories that
include efficiency, flexibility, and strategic value.
 Building the infrastructure to support cloud computing now accounts
for more than a third of all IT
spending worldwide, according to
research from IDC.
 Meanwhile spending on
traditional, in-house IT continues
to slide as computing workloads
continue to move to the cloud,
whether that is public cloud
services offered by vendors or
private clouds built by enterprises
themselves.

c) Study the performance of the cloud with its essential characteristics.

10M
ANS : Essential Characteristics of Cloud Computing :
 Cloud entails an ever-expanding list of tools and techniques, but the
key characteristics of cloud computing remain the same.

 Today, cloud computing extends from infrastructure to software-as-a-

service models and everything in between, including AI, containers,
 serverless computing, databases, IoT, dedicated networking, analytics,
business apps and much more.

 Each subset has its own benefits and challenges, but several core cloud
computing features underpin all of them.

 Explore these key characteristics of cloud computing that help explain

why it's the go-to destination for building and deploying modern
applications.

1. On-demand computing and self-service provisioning :

 AWS, Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud and other public cloud
platforms make resources available to users at the click of a button
or API call.
 With data centers all over the world, these vendors have vast
amounts of compute and storage assets at the ready. This
represents a radical departure for IT teams accustomed to an on-
premises procurement process that can take months to complete.
 Cloud computing's characteristic of self-service provisioning goes
hand in hand with on-demand computing capabilities.
 Instead of waiting for new servers to be delivered to a private data
center, developers can select the resources and tools they need --
typically through a cloud provider's self-service portal -- and build
right away.

2. Resource pooling :
 Public cloud providers rely on multi-tenant architectures to
accommodate more users at the same time.
 Customers' workloads are abstracted from the hardware and
underlying software, which serve multiple customers on the same
host.
 Cloud providers increasingly rely on custom hardware and
abstraction layers to improve security and speed users' access to
resources.

3. Scalability and rapid elasticity :

 Resource pooling enables scalability for cloud providers and users
because compute, storage, networking and other assets can be
added or removed as needed.
 This helps enterprise IT teams optimize their cloud-hosted
workloads and avoid end-user bottlenecks.
 Clouds can scale vertically or horizontally, and service providers
offer automation software to handle dynamic scaling for users.
  Traditional, on-premises architectures can't scale as easily.
Typically, enterprises have to plan for peak capacity by purchasing
servers and other infrastructure assets; those extra resources sit
idle during lulls in activity.
 While scalability tends to describe longer-term cloud infrastructure
plans, rapid elasticity is more of a short-term characteristic.
 When demand unexpectedly surges, properly configured cloud
applications and services instantly and automatically add
resources to handle the load.
 When the demand abates, services return to original resource
levels.

4. Pay-per-use pricing :
 This cloud computing characteristic shifts IT spending from Capex to
Opex, as providers offer per-second billing.
 Though this can generally be seen as a positive, IT teams must be
careful since their resource needs likely aren't static.
 VMs should be right-sized, turned off while not in use or scaled down
as conditions dictate.
 Otherwise, organizations waste money and can end up with sticker
shock when the monthly bill arrives.
 This pricing model was once the only way to pay for cloud, but
vendors have since added various pricing plans that often provide
cheaper costs in exchange for longer-term commitments.

5. Measured service :
 Measuring service usage is useful for both a cloud provider and its
customers.
 The provider and the customer monitor and report on the use of
resources and services, such as VMs, storage, processing and
bandwidth.
 That data is used to calculate the customer's consumption of cloud
resources, and feeds into the pay-per-use model.
 The cloud provider, meanwhile, can better understand how
customers utilize its resources and potentially improve the
infrastructure and services offered.

6. Resiliency and availability :

 Cloud providers use a number of techniques to guard against
downtime, such as minimizing regional dependencies to avoid
single points of failure.
  Users can also extend their workloads across availability zones,
which have redundant networks connecting multiple data centers
in relatively close proximity.
 Some higher-level services automatically distribute workloads
across availability zones. Of course, these systems aren't foolproof.
 Outages occur and enterprises must have contingency plans in
place.
 For some, that means extending workloads across isolated regions
or even different platforms, though that can come with a hefty
price tag and increased complexity.

7. Security :
 Cloud vendors employ some of the best security experts in the
world and are generally better equipped to handle threats than
most in-house IT teams.
 In fact, some of the biggest financial firms in the world say the
cloud is a security asset.
 Public cloud providers follow the shared-responsibility model --
they tend to the security of the platform and users handle their
own apps that sit on top.
 Failure to fully grasp those delineations has led to
some embarrassing, high-profile exposures of sensitive corporate
data.
8. Broad network access :
 A big part of the cloud's utility is its ubiquity.
 Users can access data or upload data to the cloud from anywhere
with an internet connection.
 Because most enterprises have a mix of operating systems,
platforms and devices, the cloud is an attractive option.
 Cloud providers preserve that broad network access by monitoring
and ensuring various metrics that reflect how customers access
cloud resources and data: latency, access time, data throughput,
etc.
 These factor into quality of service requirements and service-level
agreements.

5. a) Explain about layered cloud computing model. 2M

ANS : Layered cloud computing model :
b) Define principles of cloud computing. 3M
ANS : Basic Principle of Cloud Computing:
 Federation: A cloud computing environment must be capable of
providing federated service providers which means that, these providers,
must be capable of collaborating and resource sharing at any point
irrespective of their type. This is usually needed when an organization
extends its computing paradigm from the private to the public cloud.
Moreover, This federation must be kept transparent so that the virtual
application can be used on all the sites. This makes the application be
handled remotely and allows it to migrate from one site to another. Apart
from this, the federation must be carried out in a secure and
independent way.
 Independence: The user of cloud
computing services must be
independent of the provider’s
specific tool and the type of
service. According to this
principle, a user must be allowed
the required virtual resource
irrespective of the type of
provider. Moreover, it is the
responsibility of service providers
to handle infrastructure while
hiding confidential information.
 Isolation: According to this
principle, a service provider must
ensure the user with respect to
 the isolation of their data from others. Even the data in the same cloud
must be separated from different users and therefore should not be
accessed.
 Elasticity: The user of cloud computing must be provided with ease of
accessing and releasing the resources as required. This is typically
referred to as elasticity. The rules associated with elasticity must be
included within the contract made between consumers and services
providers.
 Business Orientation: To develop a more efficient computing
environment, an efficient platform must be developed before the
applications are included in the cloud. This typically ensures the quality
of services and assist SLA (Service-Level-Agreement).
 Trust: To build a successful cloud computing environment, one of the
major factors is trust between consumers and service providers.
Therefore, effective mechanisms must be included to develop a
trustworthy computing environment.

c) Demonstrate cloud as utility model, pay per use model, service offering
model and distributed computing model.
10M
ANS :There are the following three types of cloud
service models -
1. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
2. Platform as a Service (PaaS)
3. Software as a Service (SaaS)

1. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) :

 Iaas is also known as Hardware as a Service (HaaS). It is one of the layers
of the cloud computing platform. It allows customers to outsource their IT
infrastructures such as servers, networking, processing, storage, virtual
machines, and other resources. Customers access these resources on the
Internet using a pay-as-per use model.
 In traditional hosting services, IT infrastructure was rented out for a specific
period of time, with pre-determined hardware configuration. The client paid
for the configuration and time, regardless of the actual use. With the help of
the IaaS cloud computing platform layer, clients can dynamically scale the
configuration to meet changing requirements and are billed only for the
services actually used.
 IaaS cloud computing platform layer eliminates the need for every
organization to maintain the IT infrastructure.
 IaaS is offered in three models: public, private, and hybrid cloud. The
private cloud implies that the infrastructure resides at the customer-
 premise. In the case of public cloud, it is located at the cloud computing
platform vendor's data center, and the hybrid cloud is a combination of the
two in which the customer selects the best of both public cloud or private
cloud.
 IaaS provider provides the following services -
1. Compute: Computing as a Service
includes virtual central processing units
and virtual main memory for the Vms that
is provisioned to the end- users.
2. Storage: IaaS provider provides back-end
storage for storing files.
3. Network: Network as a Service (NaaS)
provides networking components such as
routers, switches, and bridges for the
Vms.
4. Load balancers: It provides load
balancing capability at the infrastructure layer.

 Advantages of IaaS cloud computing layer

- There are the following advantages of IaaS computing layer -
1. Shared infrastructure : IaaS allows multiple users to share the same
physical infrastructure.
2. Web access to the resources : Iaas allows IT users to access
resources over the internet.
3. Pay-as-per-use model : IaaS providers provide services based on the
pay-as-per-use basis. The users are required to pay for what they
have used.
4. Focus on the core business : IaaS providers focus on the
organization's core business rather than on IT infrastructure.
5. On-demand scalability : On-demand scalability is one of the biggest
advantages of IaaS. Using IaaS, users do not worry about to upgrade
software and troubleshoot the issues related to hardware components

 Disadvantages of IaaS cloud computing layer

1. Security : Security is one of the biggest issues in IaaS. Most of the
IaaS providers are not able to provide 100% security.
2. Maintenance & Upgrade : Although IaaS service providers maintain
the software, but they do not upgrade the software for some
organizations.
3. Interoperability issues : It is difficult to migrate VM from one IaaS
provider to the other, so the customers might face problem related to
vendor lock-in.
2. Platform as a Service (PaaS) :
 Platform as a Service (PaaS) provides a runtime environment. It allows
programmers to easily create, test, run, and deploy web applications. You
can purchase these applications from a cloud service provider on a pay-as-
per use basis and access them using the Internet connection.
 In PaaS, back end scalability is managed by the cloud service provider, so
end- users do not need to worry about managing the infrastructure.
 PaaS includes infrastructure (servers, storage, and networking) and
platform (middleware, development tools, database management systems,
business intelligence, and more) to support the web application life cycle.
 Example: Google App Engine, Force.com, Joyent, Azure.
 PaaS providers provide the Programming languages, Application
frameworks, Databases, and Other tools:
1. Programming languages : PaaS providers
provide various programming languages
for the developers to develop the
applications. Some popular
programming languages provided by
PaaS providers are Java, PHP, Ruby,
Perl, and Go.
2. Application frameworks : PaaS
providers provide application frameworks
to easily understand the application
development. Some popular application frameworks
provided by PaaS providers are Node.js, Drupal, Joomla, WordPress,
Spring, Play, Rack, and Zend.
 3. Databases : PaaS providers provide various databases such as
ClearDB, PostgreSQL, MongoDB, and Redis to communicate with the
applications.
4. Other tools : PaaS providers provide various other tools that are
required to develop, test, and deploy the applications.

 Advantages of PaaS
There are the following advantages of PaaS -
1) Simplified Development : PaaS allows developers to focus on
development and innovation without worrying about infrastructure
management.
2) Lower risk : No need for up-front investment in hardware and
software. Developers only need a PC and an internet connection to
start building applications.
3) Prebuilt business functionality : Some PaaS vendors also provide
already defined business functionality so that users can avoid
building everything from very scratch and hence can directly start
the projects only.
4) Instant community : PaaS vendors frequently provide online
communities where the developer can get the ideas to share
experiences and seek advice from others.
5) Scalability : Applications deployed can scale from one to
thousands of users without any changes to the applications.

 Disadvantages of PaaS cloud computing layer

1) Vendor lock-in : One has to write the applications according to
the platform provided by the PaaS vendor, so the migration of an
application to another PaaS vendor would be a problem.
2) Data Privacy : Corporate data, whether it can be critical or not,
will be private, so if it is not located within the walls of the
company, there can be a risk in terms of privacy of data.
3) Integration with the rest of the systems applications : It may
happen that some applications are local, and some are in the
cloud. So there will be chances of increased complexity when we
want to use data which in the cloud with the local data.
 3. Software as a Service (SaaS)
 SaaS is also known as "On-Demand Software". It is a software distribution
model in which services are hosted by a cloud service provider. These
services are available to end-users over the internet so, the end-users do not
need to install any software on their devices to access these services.

There are the following services provided by SaaS providers –

- Business Services - SaaS Provider provides various
business services to start-up the business. The SaaS
business services include ERP (Enterprise
Resource Planning), CRM (Customer
Relationship Management), billing,
and sales.
- Document Management - SaaS document
management is a software application offered
by a third party (SaaS providers) to create,
manage, and track electronic documents.
Example: Slack, Samepage, Box, and Zoho Forms.
- Social Networks - As we all know, social networking
sites are used by the general public, so social networking
service providers use SaaS for their convenience and handle the general
public's information.
- Mail Services - To handle the unpredictable number of users and load on e-
mail services, many e-mail providers offering their services using SaaS.

 Advantages of SaaS cloud computing layer

 1) SaaS is easy to buy : SaaS pricing is based on a monthly fee or annual
fee subscription, so it allows organizations to access business
functionality at a low cost, which is less than licensed applications.
Unlike traditional software, which is sold as a licensed based with an up-
front cost (and often an optional ongoing support fee), SaaS providers are
generally pricing the applications using a subscription fee, most
commonly a monthly or annually fee.
2) One to Many : SaaS services are offered as a one-to-many model means
a single instance of the application is shared by multiple users.
3) Less hardware required for SaaS : The software is hosted remotely, so
organizations do not need to invest in additional hardware.
4) Low maintenance required for SaaS : Software as a service removes the
need for installation, set-up, and daily maintenance for the
organizations. The initial set-up cost for SaaS is typically less than the
enterprise software. SaaS vendors are pricing their applications based on
some usage parameters, such as a number of users using the
application. So SaaS does easy to monitor and automatic updates.
5) No special software or hardware versions required : All users will have
the same version of the software and typically access it through the web
browser. SaaS reduces IT support costs by outsourcing hardware and
software maintenance and support to the IaaS provider.
6) Multidevice support : SaaS services can be accessed from any device
such as desktops, laptops, tablets, phones, and thin clients.
7) API Integration : SaaS services easily integrate with other software or
services through standard APIs.
8) No client-side installation : SaaS services are accessed directly from
the service provider using the internet connection, so do not need to
require any software installation.

 Disadvantages of SaaS cloud computing layer

1) Security : Actually, data is stored in the cloud, so security may be an
issue for some users. However, cloud computing is not more secure than
in-house deployment.
2) Latency issue : Since data and applications are stored in the cloud at a
variable distance from the end-user, there is a possibility that there may
be greater latency when interacting with the application compared to
local deployment. Therefore, the SaaS model is not suitable for
applications whose demand response time is in milliseconds.
3) Total Dependency on Internet : Without an internet connection, most
SaaS applications are not usable.
4) Switching between SaaS vendors is difficult : Switching SaaS vendors
involves the difficult and slow task of transferring the very large data files
over the internet and then converting and importing them into another
SaaS also.
6. a) Define self-service cloud computing. 2M
ANS : Self-service provisioning in cloud computing is enabled by many public
cloud providers so that you can pay as you go to use public resources.
 Enterprises configure self-service provisioning by setting up a user web
portal typically with a catalog of cloud computing resources that have been
pre-configured for them to use.
 The backend complexity and accounting is taken care of by central IT.
 The popularity of self-service provisioning has gained much momentum
because of agile delivery of software and services.
 It is one of the important and essential features of cloud computing. This
enables the client to continuously monitor server uptime, capabilities and
allocated network storage.
 This is a fundamental feature of cloud computing, and a customer can also
control the computing capabilities according to their needs.

b) Distinguish data center and data warehouse. 3M

ANS :
Data center Data Warehouse
Data centers play a crucial role in the A data warehouse can
company’s digital transformation and fundamentally help you turn your
sustainable development; data centers company’s operational data into
are born for decoupling. high-value, accessible information.
Data centers refer to comprehensive
Integration is the most important in
platforms that incorporate data
traditional data warehouses.
collection capabilities.
Data centralization ensures that
heterogeneous data processing, the processing and storage costs is
governance, modeling, analysis, and essential to collect and consolidate
implementation data from various data sources
 data centers aims to merge all of the
enterprise’s data, open the data gap, It also delivers the correct
and remove the data format information to the right people at the
inconsistency. right time.

c) Distinguish various cloud deployment models. 10M

ANS : It works as your virtual computing environment with a choice of deployment
model depending on how much data you want to store and who has access to the
Infrastructure.

 Different Types Of Cloud Computing Deployment Models

- Most cloud hubs have tens of thousands of servers and storage devices
to enable fast loading. It is often possible to choose a geographic area to
put the data "closer" to users. Thus, deployment models for cloud
computing are categorized based on their location. To know which model
would best fit the requirements of your organization, let us first learn
about the various types.

Public Cloud

- The public cloud makes it possible for anybody to access systems and
services.
- The public cloud may be less secure as it is open for everyone.
- The public cloud is one in which cloud infrastructure services are
provided over the internet to the general people or major industry
groups.
- The infrastructure in this cloud model is owned by the entity that
delivers the cloud services, not by the consumer.
- It is a type of cloud hosting that allows customers and users to easily
access systems and services.
- This form of cloud computing is an excellent example of cloud hosting,
in which service providers supply services to a variety of customers.
- In this arrangement, storage backup and retrieval services are given for
free, as a subscription, or on a per-use basis.
 - Example: Google App Engine etc.

Benefits of Public Cloud

o Minimal Investment: Because it is a pay-per-use service, there is no

substantial upfront fee, making it excellent for enterprises that require
immediate access to resources.

o No setup cost: The entire infrastructure is fully subsidized by the cloud

service providers, thus there is no need to set up any hardware.

o Infrastructure Management is not required: Using the public cloud

does not necessitate infrastructure management.

o No maintenance: The maintenance work is done by the service provider

(Not users).

o Dynamic Scalability: To fulfill your company’s needs, on-demand

resources are accessible.

Limitations of Public Cloud

o Data Security and Privacy Concerns - Since it is accessible to all, it does

not fully protect against cyber-attacks and could lead to vulnerabilities.

o Reliability Issues - Since the same server network is open to a wide range
of users, it can lead to malfunction and outages

o Service/License Limitation - While there are many resources you can

exchange with tenants, there is a usage cap.

Private Cloud

- Now that you understand what the public cloud could offer you, of
course, you are keen to know what a private cloud can do. Companies
 that look for cost efficiency and greater control over data & resources will
find the private cloud a more suitable choice.
- It means that it will be integrated with your data center and managed by
your IT team.
- Alternatively, you can also choose to host it externally. The private cloud
offers bigger opportunities that help meet specific organizations'
requirements when it comes to customization.
- It's also a wise choice for mission-critical processes that may have
frequently changing requirements.

Benefits of Private Cloud

o Data Privacy - It is ideal for storing corporate data where only authorized
personnel gets access

o Security - Segmentation of resources within the same Infrastructure can

help with better access and higher levels of security.

o Supports Legacy Systems - This model supports legacy systems that

cannot access the public cloud.

Limitations of Private Cloud

o Higher Cost - With the benefits you get, the investment will also be larger
than the public cloud. Here, you will pay for software, hardware, and
resources for staff and training.

o Fixed Scalability - The hardware you choose will accordingly help you
scale in a certain direction

o High Maintenance - Since it is managed in-house, the maintenance costs

also increase.
Hybrid Cloud

- As the name suggests, a hybrid cloud is a combination of two or more

cloud architectures.
- While each model in the hybrid cloud functions differently, it is all part of
the same architecture. Further, as part of this deployment of the cloud
computing model, the internal or external providers can offer resources.
- Let's understand the hybrid model better. A company with critical data
will prefer storing on a private cloud, while less sensitive data can be
stored on a public cloud.
- The hybrid cloud is also frequently used for 'cloud bursting'. It means,
supposes an organization runs an application on-premises, but due to
heavy load, it can burst into the public cloud.

Benefits of Hybrid Cloud

o Cost-Effectiveness - The overall cost of a hybrid solution decreases since

it majorly uses the public cloud to store data.

o Security - Since data is properly segmented, the chances of data theft

from attackers are significantly reduced.

o Flexibility - With higher levels of flexibility, businesses can create custom

solutions that fit their exact requirements

Limitations of Hybrid Cloud

o Complexity - It is complex setting up a hybrid cloud since it needs to

integrate two or more cloud architectures
 o Specific Use Case - This model makes more sense for organizations that
have multiple use cases or need to separate critical and sensitive data

Community Cloud

- The community cloud operates in a way that is similar to the public

cloud. There's just one difference - it allows access to only a specific set
of users who share common objectives and use cases.
- This type of deployment model of cloud computing is managed and
hosted internally or by a third-party vendor. However, you can also
choose a combination of all three.

Benefits of Community Cloud

o Smaller Investment - A community cloud is much cheaper than the

private & public cloud and provides great performance

o Setup Benefits - The protocols and configuration of a community cloud

must align with industry standards, allowing customers to work much
more efficiently.

Limitations of Community Cloud

o Shared Resources - Due to restricted bandwidth and storage capacity,

community resources often pose challenges.

o Not as Popular - Since this is a recently introduced model, it is not that

popular or available across industries