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1 problems (mechanical properties of Solids)

The document outlines various problems related to the mechanical properties of solids, including calculations for stress, strain, and Young's modulus for different materials under specific conditions. It provides formulas and example problems involving structural steel, gold, glass, and rubber, among others, to illustrate the principles of elasticity and bulk modulus. Additionally, it includes calculations for shear strain, shear stress, and modulus of rigidity for a cube of aluminum subjected to tangential force.

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tan
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8 views

1 problems (mechanical properties of Solids)

The document outlines various problems related to the mechanical properties of solids, including calculations for stress, strain, and Young's modulus for different materials under specific conditions. It provides formulas and example problems involving structural steel, gold, glass, and rubber, among others, to illustrate the principles of elasticity and bulk modulus. Additionally, it includes calculations for shear strain, shear stress, and modulus of rigidity for a cube of aluminum subjected to tangential force.

Uploaded by

tan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS

(PROBLEMS)

FORMULAE:

𝐹𝐿 𝑚𝑔𝐿
𝑌= =
𝐴 ∆𝐿 𝐴 ∆𝐿

1 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒 = 10−5 𝑁
1
1 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒 𝑐𝑚−2 = 𝑁𝑚−2
10
𝑃
𝐵=
∆𝑉
(𝑉)
𝐹
𝐺=
𝐴𝜃
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2
𝑃 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ

A structural steel rod has a radius of 10 mm and a length of 1.0 m. A 100 kN


force stretches it along its length. Calculate (a) stress, (b) elongation, and (c)
strain on the rod. Young’s modulus, of structural steel is 2.0×1011N m-2
Given: 𝑟 = 10𝑚𝑚 = 10 × 10−3 𝑚
𝐿 = 1𝑚
𝐹 = 100𝑘𝑁 = 100 × 103 𝑁
𝑌 = 2.0 × 1011 𝑁𝑚−2
𝐹 𝐹
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = = 2
𝐴 𝜋𝑟
100 × 103
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = −3 2
= 3.18 × 108 𝑁𝑚−2
3.14 × (10 × 10 )
Elongation ∆L
𝐹𝐿
𝑌=
𝐴 ∆𝐿
𝐹
(𝐴) 𝐿
∆𝐿 =
𝑌
3.18 × 108 × 1
∆𝐿 =
2.0 × 1011
∆𝐿 = 1.59 × 10−3 𝑚
Strain
∆𝐿
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 =
𝐿
1.59 × 10−3
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = = 1.59 × 10−3
1

A steel pillar of length 1m has to support a building of 5000kgwt. If the


maximum permissible change in the length of a pillar is 2mm, then what should
be the minimum area of cross-section of the pillar. Given Young’s modulus of
steel is 2.2x1011Nm-2
Given: 𝑌 = 2.2 × 1011 𝑁𝑚−2
𝐿 = 1𝑚
1𝑚𝑚 = 1 × 10−3 𝑚
∆𝐿 = 2𝑚𝑚 = 2 × 10−3 𝑚
𝑚 = 5000𝑘𝑔𝑤𝑡
𝐴 =?
𝐹𝐿
𝑌=
𝐴 ∆𝐿
𝑚𝑔𝐿
𝑌=
𝐴 ∆𝐿
𝑚𝑔𝐿
𝐴=
𝑌 ∆𝐿
5000 × 9.8 × 1
𝐴=
2.2 × 1011 × 2 × 10−3

𝐴 = 11136.36 × 10−8

𝐴 = 1.1136 × 10−4 𝑚2

A force of 1000N causes an increase of 0.1% in the length of a wire of area of


cross-section 10-6 m2. Calculate the Young’s modulus of the material of wire.
Given: 𝐹 = 1000𝑁
𝐴 = 10−6 𝑚2
∆𝐿 0.1 1
= 0.1% = = = 10−3
𝐿 100 1000
𝐹𝐿
𝑌=
𝐴 ∆𝐿

1000
𝑌= −6 −3
= 1012 𝑁𝑚−2
10 × 10

Calculate the change in length of a gold bar of length 0.15m and area of cross-
section 15x10-4 m2 when compressed with a load of 10kgwt along its length.
Given Young’s modulus of gold is 71x109 Nm-2 and acceleration due to gravity is
9.8ms-2
Given: 𝑌 = 71 × 109 𝑁𝑚−2
𝑔 = 9.8 𝑚𝑠 −2
𝐿 = 0.15𝑚
𝐴 = 15 × 10−4 𝑚2
𝑚 = 10𝑘𝑔
∆𝐿 =?
𝐹𝐿
𝑌=
𝐴 ∆𝐿
𝐹𝐿
∆𝐿 =
𝐴𝑌
𝑚𝑔𝐿 10 × 9.8 × 0.15
∆𝐿 = =
𝐴𝑌 15 × 10−4 × 71 × 109
∆𝐿 = 0.138 × 10−6 𝑚
A glass rod has a radius 5x10-3m and 0.1m long. If density of glass is 2190 kgm-3
Young’s modulus is 6.5x1010 Nm-2 and breaking stress is 5x107 Nm-2, then find
the maximum load that can be supported by hanging glass rod (without breaking
the rod)
Given: 𝑟 = 5 × 10−3 𝑚
𝐿 = 0.1𝑚
𝑌 = 6.5 × 1010 𝑁𝑚−2
𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 5 × 107 𝑁𝑚−2
𝐹
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 =
𝐴
𝐹 = 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 × 𝐴
𝑚𝑔 = 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 × 𝜋𝑟 2
𝑚𝑔 = 5 × 107 × 3.14 × (5 × 10−3 )2
𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝑚𝑔 = 3926.99 𝑁
3926.99 3926.99
𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 𝑚 = = = 400.71𝑘𝑔
𝑔 9.8
Calculate the increase in length of a wire of diameter 2mm stretched by a force of
1kgwt. Young’s modulus of elasticity of wire is 15x1011 dyne cm-2
Given: 𝐹 = 1𝑘𝑔𝑤𝑡
1
𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑑 = 2𝑚𝑚 = 2 × 10−3 𝑚 1 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒 𝑐𝑚−2 = 𝑁𝑚−2
10
𝑌 = 15 × 1011 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒 𝑐𝑚−2
15 × 1011
𝑌= 𝑁𝑚−2
10
𝑌 = 15 × 1010 𝑁𝑚−2

2
𝑑 2
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 = 𝜋 ( )
2
(2 × 10−3 )2
𝐴 = 3.14 ×
4
𝐴 = 3.14 × 10−6 𝑚2
𝐹𝐿
𝑌=
𝐴 ∆𝐿
∆𝐿 𝐹 1
= =
𝐿 𝐴𝑌 3.14 × 10−6 × 15 × 1010
∆𝐿
= 0.0212 × 10−4
𝐿

The average depth of Indian Ocean is about 3000 m. Calculate the fractional
compression, ΔV/V, of water at the bottom of the ocean, given that the bulk
modulus of water is 2.2 ×109N m–2. (Take g = 10 ms–2)
Given: ℎ = 3000𝑚
𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟, 𝜌 = 1000 𝑘𝑔𝑚−3
𝑔 = 10 𝑚𝑠 −2
𝐵 = 2.2 × 109 𝑁𝑚−2
The pressure exerted by a 3000 m column of water on the bottom layer
𝑃 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ = 3000 × 1000 × 10 = 3 × 107 𝑁𝑚−2
Fractional compression ΔV/V, is
𝑃
𝐵=
∆𝑉
(𝑉)
∆𝑉 𝑃
( )=
𝑉 𝐵
∆𝑉 3 × 107
( )= 9
= 1.36 × 10−2
𝑉 2.2 × 10

A spherical body contracts in volume by 0.1% when taken to 500m deep in the
sea. Find the bulk modulus of the material of the wire.
∆𝑉 0.1
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛: = 0.1% = = 10−3
𝑉 100
ℎ = 500𝑚
𝜌 = 1000 𝑘𝑔𝑚−3
𝑔 = 9.8 𝑚𝑠 −2
Pressure at depth of 500m in the sea
𝑃 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ = 500 × 1000 × 9.8 = 49 × 105 𝑁𝑚−2
𝑃
𝐵=
∆𝑉
(𝑉)

49 × 105
𝐵= −3
= 49 × 108 𝑁𝑚−2
10

A sphere contracts in volume by 0.01% when taken to the bottom of the sea 1 km
deep. Find the bulk modulus of the material of the sphere.
∆𝑉 0.01
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛: = 0.01% = = 10−4
𝑉 100
ℎ = 1 𝑘𝑚 = 103 𝑚
𝜌 = 1000 𝑘𝑔𝑚−3
𝑔 = 9.8 𝑚𝑠 −2
𝑃 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ = 1000 × 9.8 × 103
𝑃 = 9.8 × 106
𝑃
𝐵=
∆𝑉
(𝑉)

9.8 × 106
𝐵=
10−4
𝐵 = 9.8 × 1010 𝑁𝑚−2
To what depth must a rubber ball be taken in deep sea so that its volume is
decreased by 0.1%. The bulk modulus of rubber is 9.8x108 Nm-2 and density of
sea water is 103 kgm-3
∆𝑉 0.1
𝐺𝐼𝑣𝑒𝑛: = 0.1% = = 10−3
𝑉 100
𝐵 = 9.8 × 108 𝑁𝑚−2
𝜌 = 103 𝑘𝑔𝑚−3
ℎ =? (𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ)
𝑃 𝜌𝑔ℎ
𝐵= =
∆𝑉 ∆𝑉
(𝑉) (𝑉)
∆𝑉
𝐵 ( ) 9.8 × 108 × 10−3
ℎ= 𝑉 = = 1 × 108 𝑚
𝜌𝑔 3
10 × 9.8

A cube of Aluminum of each side 0.10m is subjected to a tangential force of 106


N. If the top surface slides through 3.0x10-4m with respect to bottom face then
calculate (i) shear strain (ii) shear stress and (iii) modulus of shear/rigidity
Given: 𝐿 = 0.1𝑚
∆𝑥 = 3 × 10−4 𝑚
𝐹 = 106 𝑁
Shear strain
∆𝑥 3 × 10−4
𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = =
𝐿 0.1
𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 3 × 10−3
Shear stress
𝐹 106
𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = = 2
= 108 𝑁𝑚−2
𝐴 0.1
Modulus of shear
𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 108
𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 = =
𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 3 × 10−3
𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 = 3.33 × 1010 𝑁𝑚−2

A metallic cube of side 6cm is under a tangential force. The top floor of the cube
is sheared through 0.012 cm with respect to the bottom face. Find (i) shearing
strain (ii) shearing stress and (iii) shearing force. Modulus of rigidity of the metal
is 2.08x1011 dyne cm-2
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛: 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑒 𝐿 = 6𝑐𝑚
𝐿 = 6 × 10−2 𝑚
∆𝑥 = 0.012𝑐𝑚 = 0.012 × 10−2 𝑚
𝐺 = 2.08 × 1011 dyne cm−2 = 2.08 × 1010 Nm−2
Shear strain
∆𝑥 0.012 × 10−2
𝜃= = = 0.002
𝐿 6 × 10−2
𝐹
𝐺=
𝐴𝜃
Shear stress
𝐹
= 𝐺𝜃 = 2.08 × 1010 × 0.002
𝐴
𝐹
= 0.00416 × 1010 𝑁𝑚−2
𝐴
Shearing force
𝐹 = 𝐺𝜃 × 𝐴 = 0.00416 × 1010 × 𝐿2
𝐹 = 0.00416 × 1010 × (6 × 10−2 )2
𝐹 = 0.14976 × 106 𝑁

A rubber cube of side 5cm has one side fixed while a tangential force equal to
180 kgwt is applied to opposite face. Find the shearing strain produced and the
lateral displacement of the strained face of the cube. Modulus of rigidity for
rubber is 2.4x106 Nm-2.
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛: 𝐿 = 6 × 10−2 𝑚
𝐹 = 180 𝑘𝑔𝑤𝑡
G = 2.4 × 106 Nm−2
A = l2 = 5x5 = 25cm2 = 25 × 10−4 m2
∆𝑥
𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = =?
𝐿
∆𝑥 =?
𝐹
𝐺=
∆𝑥
𝐴( )
𝐿
∆𝑥 𝐹 180 180
= = −4 6
= 2
= 30 × 10−2
𝐿 𝐴𝐺 25 × 10 × 2.4 × 10 60 × 10
𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡,
∆𝑥 = 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 × L = 30 × 10−2 × 5 × 10−2 = 150 × 10−4 = 0.015𝑚

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