CE - 202 (T)

Engineering Surveying
Lecture 1

Introduction

Department of civil engineering technology

SUIT Peshawar

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 Contents
 Survey and Leveling

 Object of Survey

 Why should we study Survey?

 Parts of Surveyor work

 Shape of Earth

 Primary Division of Survey

 Classification of survey

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Contents cont..
 Measurement and Instruments

 Chain And Tape

 Principle of Survey

 Ranging Out Survey Line

 Errors in Length due to incorrect Chain

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 Surveying
• The process of determining by measurement, the
relative positions of points above, on, or beneath
the earth surface, in order to produce map or plan
(which shows feature of the surface) in horizontal or
vertical plane.

• The Term surveying refers to those measurements or operation,

which deal in production of map or plan in horizontal plane.
Or
• Surveying is the science of measuring and
representing natural and artificial features on the
ground in a limited area, regarding the earth as flat.

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 Levelling
• The art of determining the relative
heights or elevation of different points
on the surface of earth.
• Determining position of points in
vertical plane.

• Surveying and leveling are considered

as distinct operations, however in
broad sense, the term surveying
includes leveling.

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 Object OF Survey
• The Primary objective of survey is
the preparation of plan and map of
an area.

• The result of survey in the form of

data when plotted and drawn on
paper, we get a plan/map.

• If the scale is large it is called Plan.

e.g. Plan of a Building
let 1:100

• If the scale is small, it is called Map.

e.g. Map of Pakistan
let 1:25,000
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 Why should we study
surveying?
• You may be required to
perform simple surveying
operations (particularly if you're
employed in construction
company and Local Gov.), or
you will need to discuss your
needs with surveyors.

• Every Engineer needs surveying

skills

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 Parts of Surveyor’s work
• Decision making (selecting
techniques and equipment, etc.)
• Fieldwork (data acquisition)
• Data processing (calculations to
give locations, areas, volumes,
etc.)
• Mapping (maps, plans, charts)
• Reporting (conclusion of the task)

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 Shape of Earth

• The earth is Approximately

Spheroid.

Sphere

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 Primary Division of Survey
1. Geodetic Surveying 2. Plane surveying

1. Geodetic or Trigonometrical
Surveying:
• When the radius of curvature of earth is taken in to
account.

• Large area and large distances are covered.

• Conducted by Government agencies.

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 Primary Division of Survey...continued

2. Plane Surveying:

• When radius of curvature of the earth is not taken

into account.

• Small area and small distances are covered

• Degree of accuracy is comparatively low.
• American survey put 250 km2 for treating survey as Plane.

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 Classification of Survey
1. Based upon Nature of field
o Land Survey
o Marine Survey
o Astronomical Survey

2. Based upon Object of Survey

o Geological Survey (different strata in the earth crust.)
o Mine Survey (mineral wealth such as coal, gold.)
o Military Survey (points of strategic importance.)

3. Based upon Method Employed

o Triangulation
o Traversing

4. Based upon Instrument Used

Chain , Theodolite, Compass, Plane Table, Photographic and Aerial Surveys

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Measurements & Instrumentation
What is measured?
• Two kinds of measurements used in plane surveying.

1) Linear 2) Angular

Horizontal Vertical Horizontal Vertical

distance distances angle angle

• In Surveying all measurements are

horizontal, can be inclined , reduce to
horizontal and vertical components in
plotting.

• Distance between 2 points on a plan or

map is always horizontal distance
irrespective of their elevation,(distance
between their projection on horizontal
plane).

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 Cont.
• Horizontal distance
• Distance between 2 points in
horizontal plane
• Vertical Distance
• Distance between 2 points in vertical
plane

• Horizontal angle
• A horizontal angle is the angle formed
in a horizontal plane by two
intersecting horizontal lines.
• Vertical angle
• A Vertical angle is formed by two
intersecting lines in a vertical plane,
one of these lines horizontal.

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Measurements & Instrumentation
What is measured?
• Distances
– To calculate areas, volumes, etc.
– To draw plans, maps, etc.
• Angles
– Both horizontal and vertical
• Heights
– Levels or elevations.

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How are these measured and
which instrument should I
use?
• Distances (horizontal)
-Chaining, Taping (steel tape), tacheometry
(theodolite), electronic (EDM, GPS)
• Angles
-tacheometry (theodolite, total station),
• Heights
-leveling (level, theodolite, total station)

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 Instruments For Measuring
Distances
• Two main methods for measuring distances.
(Linear Measurements)

A. Direct Method B. Indirect method

• By chain or Tape or • (computative)
other Instruments • Distance is obtained by
directly calculation

e.g.: Triangulation

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Direct Measurement

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•

(2) Passometer (6) Perambulator

(Pocket instrument) (Resemble like Odometer
but having forks and handle)

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• (Engineer/Gunter’s Chains)

• (Tag, tally or Teller)

• Fig. 20 Steel Band wound on

an (open steel cross)
Fig. 21 Steel Band on a metal reel
in (a closed case)

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Steel wire of No. 10 W. G., 10 to 18 in. long.
Common length 12 in. long

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 Chaining
• Most Common method is the method of measuring
distance with a Chain or Tape, Called Chaining.

• For Ordinary work (less Precision) Chain is Used.

• For Great Accuracy Steel Tape is used.

• Chaining (with Chain).

• Taping (with Tape).

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 Chain
• Chain is composed of 100 -150
pieces of galvanized mild steel called
LINKS.

• Links are Connected to each other

through oval ring for flexibility.

• End Provided with Brass handle to

drag chain, Outside of handle is
ZERO.

• Length Measured from outside of one

handle To outside of other handle.

• Metallic tags are attached to

specified distances.

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 Different Types of Chain
• Following are the various types of chain in common
use:

1) Meter chains (30 m, 20 m)

2) Steel band or Band chain
3) Gunter` s chain or surveyors chain (66 ft.)
4) Engineers chain (100 ft.)
5) Revenue chain (33 ft.)

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 Meter chain:
• Meter chains are made in lengths 20m and 30m.
Tallies are fixed at every five-meter length and brass
rings are provided at every meter length except
where tallies are attached.

Meter Chain and Steel band Chain 25

 Different Types of Chains
Gunter’s Chain
• Length= 66’ (22 yards), No of links= 100, Each link= .66’
• Used for measuring distances in miles or furlongs(220
yards), acres(Area).

Engineer’s Chain
• Length=100’, No. of links=100, Each link = 1’
• Used in all Engineering Surveys.

Revenue Chain
• Length=33’, No. of links= 16
• Commonly used for measuring fields in cadastral Survey.

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 Tapes
• Tapes are made of different materials
• 1) Cloth or linen tape
-Used for subsidiary measurements
-Very light, easy to handle
-May effect by moisture
• 2) Metric steel tape
-Made of steel
-Outer end is provided with a ring for holding
• 3) Invar tape
-Used for high precision work
-Made of alloy steel
• 4) Synthetic tape
-Made of glass fiber with PVC coating
- These are used for short measurements

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 Principle of Surveying
• Two Fundamental Principles

1. To work from the Whole to the Part, not from the

part to the Whole.
e.g. set out the main frame first, and add details onto the frame.
Object of this system is to prevent accumulation of errors and to
control and localize minor errors.

2. To Fix Position of New point (Station) by at least two

independent processes.
New Station can be fixed from points already fixed
By 1) Linear measurement 2) Angular measurement 3) or Both

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 Ranging Out Survey Line
• Ranging is process of establishing Intermediate points on
a straight line between the terminal points or stations.
Why? (If distance b/w the terminal points is greater than
a chain or tape length or 100 ft.)
Intermediate points
Station / terminal points Station / terminal points

Different kinds of Ranging

• Two kinds
1. Direct Ranging 2. Indirect Ranging

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 1. Direct Ranging
• It is used while ranging on a plane ground, when
two points are intervisible.
• PROCEDURE:
» Fix the ranging rods at the two given stations.
» The follower stand behind station A and directs the leader,
with ranging rod to come in line with AB by signals of
ranging.
» When the ranging rod comes in the line of AB the follower
directs the leader to fix the ranging rod in position.
» Let the intermediate point be C which should be less than
100 feet .

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• Now the leader taking another ranging rod and stands between A
and B about 2/3 distance from A.
» The follower directs the leader to come in line of AB by using signals
of ranging.
» As and when the point is located in the line of AB the follower
instructs to fix the ranging rod in position.
» Let the other intermediate position be D which is less than 100 feet
from B.
» Now A, B, C and D are in one line.
• Now the leader and follower measure the distance by measuring
along A, C, D, B.
•
RESULT: The distance between AB = __________ feet

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 2. In Direct Ranging

• This type of ranging is carried out when two sides

are not intervisible.

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 Chaining of a Line
• Two men are required
• 1. Leader 2. Follower

• Duties of Leader:
o To drag the chain.
o To insert arrows at the end of survey chain length.
o To obey instructions of the follower.

• Duties of Follower:
o To place leader in line with ranging rod.
o Always carry the rear handle in his hand.
o To pick up the arrows inserted by the leaders.

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 Errors in Length due to
incorrect Chain
• The most common errors are that the chain may be
too long or too short.

• It will be corrected by using the formula

The true length of a line = L’/L * (Measured Distance)

Where L’= Incorrect Length of chain
L = Correct length of chain

• If chain is too long then the measured length will be smaller

than the actual, so the error is negative and the correction is
positive.

• If chain is too short then the measured length will be too long
that is longer than the actual, so the error is positive and the
correction is negative.
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 Example
• The length of a line measured with the help of 20m
chain was found to be 634.4m. It was found
afterwards that the chain was 0.05 m too long.
• Find the true length of the chain.
• Solution:
True length of line =L’/L x (measured length)
L’=(20+0.05) = 20.05 m
L=20 m
Measured length= 634.4m

True length = (20.05/20)x(634.4)

= 635.99 m

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 References
• Recommended Textbooks & Reading References:

• 1. T. P. Kanetkar & S. V. Kalkarni, Surveying &

Leveling, 23/e, 1985, ISBN 9788185825007, NCBA
publishers (required)

• 2. P. R. Wulf & C. Russel, Elementary Surveying, 8/e,

1989, ISBN 978-0060410131, Longman Higher
Education

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