WEEK 4

DATE: 39th of January -2nd of February, 2024

CLASS: SS1

SUBJECT: Physics

PERIOD: 1&2

DURATION: 80 minutes

TOPIC: Heat Energy

SUB-TOPIC: Heat transfer

REFERENCE: M.W Anyakoha New School Physics for Senior Secondary School pg 422

BUILDING BACKGROUND: The students are familiar with radiation of heat energy

LESSON OBJECTIVE(S): At the end of the lesson students will be able to;
i. state the three methods of heat transfer
ii. explain conduction of heat and its applications
iii. explain convection and its applications

RESOURCES MATERIAL(S): A chart showing a vacuum flask

CONTENT DEVELOPMENT
Heat Transfer
Heat can be transferred by conduction, convection or radiation.
CONDUCTION
This is the process of transfer of heat through a material by vibration of the molecules fixed in
position. N.B. Metals that allow heat to pass through them are said to be good conductors of heat.
Though all metals are classified as good conductors, they differ in an ability to conduct heat. Non-
metal (wood / plastic) are bad conductors that does not allow heat to pass through it. Thermal
conductivity is simply the ability of a metal to conduct heat.
PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF CONDUCTION OF HEAT
i. Kettle, pans and other utensils made of metals are provided with wooden or ebonite
utensils so that heat from to utensils is not conducted.
ii. House old source pans are made of metals because metals are good conductors of heat
and electricity.
iii. Thick brick walls are used in the construction of storage rooms. Bricks are bad
conductors of heat, so it will not allow heat to enter the storage room.
iv. A stone floor feels cold to the feet than a rug or a carpet on the same floor feels warm.
CONVECTION
Convection: is the process by which heat energy is transferred in a fluid (liquid or gas) by actual
movement of the heated fluid. The direction of the motion of a filter paper indicates the circulation of
heated water. Circulation of a liquid is called CONVECTION CURRENT.
APPLICATION OF CONVECTION
i. Convection in liquid
ii. Domestic water-boilers.
iii. Cooling process of a motorcar vehicle.
iv. Land and sea breezes.
SEA BREEZE
During the hot season, heat from the sun passes straight from the air with little effect. The land is
heated by the sun more quickly than the sea because:
 It is a good absorber of heat.
 It is a good radiator.
 It has low specific heat capacity.

The air near the land thus warms up and rises while air from the sea moves into the land to
replace the risen air. Air from the higher atmosphere moves from the sea and then a circulation
current is set up. The breeze from the sea is known as the sea breeze.
LAND BREEZE
During the night, land is not heated by the sun, so it cools very quickly. Temperature of the
sea drops only slightly and since it has been heated to a very high temperature, it retains more heat as
a form of energy. As a result of this, the sea is warmer than the land at night. Convectional current is
therefore set in the opposite direction in the day as a result of breeze blowing from land to the sea.
This breeze from the land is called land breeze.
 Convection in gases
 Chimneys in Kitchens
 Ventilation of industrial buildings (up-cast and downcast)
 Bonfires
 Room radiators- when in use, the hot air rising from it can produce a shadow in the room by
the sun due to convection.
 Glider lift- lift for aircraft used in flying sport. It is done by positioning the aircraft towards
the roofs of factories where air above is warmer than any other place. The rising convection
current is called thermal
 Wind- convection currents in air when hot air rises from the equator and replaced by a colder
or denser air from the polar region. Wind depends on earth's rotation, large masses of land
and sea over which it passes and temperature.
 Air conditional are placed at the top of wall in the room and not on the floor so that the hot air
which are less dense rises and are cooled while the colder air which are denser sink down
hence. This continuous process of rising and cooling of warm and cold air set up convectional
currents which cools the room.
STRATEGIES AND ACTIVITIES

ACT 1: Teacher states the three methods of heat transfer to the students
ACT 2: Teacher explain conduction of heat and its applications to the students.
ACT 3: Teacher explains convection and its applications to the students
EVALUATION:
1. Mention four applications of radiation
2. Mention four applications of convection
ASSIGNMENT: Explain radiation and its applications

DURATION: 40 minutes

TOPIC: Heat Energy

SUB-TOPIC: Radiation of heat

REFERENCE: M.W Anyakoha New School Physics for Senior Secondary school pg 355

BUILDING BACKGROUND: The students are familiar with heat transfer

LESSON OBJECTIVE(S): At the end of the lesson students will be able to;

i. explain radiation of heat energy

ii. mention the applications of radiation

RESOURCES MATERIAL(S): A chart showing radiation of heat

CONTENT DEVELOPMENT

RADIATION
Radiation: is the process by which heat is transferred or conveyed from one place/point to another
without heating the interview medium. In radiation molecules are not involved, it differs from another
method because it does not require a medium for heat to be transferred. Heat from the sun reaches us
by this method. The energy given out as radiant heat is known as RADIANT ENERGY. This energy
displace electrical and magnetic properties and it said to be electromagnetic radiation and the name is
INFARED.
RADIATION CAN BE DETECTED BY
 Radiometer
 Thermo-pile
 Leslie cube

Dark surface is good absorber of heat and poor emitter of radiation. Highly polished surface are good
emitter of radiation and poor emitter of heat.
APPLICATION OF RADIATION
i. It is not advisable to wear a dark shirt in the tropical sun.
ii. Roofs of factories are coated with aluminium paint.
iii. Shinning roofs and outside walls are painted with light colour in hot climate to keep the
house cool.
iv. Cooking utensils are darkening at the bottom and polished in the upper surface. The
blacking surface will allow the heat while the silver surface won't allow the heat to go
out.
STRATEGIES AND ACTIVITIES

ACT 1: Teacher asks the students to state five of conduction of heat

ACT 2: Teacher introduces the lesson by revising the convention of heat with the student with the
students.

ACT 3: Teacher states and explains radiation as a mode of transferring heat energy to the students
EVALUATION: Mention four applications of heat radiation
ASSIGNMENT: Explain 3 applications of heat radiation
WEEK 4

DATE: 39th of January -2nd of February, 2024

CLASS: SS2

SUBJECT: Physics

PERIOD: 1&2

DURATION: 80 minutes

TOPIC: Heat and Temperature

SUB-TOPIC: Evaporation, Boiling and Melting

REFERENCE: M.W Anyakoha New School Physics for Senior Secondary school pg 238

BUILDING BACKGROUND: The students are familiar with changes in state of matter from one
form to another

LESSON OBJECTIVE(S): At the end of the lesson students will be able to;

i. Explain evaporation and boiling

ii. differentiate between evaporation and boiling

RESOURCES MATERIAL(S): A mercury in glass thermometer

CONTENT DEVELOPMENT

EVAPORATION, BOILING AND MELTING

Evaporation: is defined as the process by which liquid molecules breaks away from the surface of the
liquid to remain as vapour. It can also be simply defined as the process by which liquid changes to gas
or vapour.
Boiling point
As heat is being added to a liquid, its temperature increases steadily until at a certain
temperature when rapid evaporation is seen to occur in every parts of the liquid with the bubbles of
vapor escaping to the surface. This process is known boiling.
As a matter of distinction, evaporation occurs only at the surface of the liquid while boiling
occurs throughout the entire mass of the liquid. Also evaporation takes place at all temperature but
boiling occurs at a particular temperature called boiling point.
Effects of pressure on boiling
An increase in pressure at the surface of a liquid of a liquid raises the boiling point of the
liquid and conversely, a decrease in pressure lowers the boiling point of the liquid.
Effects of impurities on boiling
The presence of impurities or of dissolved substances in a liquid raises the boiling point of the
liquid but lowers the freezing point

STRATEGIES AND ACTIVITIES

ACT 1: Teacher revises the concept change in phase of matter with the student.

ACT 2: Teacher introduces the lesson by explaining evaporation to the students

ACT 3: Teacher explains the concept of boiling to the students

ACT 4: Teacher asks the students to differentiate between evaporation and boiling.

EVALUATION: List three factors affecting boiling and evaporation

ASSIGNMENT: Explain melting point of substance

PERIOD: 3

DURATION: 40 minutes

TOPIC: Heat Energy

SUB-TOPIC: Melting point

REFERENCE: M.W Anyakoha New School Physics for Senior Secondary school pg 325

BUILDING BACKGROUND: The students are familiar with boiling and evaporation

LESSON OBJECTIVE(S): At the end of the lesson students will be able to;

a. explain melting point of substances

b. explain the applications of pressure cooker

RESOURCES MATERIAL(S): A thermometer

CONTENT DEVELOPMENT
MELTING POINTS
Melting point is a temperature at which a solid substance has its bond broken such that it now
flows as liquid. It is also defined as the constant temperature at which a substance changes state from
solid to liquid. On the reverse, the constant temperature at which a substance changes state from
liquid to solid is called freezing point
APPLICATION IN PRESSURE COOKER
The fact that increased pressure raises the boiling point is put into a useful application in the
pressure cooker. The increased pressure of the trapped gas above the liquid raises the boiling of the
liquid inside the cooker. This provides a high cooking temperature needed to conserve fuel and save
time.
APPLICATION IN REFRIGERATORS
Refrigerators make use of the cooling effect of evaporation. The volatile liquid such as liquid
ammonia or Freon evaporates inside copper coil surrounding the freezing compartment, supported by
electric pump which reduced the pressure. As the volatile liquid evaporates in those coils, it absorb
heat from the surround air, consequently and cooling the inside of the refrigerator and its content.
The vapour produced is pumped off into the condenser, where it is compressed by the pump
and condenses back to liquid. The latent heat given out during this condensation is quickly dissipated
by an arrangement of cooling fins at the back of refrigerator.
 Heat is eliminated by convection and radiation to the surroundings and by conduction into
fins. The liquid is again passed into the evaporator coil and thus the level of cooling is regulated by a
thermostat connected to the switch

STATEGIES AND ACTIVITIES

ACT 1: Teacher explain the melting point of substance to the students

ACT 2: Teacher explains structure of pressure cooker to the students

ACT 3: Teacher explain the applications of pressure cooker to the students

EVALUATION: Explain two applications of pressure cooker

ASSIGNMENT: What is latent heat of fusion?

WEEK 4

DATE: 39th of January -2nd of February, 2024

CLASS: SS3

SUBJECT: Physics

PERIOD: 1&2

DURATION: 80 minutes

TOPIC: Nuclear physics

SUB-TOPIC: Structure of atom and binding energy

REFERENCE: M.W Anyakoha New School Physics for Senior Secondary school pg 239

BUILDING BACKGROUND: The students are familiar with structure and different models of atom

LESSON OBJECTIVE(S): At the end of the lesson students will be able to;

a. explain the structure of atom

b. explain binding energy

RESOURCES MATERIAL(S): A periodic table chart

CONTENT DEVELOPMENT

The structure of an atom is made up of a central nucleus, which contains protons and
neutrons, surrounded by electrons in orbit around the nucleus. The number of protons in the nucleus
determines the atomic number and thus the element of the atom.

BINDING ENERGY

Binding energy: is the energy required to separate the protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an
atom. It is a measure of the stability of the nucleus and is related to the strength of the nuclear force,
which holds the protons and neutrons together. The stronger the nuclear force, the higher the binding
energy and the more stable the nucleus.

B.E = [(Z Mp + N Mn) – Mx] 931.45Mev

Where :

Z = proton number

Mp= mass of proton

N = neutron mass

Np = mass of neutron
STRATEGIES AND ACTIVITIES

ACT 1: Teacher introduces the lesson by revising the models of atoms with the students

ACT 2: Teacher explain the concept of binding energy to students.

ACT 3: Teacher explains and interpret the equation of binding energy to the students.

EVALUATION:

a. explain binding energy of an atom

ASSIGNMENT: Briefly discuss isotopes and isobars

PERIOD: 3

DURATION: 40 minutes

TOPIC: Nuclear physics

SUB-TOPIC: Binding energy

REFERENCE: M.W Anyakoha New School Physics for Senior Secondary school pg 257

BUILDING BACKGROUND: The students are familiar with structure of atom and binding energy

LESSON OBJECTIVE(S): At the end of the lesson students will be able to

i. calculate binding energy of an atom

RESOURCES MATERIAL(S): A periodic table chart

CONTENT DEVELOPMENT

4
Example: Calculate the binding energy of 2He [Take the mass of helium atom is 4.0026amu, mp =
1.007 276amu 1.008 665amu and c = 3x108]

B.E = [(Z Mp + N Mn) – Mx] 931.45Mev

B.E = [(2x1.007 276 + 2x1.008 665)] 931.4Mev

B.E = 28.6Mev

STRATEGIES AND ACTIVITIES

ACT 1: Teacher revises the concept of binding energy the students.

ACT 2: Teacher solves a problem on binding energy for the students.

ACT 3: Teacher asks the students to ask questions on binding energy

EVALUATION: Calculate the binding energy of 12 H [Take the mass of helium atom is 4.0026amu,
mp = 1.007 276amu 1.008 665amu and c = 3x108m/s]

ASSIGNMENT: State the radioactive decay law