Nouns

·age -ence
Verb Noun Verb Noun
break breakage confide confidence
cover coverage depend (in)dependence
pack package differ difference
post postage exist existence
store storage insist insistence
wreck wreckage obey obedience
occur occurrence
Adjective Noun offend offence
short shortage persist persistence
recur recurrence
-al
Adjective Noun
Verb Noun absent absence
(dis)approve (dis)approval (in)competent (in)competence
arrive arrival (in)convenient (in)convenience
bury burial evident evidence
deny denial innocent innocence
dismiss dismissal intelligent intelligence
propose proposal (im)patient (im)patience
rehearse rehearsal present presence
remove removal violent violence
renew renewal
revive revival
survive survival "Cy
Adjective Noun
-ance (in)accurate (in)accuracy
Verb Noun ( in)adequate (in)adequacy
annoy annoyance (in)decent (in)decency
(dis)appear (dis)appearance (in)cfficient (in )efficiency
attend attendance (in)frequent ( in)frequency

disturb disturbance immediate immediacy

endure endurance infant infancy
enter entrance intimate intimacy
ignore ignorance (il)literate (il)literacy
inherit inheritance pregnant pregnancy
perform performance private privacy
rely reliance redundant redundancy
resemble resemblance secret secrecy
resist resistance urgent urgency
signify (in)significance vacant vacancy
tolerate (in)tolerance
Adjeetive Noun
arrogant arrogance
distant distance
(un)important (un)importance
( ir)relevant (ir)relevance
reluctant reluctance
116
·dom
Adjective Noun
.ity
Adjective
Word formation list

Noun
·
bored boredom (un)able (in)ability
free freedom (in)active (in)activity
wise wisdom complex complexity
credible credibility
Person Abstract noun curious curiosity
king kingdom (un)equal (in)equality
star stardom (un)familiar (un)familiarity
ferocious ferocity
·ful (in)flexible (in)Hexibility
(in)formal (in)formality
Noun Noun (Quantity) generous generosity
arm armful hostile hostility
cup cupful immune immunity
fist fistful intense intensity
hand handful major majority
house houseful minor minority
room roomful (im)mobile (im)mobi1ity
spoon spoonful objective objectivity
(un)original (un)originality
·hood personal personality
(un)popular (un)popularity
Person Abstract noun prosperous prosperity
adult adulthood (im)pure (im)pun'ty
child childhood (in)secure (in)security
father fatherhood (in)sensitive (in)sensitivity
man manhood severe severity
mother motherhood similar similarity
neighbour neighbourhood” simple simplicity
parent parenthood (in)sincere (in)sincen'ty
woman womanhood stupid stupidity
*neighbourhood subjective subjectivity
(in)va1id (in)vaIidity
part of a town or city where people live
Adjective Noun
·ing
likely likelihood
Verb Noun
advertise advertising
-iety build building
Adjective Noun gather gathering
anxious anxiety like liking
notorious notoriety live living
sober sobriety meet meeting
various variety record recording
say saying
set setting
suffer suffering

117
· Word formation list

·ment
Verb
achieve
Noun
achievement
-ship
Person
Champion
Abstract noun
championship
(dis)agree (dis)agreement companion companionship
amaze amazement friend friendship
amuse amusement leader leadership
announce announcement member membership
argue argument owner ownership
arrange arrangement partner partnership
commit commitment scholar scholarship*
content contentment sponsorship**
Sponsor
develop development
disappoint disappoiniment *scholarship
discourage discouragement money given to someone to help pay for their
embarrass embarrassment studies
employ (un)employment
**sponsorship
eneourage eneouragement money given to someone/an organization to help
enjoy enjoyment
pay for something, eg a_n event
.
entertain entertainment
excite excitement
govem government Adjectlve
_
Noun
improve improvement hard hardship
invest investment
involve involvement _ sis
judge judgementjjudgment
manage management Verb Noun
measure measurement diagnose diagnosis
move movement emphasize emphasis
(re)pay (re)payment
punish punishment _
refresh refreshment "Slon
replace replacement Verb Noun
izg?
settle
ašgm
settlement
collide
convert
collision
conversmn
treat treatment erode erosmn
exclude exclusion
_ness expand expansion
include inclusion
Adjective NO!“! persuade persuasion
(un)aware (un)awareness supervise supervision
careless carelessness
close closeness
(un)eonscious (un)eonsciousness -son
deaf deafness Verb Noun
eager eagemess compare
·

companson
(in)effective (in)effectiveness
(un)friendly (un)friendliness
great greatness
hard hardness
hopeless hopelessness
(un)selfish (un)se1fishness
serious seriousness
stiff stiffness
thorough thoroughness
iJ'red tiredness
useful usefulness
weak weakness
118
-ation
Verb Noun
·th
Word formation list
·
_
Adjective Noun
adap? Marita?“ broad breadth
administer _
admmistration _

. . d eeP depth
apply. application long length
combme comblnation
_ _ _ strong strength
complle compilation true truth
con51der con51derat10n warm warmth
“Pr-t 235333; wiie wiiii
exp ain youth
identify identification young
imagine imagination Verb Noun
inflame inflammation grow growth
inform information
inspire inspiration
interpret interpretation -ure
observe observation
preparation
Verb Noun
prepare
present presentation close closure
publish publication compose composure
(dis)qualify (dis)qualification depart departure
realize realization expose exposure
resign resignation fail failure
vary variation please pleasure
proceed procedure
sign signature
·twn
_

Verb Noun .y
accommodate accommodation
(re)act (re)acu'on Adjective Noun
associate association difficult difficulty
“30116“ collection (dis)honest (dis)honesty
complicate complication poor poverty
compose composition safe safety
(dis)connect (dis)connection (un)certain (un)certainty
contaminate contamination
demonstrate demonstration Verb N°“
direct direction diSCOVCT discovery
evolve evolution enter entry
hesitate hesitation
imitate imitation
inhibit inhibition
investigate investigation
(de)motivate (de)motivation
operate operation
perceive perception
predict prediction
prescribe prescription
receive reception
recognize recognition
reduce reduction
repeat repetition
(dis)satisfy (dis)satisfaction
(re)solve (re)solution
subscribe subscription
substitute substitution
119
·
.ant
Verb
Word formation list

Peo p I e

Person
-ian
Noun Person
apply applicant electricity electrician
assist assistant history historian
confide confidant(e) library librarian
consult consultant mathematics mathematician
contest contestant music musician
defend defendant politics politician
inhabit inhabitant
occupy occupant ·iSt
part1c1pate part1c1pant N0 un Person
bicycle cyclist
'a'“ environment environmentalist
Verb Person motor (car) motorist
nature naturallst
li e li ar
novel novelist
psychiatry psychiatrist
·ati've science scientist
specialism specialist
Verb Person violin violinist
represent representative
·Of
-er
Verb Person
Verb Person act actor
employ employer collect collector
lecture lecturer communicate communicator
manufacture manufacturer compete competitor
present Presenter conduct conductor
read reader contribute contributor
research researcher demonstrate demonstrator
w1n wmner distribute distributor
instruct instructor
invent inventor
spectate spectator

120
Nouns formed with up, down, in, away, out, back
Word formation Iist
·
“P' out-
upbringing outbreak
upkeep outburst
uprising outcome
uproar outlinc
upset outlook
uptum output
outset
down-
downfall "”“
downpour breakout
downside checkout
downtum handout
knockout
lookout
_ down
payout
breakdown tumout
workout
in-
income "ka
input comeback
insight drawback
intake feedback
setback
-away
back-
getaway
hideaway background
runaway
takeaway

Mlscellaneous
Verb Noun Verb Noun
(mis)behave (mis)behaviour sell sale(s)
choose choice succeed success
complain complaint think thought
die death try tn'al
give gift weigh weight
kDOWIedgc
imo“, Adjective Noun
augh laughter
lose loss high height
prove proof
receive receipt
respond response

121
·
Verb
Word formation list

Ad jectlves
-able
Adjective Noun
-ible
Adjective
accept (un)acceptab1e access (in)accessible
advise (in)advisable flexibility (in)flexible
afford affordable sense (in)sensible*
agree (dis)agreeable Verb
apply (in)applicab1e
Adjective
. .
appreciate appreciable comprehend (m)comprehen51ble
approach (un)approachable respond (1r)respon51ble
avoid (un)avoidable * sensible:
hear (un)bearable showing or having good sense eg Cycling with a
believe (un)be1ievab1e broken arm is not a very sensible thing to do.
compare (in)comparable , _

consider (in)considerable LnSŠŽŽŽŽŽŠious

lišila Žšššžggšle eg He was found dmnk and insensible.

b not caring about or unaware of
forget (un) forge ttable
eg She seemed msenszble to the dangers involved.
·

imagine (un)imaginable
irritate irn'table
note notable -a1
notice noticeable
pay payable Noun Adjective
predict (un)predictab1e accident accidental
prefer prefemble addition additional
prevent preventable alphabet alphabetical
regret regrettable behaviour behavioural
rely (un)reliable centre central
remark (un)remarkable culture cultural
respect respectable ecology ecological
understand understandable emotion (un)emotional
work (un)workable environment environmental
Noun Adjective exception (un)exceptional
comfort expenment expenmental
(un)comfortable fact factual
.
fashion .
(un)faslnonable
globe global
knowledge knowledgeable . . . .
memory (un)memorable matien
'“
mtedletiozal

me thc? "maca
profit (un)profitab1e
o me 0 c &]
reason (un)reasonable
value valuable/invaluable* m°fmm°m
nation
“Puma”
national
*invaluable: occasion occasional
extremely useful. eg invaluable advice/experience/help occupation occupational
origin (un)original
parent parenta]
person (im)personal
practice (im)practical
profession (un)professional
sensation (un)sensational
society social
temperament temperamental
tradition traditional
universe universal

122
-ial
Noun Adjective
-ate
Noun
Word formation list

Adjective
·
benefit beneficial accuracy (in)accurate
commerce commercial adequacy (in)adequate
controversy (un)controversial appropriacy (in)appropriate
face facial consideration (in)considerate
finance financial fortune (un)fortunate
industry industrial moderation (im)moderate
influence influential
manager managenal ·ative
matumony mammomal
residence residential Verb Adjective
secretary secretarial administer administrative
substance (in)substantial argue argumentative
territory territorial compare comparative
consult consultative
-ant imagine (un)imaginative
inform (un)informative
Verb Adjective prevent preventative
provoke provocatlve
ignore ignorant
represent (un)representat1ve
_

please (un)pleasan t
rely reliant
resist resistant
signify (in)significant
tolerate (in)tolerant

-ent
Verb Adjective
appear apparent
confide confident
depend (in)dependent
differ (in)different
insist insistent
obey (dis)obedient
persist persistent
recur recurrent
Noun Adjective
absence absent
(in)competence (in)competent
(in)convenience (in)convenient
evidence evident
(in)frequency (in)frequent
innocence innocent
intelligence intelligent
(im)patience (im)patient
presence present
violence violent

123
·
Verb
act
adopt
Word formation list

·ive

appreciate
Adjective
(in)active
adoptive
-ing/-ed
The following verbs can be used to form participle
adjectives
eg worrymg/womed
_

(un)appreciative alarm, amaze, amuse, armoy, astonish, bore,

assert (un)assert1ve confuse, convince, depress, disappoint, disgust,
attend (m)attent1ve embarrass, entertain, excite, exhaust, fascinate,
attract (un)attract1ve frighten, frustrate, increase, interest, irritate,
commumcate (un)commun1cative
_

motivate, move, refresh, relax, satisfy, shock,

compete (un)compeht1ve surprise, tem'fy, threaten, thrill, tire, worry
conclude (in)conclusive
Tlxe followmg -zrzg adJectives are commonly used
_ _ _ _

construct (un)constructive
With the nouns m brackets.
cooperate (un)cooperative
create (un)creative Verb Adjective
jeccšve deceiptive close closing (date)
de?
e en.
; Simi) eclswe
e enslve
consult
recur
consulting (room)
recurring (illness, nightmarc,
descnbe descnptlve
problem theme)
destroy destructive
run running '(w at er)
disrupt (#813an support supporting (actor, actress,
d1v1de d1v151ve
evidence ' role)
explode explosive
express expressive
extend extensive "aus
impress (un)impressive Noun
include inclusive Adjective
. .
invent inventive (dis)advantage (dls)advantageous
offend . .
(m)offens1ve
ambition (un)ambitious
. .
persuade persuaswe
. anmety anx10us
, .
po ssess
cautmon cautious
po ssessive
produce (un)product1ve. courtesy (dis)courteous
, ,
cunous
_

cunos1ty
progress pro gr essive
protect protectlve
. danger dangerous
recelve
. . d'isaster disastrous
_

(un)recept1ve
res pect ( ir ) res pe ctive glamour (un)glamorous
respond . hazard hazardous
(un)responswc
speculate . h umour humorous
speculatlve
succeed . luxury luxunous,
successwe
support (un)suppomve. monster monstrous
,
mystery mystenous
Noun Adjective nerve nervous
aggression (un)aggressive number numerous
effect (in)cffective POISOH POISOHOUS
expense (in)cxpensive religion (1r)rehg10us
secret secretive suspicion suspicious
sense (in)sensitive Verb Adjective
infect infectious
vary various

124
-ful/-less
Root
beauty
-ful
beautiful
-lesslun__ful
Word formation list

cheerless: used mainly to describe the weather or a

room which is not bright or pleasant
helpless: unable to do anything to help or protect
.
care careful careless yourself
cheer cheerful cheerless* unhelpful: not willing to help other people
colour colourful colourless
count countless priceless: used to describe an object which has a
deceit deceitful very high value; it is worth so much money that the
delight delightful price cannot be calculated (compare with worthless
effort effortless below)
end endless skllful & slđlled: both can be used to describe a
event eventful uneventful person who has the necessary ability, experience
faith faithful unfaithful and/or training to do something well.
fault faulty faultless eg He's a skilful footballer: This work was done by
Hight flightless skilled craftsmen.
gratitude grateful ungmteful
hair skilled: can also be used to describe a job or piece
hairy hairless
harm harmful of work that requires special skill and training
harmless
heart heartless eg Nursing is a skilled job.
help helpful helpless*/unhelpful* tasty: used to describe food with a strong and
home homeless pleasant Havour
hope hopeful hopeless tasteful: used to describe clothes, decoration etc
job jobless which is attractive and shows good taste
meaning meaningful meaningless
pain painful painless thoughtful:
peace peaceful a to describe a person who is quiet and serious
point pointless because they are thinking about something
power powerful powerless b to describe someone who thinks and cares about
price priceless* the feelings and needs of other people
relent relentless worthless: used to describe an object with no
resource resourceful unresourceful value in money (compare with priceless above)
respect respectful disrespectful
skill skilful*lskilled* unskilled
sleep sleepless ·lc
speech speechless Noun
stress stressful
Adjective
unstressful
success successful unsuccessful allergy allergic
taste drama dramatic
tasty*/tasteful* tasteless
thought thoughtful" thoughtless optimism optimistic
time timeless pessimism pessimistic
truth truthful untruthful science scientific
use useful useless strategy Strategic
waste wasteful
wonder wonderful
worth worthless*
youth youthful

125
· Word formation list

'a'?
Noun
caution
literature
revolution
Adjective
cautionary
literary
revolutionary
Verbs
·ate
Noun
alien
Verb
alienate
assassin assassinate
Verb Adjective difference differentiate
imagine imaginary value evaluate
volunteer (in)voluntary
Adjective Verb
active activate
'ory captive captivate
Verb Adjective dominant dominate
advise advisory valid validate
celebrate celebratory
contradict contradictory
en-
explain explanatory
introduce introductory Noun Verb
migrate migiatory act enact
oblige obligatory circle encircle
prepare preparatory courage encourage (discourage)
satisfy (un)satisfactory danger endanger
supervise supervisory force enforce
list enlist
-ly rage enrage
trust entrust
Noun Adjective
&iend Adjective Verb
(un)friendly
life able enable
lively
time (un)timely large enlarge
rich enrich
sure ensure
”y
Noun Adjective -ify
chat chatty
cloud
Noun Verb
cloudy
class classify
ease easy
fault faulty example exemplify
fog foggy glory glorify
frost frosty identity identify
note notify
glass grassy
guilt guilty (dis)qualification (dis)qualify
hair hajry Adjective Verb
hill hilly clear clarify
mist misty
mud just justify
muddy purify
rain pure
tainy simple simplify
rock rocky solid solidify
sleep Sleepy
sun sunny
wealth wealthy

126
-en Adjective
Word formation list

Verb
·
Adjective Verb commercial commercialize
familiar familiarize
black blacken forma] formalize
bright brighten
broad general generalize
broaden
item itemize
dark darken modern modemize
dead deaden social socialize
deaf deafen
special specialize
deep deepen stable stabilize
fat fatten visual visualize
flat llatten
hard harden
high heighten Verbs formed with up,
long
less
lengthen down, over, under, out
lessen up-
loose loosen
red redden update
sad sadden upgrade
sharp sharpen uphold
short shorten uplift
soft soften uproot
stiff stiffen upset
straight straighten upstage
strong strengthen
sweet sweeten down-
thick thicken
tight tighten downgrade
weak weaken download
wide widen downplay
downshift
worse worsen downsize
Noun Verb
threat threaten over·
overcome
-ize overcook
overeat
Noun Verb overestimate
character characterize overexpose
Climate acclimatize overflow
computer computerize overhear
criticism criticize overheat
emphasis emphasize overload
maximum maximize overlook
memory memorize overrate
minimum minimize overrule
moisture moisturize overrun
pressure pressurize overshadow
revolution revolutionize oversleep
standard standardize overspend
summary summarize overstay
symbol symbolize overstretch
sympathy sympathize overtake
overthrow
overuse
overwork

127
· Word formation list

under-
underachieve
undercharge
undercut
underest'unate
undergo
underline
underrate
understate
undertake
undervalue

out-
outgrow
outlast
outlive
outnumber
outplay
outrun
outstay

128