1.

MOMENT OF INERTIA OF A SOLID

SPHERE OF KNOWN MASS USING VERNIER
CALIPER

AIM: To determine the moment of inertia of a solid

sphere of known mass using Vernier caliper.

APPARATUS REQUIRED Vernier caliper, Solid

sphere

FORMULA:
OBSERVATION
𝟐 To find the radius of sphere
𝐈𝐝 = 𝐌𝐑𝟐 𝐤𝐠 𝐦𝟐
𝟓

𝐈𝐝 → Moment of inertia of a solid sphere about its

diameter (kg m2)
M → Mass of the sphere (kg)
R→ Radius of the sphere (metre)

PROCEDURE
1) The Vernier caliper is checked for zero errors and
error, if found is noted.
2) The sphere is kept in between the jaws of the
Vernier caliper.
3) The Main Scale Reading (MSR ) and Vernier Radius of the sphere =R=1.223 cm
Scale Coincidence ( VSC ) are noted. Radius of the sphere =R= 1.223 x 10-2 m
4) (VSC ± ZC)is multiplied by least count (LC) to
get Vernier scale reading ( VSR ). Mass of the sphere =M= 127 gm =127 x 10-3 kg
5) MSR is added with VSR which gives the CALCULATION
diameter of the sphere.
6) Observations are to be recorded for different
positions of the sphere. RESULT
𝟐 moment of inertia of a
7) Using the formula, 𝐈𝐝 = 𝟓 𝐌𝐑𝟐 ,the moment of
solid sphere 𝐈𝐝 = 𝟕𝟓. 𝟗𝟖 𝐱 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝒌𝒈 𝒎𝟐
inertia of the given sphere about its diameter is
calculated

1.Moment of Inertia -Vernier Calipers Jaya Physics – Youtube S.Jayachandran PG.Asst, GHSS,Manali,Thiruvallur dT, 9840430109 Page 1
4.ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY USING OBSERVATION:
SIMPLE PENDULUM To find the acceleration due to gravity ‘g’:

Aim: To measure the acceleration due to gravity

using a simple pendulum

APPARATUS REQUIRED Retort stand, pendulum

bob, thread, meter scale, stop watch.

FORMULA:
𝐋
𝐠 = 𝟒𝛑𝟐 ( ) 𝐦 𝐬 −𝟐
𝐓𝟐

𝐠 → Acceleration due to gravity ( 𝐦 𝐬−𝟐 )

𝐋 → Length of the pendulum( 𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐫𝐞)
r → Time period of simple pendulum( 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝) CALCULATION

PROCEDURE:
1) A small brass bob is attached to the thread.
2) Thread is fixed on to the stand.
3) The length of the pendulum from top of the
suspension hook to the middle of the bob of the
pendulum (L)is measured
4) Bob is made to oscillate. The time (t) taken for 20
oscillations is measured using stop watch.
5) The period of oscillation T is calculated.
6) The experiment is repeated for different
lengths(L).
𝐋
7) Using the formula 𝐠 = 𝟒𝛑𝟐 (𝐓𝟐 ) ,acceleration due
to gravity g is calculated.
To calculate mean g

4 simple pendulum Jaya Physics – Youtube S.Jayachandran, PG.Asst, GHSS, Manali, Thiruvallur Dt 9840430109 Page 4
 7. SURFACE TENSION BY CAPILLARY RISE OBSERVATION:
METHOD
AIM To determine surface tension of a liquid by
capillary rise method.
APPARATUS REQUIRED A beaker of Water,
capillary tube, vernier microscope, double hole rubber
stopper, a knitting needle, and a short rubber tubing.
FORMULA:
𝒉𝒓𝝆𝒈
𝑻=
𝟐
T → Surface tension of the liquid ((𝑵 𝒎−𝟏 )
h → height of the liquid in the capillary tube (m)
r → radius of the capillary tube (m)
ρ → Density of water (𝐤𝐠 𝒎−𝟑 )
(σ = 1000 𝐤𝐠 𝒎−𝟑 )
g → Acceleration due to gravity (g = 9.8 𝒎 𝒔−𝟐 )
PROCEDURE:
1. A capillary tube is dipped inside the beaker
containing water, so that a little amount of
water is raised inside. 7. The vertical cross wire is made to coincide with
2. A needle is fixed near the capillary tube so that CALCULATION:
the left side inner wall of the tube. The vertical scale
the needle touches the water surface reading is noted as L1.
3. A Vernier microscope is focused such that lower 8. Then the vertical cross wire is made to coincide
meniscus of the water coincides with the with the right side inner wall of the tube. The
horizontal line of the cross wire. The vertical scale reading is noted as R1.
corresponding vertical scale reading is noted. 9. Half the difference (L1.- R1.) between the two
4. Then the Vernier microscope is focused such readings gives the radius (r) of the capillary tube.
that tip of the needle coincides with the 𝒉𝒓𝝆𝒈
horizontal line of the cross wire. The vertical 10. Using the formula 𝑻= the surface
𝟐
scale reading is noted. tension of liquid is calculated.
5. The difference between the two readings of the
RESULT
vertical scale gives the height (h) of the liquid
Surface tension of the given liquid by
raised in the capillary tube.
6. Vernier microscope is focussed to clearly see the capillary rise method T = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟎𝟓 𝐍 𝐦−𝟏
inner walls of the capillary tube.
7.Surface Tension Jaya Physics-Youtube S.Jayachandran PG.Asst, GHSS,Manali,Thiruvallur dT, 9840430109 Page 8
9.STUDY OF RELATION BETWEEN FREQUENCY 7) Experiment is repeated for tuning forks of To calculate mean nl
AND LENGTH OF A GIVEN WIRE UNDER different frequencies by keeping the same load in
CONSTANT TENSION USING SONOMETER the hanger.
Aim: To study the relation between frequency and
length of a given wire under constant tension using a OBSERVATION:
sonometer Mass suspended = 400 gm
−𝟑
APPARATUS REQUIRED Sonometer, six tuning Constant Tension on the wire T = 400 x 𝟏𝟎 −𝟑𝐱 𝟗. 𝟖N
forks of known frequencies, Metre scale, rubber pad, T = 3920 x 𝟏𝟎 𝑵 RESULT
paper rider, hanger with half – kilogram masses, For a given tension, the resonant length of a given
wooden bridges stretched string varies as reciprocal of the
FORMULA: frequency.
The product n l is a constant and found to be
52.92 (Hz m)

Graphical method to be drawn in Record Note Only

𝐧 → Frequency of the fundamental mode of vibration
of the string (Hz)
𝒎 → Mass per unit length of the string ( 𝐤𝐠 𝐦−𝟏 )
l → Length of the string between the wedges (m) CALCULATION
T → Tension in the string T= Mg ( N )
M → Mass suspended (Kg)
PROCEDURE:
1) A wire is stretched on a sonometer by placing
suitable mass in the hanger.
2) A small paper rider is placed over the wire,
between the two bridges.
3) Tuning fork is set into vibrations by striking it
against the rubber pad and placed over the
sonometer, by its stem.
4) Vibrating length of the wire is adjusted by sliding
the bridge B till the paper rider falls down.
5) frequency of vibration is in resonance with the
frequency of the tuning fork.
6) The length of the wire between the wedges A and
B is measured using meter scale. It is called as
resonant length.

9 Sonometer -Frequency Jaya Physics – Youtube S.Jayachandran PG.Asst, GHSS,Manali,Thiruvallur dT, 9840430109 Page 10
10. STUDY OF RELATION BETWEEN LENGTH OF OBSERVATION: Result:
THE GIVEN WIRE AND TENSION FOR A Frequency of tuning fork n =286Hz The resonating length varies as square root of tension
CONSTANT FREQUENCY USING SONOMETER for a given frequency of vibration of a stretched
AIM To study the relationship between the length of a string.
given wire and tension for constant frequency using a √𝐓
sonometer is found to be a constant which is equal to 19.3.
APPARATUS REQUIRED Sonometer, tuning fork l
of known frequency, meter scale, rubber pad, paper
rider, hanger with half – kilogram masses, wooden Graphical method to be drawn in Record Note Only.
bridges.
FORMULA:
√𝐓 CALCULATION
= 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭
l

𝐧 → Frequency of the fundamental mode of vibration

of the string (Hz)
𝒎 → Mass per unit length of the string ( 𝐤𝐠 𝐦−𝟏 )
l → Length of the string between the wedges (m)
T → Tension in the string T= Mg ( N )
M → Mass suspended (Kg)
PROCEDURE:
1) A steel wire is stretched on a sonometer by placing
suitable mass ( M=2 kg) in the hanger.
2) A small paper rider is placed over the wire,
between the two bridges.
3) Tuning fork is set into vibrations by striking it
against the rubber pad and placed over the
sonometer, by its stem.
4) Vibrating length of the wire is adjusted by sliding
the bridge B till the paper rider falls down.
5) The length of the wire between the wedges A and
B is measured using meter scale. It is called as
resonant length.
Mean
6) Experiment is repeated for of different load in the
hanger. by using the tuning fork. Of same
frequency.
10 Sonometer-Tension Jaya Physics – Youtube S.Jayachandran PG.Asst, GHSS,Manali,Thiruvallur dT, 9840430109 Page 11