The study of computer peripherals involves understanding the external devices connected to a

computer system and their functions. These peripherals extend the computer's capabilities by
enabling it to interact with users, other devices, and the environment.

Categories of Peripherals

Computer peripherals are typically categorized into three types based on their function:

1. Input Devices
These devices allow users to input data or instructions into the computer.

▪ Keyboard: Inputs textual and command data.

▪ Mouse: Enables point-and-click interaction with the graphical user interface.

▪ Scanner: Converts physical documents or images into digital formats.

▪ Microphone: Captures audio for recording or communication.

▪ Webcam: Captures video and images for conferencing or media creation.

▪ Joystick/Gamepad: Provides input for gaming and simulations.

2. Output Devices
These devices display, project, or transmit data from the computer to the user or other
systems.

▪ Monitor/Display Screen: Visualizes text, images, videos, and other graphical

information.

▪ Printer: Produces physical copies of digital documents or images.

▪ Speakers/Headphones: Outputs audio for communication or entertainment.

▪ Projector: Displays computer visuals on larger surfaces, often for presentations.

3. Input/Output (I/O) Devices

These devices serve dual roles, enabling both data input and output.

▪ Touchscreen: Combines input via touch and output through display.

▪ External Storage Drives: Facilitate data transfer and backup (e.g., USB drives,
external hard drives).

▪ External Optical Drives: Reads/writes CDs, DVDs, or Blu-rays.

▪ Network Interface Devices (e.g., Routers, Modems): Enable data exchange

between computers over networks.

4. Storage Devices

▪ External Hard Drives/SSD: For storing large amounts of data.

 ▪ USB Flash Drives: Portable storage for transferring data between systems.

5. Other Specialized Peripherals

▪ VR Headsets: Used for immersive virtual reality experiences.

▪ Graphics Tablets: Used by designers and artists for precision drawing.

▪ Barcode Scanners: Common in retail for identifying products.

Functions of Peripherals

6. Extending Capabilities: Peripherals enhance the functionality of the core computer

system by enabling interaction and expanding performance.

▪ Example: A printer allows the creation of physical documents.

7. Improving Accessibility: Devices like touchscreens and voice input systems make
computing more accessible to people with disabilities.

8. Facilitating Communication: Peripherals such as webcams and microphones are crucial

for video conferencing and online collaboration.

9. Data Transfer and Backup: Devices like USB drives and external storage provide easy
ways to transfer and secure data.

10. Enhancing User Experience: High-definition monitors, VR headsets, and gaming

controllers create richer, more engaging user experiences.

Peripheral Connectivity

Peripherals connect to the computer through various interfaces:

o Wired Connections: USB, HDMI, DisplayPort, Ethernet, etc.

o Wireless Connections: Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, NFC, etc.

Understanding peripherals and their functions is essential for optimizing computer usage,
troubleshooting, and customizing systems to suit specific needs.
 Experiment-2

Installing a Windows operating system involves several steps, depending on whether you're performing a
clean installation or upgrading an existing version. Here's a general guide for a clean installation:

1. Preparation

Before starting the installation, gather the necessary materials and prepare your computer.

o Windows Installation Media:

▪ Create a bootable USB drive or DVD using a tool like the Windows Media Creation Tool.

▪ Ensure the installation media matches your system architecture (32-bit or 64-bit).

o Product Key:

▪ Keep your valid Windows product key ready if required during installation.

o Backup Data:

▪ Back up all important files, as a clean installation will erase the data on the drive.

2. Boot from Installation Media

4. Insert Media:

▪ Plug in the bootable USB drive or insert the DVD into the computer.

5. Access BIOS/UEFI:

▪ Restart your computer and access the BIOS/UEFI by pressing the designated key (e.g., F2,
F12, DEL, or ESC) during startup. This key varies by manufacturer.

6. Change Boot Order:

▪ Set the USB or DVD drive as the primary boot device.

▪ Save changes and exit the BIOS/UEFI.

7. Start Installation:

▪ The computer will boot from the installation media. A Windows setup screen will appear.

3. Installation Process

8. Language, Time, and Keyboard Setup:

▪ Select your preferred language, time format, and keyboard layout, then click Next.

9. Install Now:
 ▪ Click the Install Now button to begin.

10. Activate Windows:

▪ Enter your product key when prompted. If you don’t have it, choose I don’t have a product
key (you can activate later).

11. Select Windows Edition:

▪ If prompted, select the Windows edition (e.g., Home, Pro) that matches your license.

12. Accept License Terms:

▪ Read and accept the Microsoft Software License Terms, then click Next.

13. Installation Type:

▪ Choose Custom: Install Windows only (advanced) for a clean installation.

14. Partition Management:

▪ Select the drive where you want to install Windows.

▪ Delete existing partitions if necessary (be cautious as this erases data), then click Next.

▪ The installer will format the drive and start the installation.

4. Setup Windows

15. Wait for Installation:

▪ The system will copy files, install features, and restart several times.

16. Personalize Settings:

▪ After installation, set up your preferences:

▪ Region and keyboard layout.

▪ Create or sign in to a Microsoft account.

▪ Set up privacy settings and choose whether to enable features like Cortana and
location services.

17. Install Drivers and Updates:

▪ After setup, connect to the internet to download and install the latest Windows updates and
device drivers.

5. Post-Installation

18. Install Applications:

 ▪ Reinstall essential applications and tools.

19. Restore Data:

▪ Transfer your backed-up data to the new system.

20. Activate Windows:

▪ Go to Settings > Update & Security > Activation to activate your copy of Windows.
 Experiment-3

Introduction to Office Automation Software

Office automation software refers to a suite of applications that facilitate document creation, data analysis,
presentations, and other office tasks. These tools enhance productivity, streamline processes, and ensure effective communication
within organizations.

1. Microsoft Word

Overview:
Microsoft Word is a word processing software used for creating, editing, and formatting text documents. It is widely used for
professional, academic, and personal tasks.

Key Features:

• Document Formatting: Customize fonts, styles, and layouts.

• Templates: Pre-designed templates for resumes, letters, reports, etc.

• Tables and Charts: Insert and format tables or embed charts from Excel.

• Spell Check and Grammar: Built-in tools to improve writing quality.

• Collaboration: Share documents and collaborate in real-time using OneDrive.

• Mail Merge: Automate the creation of personalized letters and labels.

Uses:

• Creating reports, letters, and resumes.

• Drafting meeting minutes and agendas.

• Preparing official documentation.

2. Microsoft Excel

Overview:
Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet application used for organizing, analyzing, and visualizing data. It is a critical tool for data-driven
decision-making.

Key Features:

• Data Organization: Use rows and columns to manage structured data.

• Formulas and Functions: Perform calculations, from basic arithmetic to advanced statistical analyses.

• Charts and Graphs: Visualize data for presentations and reports.

• PivotTables: Summarize and analyze large data sets efficiently.

• Data Validation: Ensure the accuracy and consistency of data entries.

 • Macros: Automate repetitive tasks using Visual Basic for Applications (VBA).

Uses:

• Budgeting and financial analysis.

• Inventory management.

• Data tracking and trend analysis.

• Project planning and scheduling.

3. Microsoft PowerPoint

Overview:
Microsoft PowerPoint is a presentation software used to create visual slideshows for business, educational, or personal purposes.

Key Features:

• Slide Templates: Pre-designed layouts to create professional presentations quickly.

• Multimedia Integration: Embed images, videos, audio, and animations.

• Transitions and Animations: Enhance slides with effects for dynamic presentations.

• Speaker Notes: Add notes to guide the presenter during the slideshow.

• Collaboration Tools: Work on presentations collaboratively using cloud storage.

• Slide Master: Maintain consistent design across all slides.

Uses:

• Delivering business proposals and pitches.

• Creating educational content and training materials.

• Presenting project updates and reports.

Benefits of Using Office Automation Software

1. Increased Efficiency: Speeds up tasks like data entry, report generation, and presentation creation.

2. Collaboration: Enables team members to work together seamlessly.

3. Accuracy: Reduces errors with built-in tools like spell check and data validation.

4. Versatility: Addresses a wide range of office needs, from documentation to data analysis.

Microsoft Word, Excel, and PowerPoint form the backbone of office productivity, offering comprehensive tools to
handle diverse professional requirements effectively.
1. Types of Internet Connections

Different types of internet connections cater to varying needs in terms of speed, reliability, and cost.

1. Broadband Connections:

o DSL (Digital Subscriber Line): Internet over telephone lines, suitable for home and small businesses.

o Cable Internet: Uses coaxial cables; faster than DSL and widely available.

o Fiber Optic: High-speed internet using fiber-optic cables; ideal for heavy data use.

o Satellite: Internet via satellite, useful in remote areas but can be slower due to latency.

2. Wireless Connections:

o Wi-Fi: Provides wireless internet access through a router; commonly used in homes and offices.

o Mobile Broadband: Internet through cellular networks (3G, 4G, 5G) using SIM cards.

o Fixed Wireless: High-speed internet using radio signals; suitable for rural areas.

3. Dial-Up Connection:

o Uses telephone lines for internet access. It's outdated and very slow compared to modern options.

2. Required Hardware

To provide internet connectivity, you need specific hardware based on the type of connection:

1. Modem:

o Connects to the internet service provider (ISP) and converts signals into usable data.

o Types: DSL modem, cable modem, or fiber-optic modem.

2. Router:

o Distributes internet connectivity from the modem to multiple devices, often wirelessly.

o Many modern modems have built-in routers.

3. Network Cables:

o Ethernet cables connect devices to the modem or router for wired internet.

4. Wireless Access Points (Optional):

o Extends Wi-Fi range for better coverage.

5. Network Adapters:

o Allow devices (like desktops) to connect to the internet via Ethernet or Wi-Fi.
 6. SIM Cards and Mobile Hotspots (for mobile broadband):

o Provide internet through cellular networks.

3. Setting Up Internet Connectivity

For Wired Connections:

1. Connect the modem to the wall outlet using the ISP-provided cable.

2. Connect the router to the modem using an Ethernet cable.

3. Plug in the Ethernet cable from the router to the computer or device.

4. Configure the router settings using the provided IP address in a browser (usually 192.168.x.x).

For Wireless (Wi-Fi) Connections:

1. Connect the modem to the wall outlet and turn it on.

2. Attach the router to the modem with an Ethernet cable.

3. Log in to the router’s admin interface through a browser.

4. Set up Wi-Fi network settings, including SSID (network name) and password.

5. Connect devices to the Wi-Fi network using the configured credentials.

For Mobile Broadband:

1. Insert the SIM card into the mobile broadband device or hotspot.

2. Turn on the device and connect your computer or smartphone to the network.

4. Troubleshooting Internet Connectivity

1. Check Hardware:

o Ensure all cables are properly connected.

o Restart the modem and router.

2. Verify ISP Connection:

o Contact your ISP to ensure there are no service outages in your area.

3. Check Network Settings:

o Ensure the device's network settings are configured correctly (IP address, DNS).

4. Update Firmware:

o Keep the router and modem firmware updated.

 5. Signal Strength:

o For Wi-Fi, ensure the router is placed centrally and away from obstructions.

5. Security Tips

1. Use strong passwords for Wi-Fi to prevent unauthorized access.

2. Enable firewall protection on your router.

3. Regularly update your network devices to patch vulnerabilities.

4. Use WPA3 encryption (or WPA2 if WPA3 is unavailable).

Providing Internet Connectivity in Networks

For larger setups, such as in offices or institutions:

• Use enterprise-grade routers and switches for better performance.

• Implement VLANs (Virtual Local Area Networks) for improved network management.

• Consider backup internet connections for redundancy.

 Experiment-4

1. Assembling and disassembling a PC involves working with its components to either build a functional
computer system or dismantle it for maintenance, upgrades, or troubleshooting. Below are the steps and
guidelines for each process.

1. Assembling a PC

Required Components and Tools

o Components:

▪ Motherboard

▪ Processor (CPU)

▪ CPU Cooler

▪ RAM (Memory Modules)

▪ Storage (SSD/HDD)

▪ Graphics Card (GPU) (if not integrated)

▪ Power Supply Unit (PSU)

▪ PC Case

▪ Cooling Fans (optional)

▪ Peripherals: Monitor, keyboard, mouse.

o Tools:

▪ Screwdriver (usually Phillips-head)

▪ Anti-static wrist strap or anti-static mat

▪ Thermal paste (if not pre-applied on the CPU cooler)

Steps to Assemble

3. Prepare the Workspace:

▪ Use a clean, static-free surface.

▪ Wear an anti-static wrist strap to prevent electrostatic discharge.

4. Install the CPU:

▪ Open the CPU socket on the motherboard by lifting the retention arm.

▪ Align the CPU with the socket (match the triangle on the CPU with the one on the socket)
and gently place it in.
 ▪ Close the retention arm.

5. Attach the CPU Cooler:

▪ Apply thermal paste if not pre-applied.

▪ Secure the cooler over the CPU using the mounting mechanism and connect the cooler's fan
to the appropriate header on the motherboard.

6. Install RAM:

▪ Locate the RAM slots on the motherboard.

▪ Open the retention clips on the slots.

▪ Align the notch on the RAM stick with the slot and press firmly until the clips lock into place.

7. Mount the Motherboard in the Case:

▪ Install standoffs in the case to align with the motherboard screw holes.

▪ Place the motherboard into the case and secure it with screws.

8. Install Storage Devices:

▪ Mount SSDs or HDDs in their respective bays using screws or tool-less mechanisms.

▪ Connect them to the motherboard using SATA cables (for non-M.2 drives) and power cables
from the PSU.

9. Install the Graphics Card (if applicable):

▪ Insert the card into the appropriate PCIe slot on the motherboard.

▪ Secure it to the case using screws.

10. Connect the Power Supply:

▪ Mount the PSU in the designated case area.

▪ Connect the 24-pin ATX power connector to the motherboard.

▪ Connect the CPU power connector (4-pin or 8-pin).

▪ Connect power cables to the GPU, storage devices, and other components.

11. Connect Front Panel Connectors:

▪ Attach cables for power button, reset button, USB ports, and audio jacks from the case to the
motherboard.

12. Install Additional Cooling (if needed):

▪ Mount additional fans in the case and connect them to the motherboard or PSU.

13. Cable Management:

 ▪ Organize and route cables neatly to improve airflow and aesthetics.

14. Power On and Test:

▪ Connect the PC to a monitor and peripherals.

▪ Turn on the power and check if the system boots.

2. Disassembling a PC

Steps to Disassemble

15. Prepare the Workspace:

▪ Ensure a clean, static-free area.

▪ Wear an anti-static wrist strap.

16. Power Off and Unplug:

▪ Shut down the PC, unplug all cables, and disconnect peripherals.

17. Open the Case:

▪ Remove screws or thumb screws to open the side panel.

18. Disconnect and Remove Components:

▪ Power Supply: Disconnect all cables from components and remove the PSU.

▪ Storage Devices: Unplug SATA and power cables, then remove the drives.

▪ Graphics Card: Remove screws securing the GPU and gently pull it out of the PCIe slot.

▪ RAM: Release the retention clips and remove RAM sticks.

▪ CPU Cooler: Disconnect the fan, unscrew the cooler, and remove it.

▪ CPU: Open the CPU socket retention arm and carefully lift the CPU.

▪ Motherboard: Unscrew the motherboard and remove it from the case.

19. Organize Components:

▪ Store screws and small parts in labeled containers.

▪ Place components in anti-static bags or containers.

Safety and Maintenance Tips

o Prevent Static Damage: Always use anti-static precautions.

o Handle Components Carefully: Avoid touching contacts and pins.

o Regular Maintenance: Clean components with compressed air to prevent dust buildup.

o Document Connections: Take photos or notes to remember cable placements.

 Experiment-6
Installing antivirus software is essential for protecting your computer from viruses, malware, and other
security threats. Here's a step-by-step guide to install antivirus software on your system:

1. Choose an Antivirus Software

• Select reputable antivirus software such as Norton, McAfee, Kaspersky, Avast, AVG, or Windows
Defender (built into Windows 10/11).

• Consider factors like features, cost, and system compatibility.

2. Download the Antivirus Software

• From the Official Website:

o Visit the official website of the antivirus provider.

o Download the appropriate version for your operating system (Windows, macOS, etc.).

• From a Physical Medium:

o If you have a CD/DVD, insert it into your computer's optical drive.

3. Prepare for Installation

• Uninstall Existing Antivirus Software:

o Having multiple antivirus programs can cause conflicts. Uninstall any pre-existing
antivirus software.

o Go to Control Panel > Programs > Uninstall a Program (Windows) and remove the
software.

• Backup Important Data:

o Save your data in case of unexpected issues during installation.

4. Install the Antivirus Software

1. Run the Installer:

o Locate the downloaded installer file (usually in the "Downloads" folder) or the CD/DVD.

o Double-click the installer file to start the installation process.

2. Follow the Installation Wizard:

o Choose the installation type (default or custom).

 o Read and accept the End User License Agreement (EULA).

o Select the installation folder if prompted (default is usually fine).

3. Enter Product Key (If Required):

o For paid versions, enter the product key provided with your purchase.

4. Complete Installation:

o The installation may take a few minutes. Once completed, restart your computer if
prompted.

5. Update the Antivirus Software

• Open the antivirus program and check for updates to ensure the latest virus definitions are
installed.

• This step is critical to protect against the latest threats.

6. Perform an Initial Scan

• Run a full system scan to check for any existing threats on your computer.

7. Configure Settings

• Enable Real-Time Protection: Automatically scans files and applications as they are accessed.

• Schedule Regular Scans: Set a schedule for periodic system scans.

• Check Firewall Settings: Ensure the antivirus firewall is active for additional protection.

8. Register/Activate (If Required)

• Create an account or register your software with the antivirus provider for full features and
support.

Tips for Maintaining Antivirus Protection

1. Keep the Software Updated:

o Regular updates ensure the antivirus can detect the latest threats.

2. Avoid Suspicious Files and Websites:

o Don't download files from untrusted sources.

3. Enable Automatic Updates:

o Automate virus definition and software updates for seamless protection.

 Experiment-7
BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) is firmware embedded on a computer's motherboard. It is the first software that
runs when you start your computer and is responsible for initializing and testing hardware components and loading the operating
system into memory.

Key Functions of BIOS

1. Power-On Self-Test (POST):

o When you turn on your computer, the BIOS performs a POST to check if the essential hardware
components, like RAM, CPU, and storage, are functioning correctly.

o If an issue is detected, the BIOS may emit beep codes or display error messages.

2. Hardware Initialization:

o BIOS initializes and configures hardware components such as the CPU, memory, keyboard, mouse,
and storage devices.

o It ensures that all necessary devices are ready for use before handing control to the operating
system.

3. Bootloader Execution:

o After POST, the BIOS identifies the boot device (e.g., hard drive, SSD, USB, CD/DVD) and loads the
bootloader or operating system kernel into memory.

4. BIOS Settings:

o The BIOS provides a configuration interface (accessed by pressing a key like F2, DEL, or ESC during
startup) where users can:

▪ Set the system clock.

▪ Configure hardware settings.

▪ Adjust the boot order.

▪ Enable or disable devices like integrated graphics or USB ports.

5. Provides Basic Drivers:

o BIOS includes basic drivers that allow the system to interact with the keyboard, mouse, and display
during startup.

Types of BIOS

1. Legacy BIOS:

o Older systems use Legacy BIOS, which supports 16-bit processing and has limitations, such as a 2.2 TB
maximum bootable drive size.
 2. UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface):

o Modern computers use UEFI, which offers advanced features like:

▪ Support for drives larger than 2.2 TB.

▪ Faster boot times.

▪ Enhanced security features like Secure Boot.

▪ A graphical user interface (GUI) for easier navigation.

How to Access BIOS

To enter the BIOS setup utility:

1. Restart your computer.

2. During startup, press the designated key repeatedly (common keys include F2, DEL, ESC, or F10).

3. You will enter the BIOS settings menu, where you can adjust system configurations.

Common BIOS Settings

1. Boot Order:

o Defines the sequence of devices the BIOS checks for bootable media.

2. Overclocking Settings:

o Adjust CPU or memory speeds for better performance (available on advanced systems).

3. Power Management:

o Configure power-saving features like sleep or hibernation.

4. Security Settings:

o Set passwords for accessing the BIOS or securing the system.

o Enable Secure Boot to protect against unauthorized bootloaders.

5. Peripheral Control:

o Enable or disable integrated hardware like audio controllers, USB ports, or network adapters.

Updating BIOS

BIOS updates, also known as "flashing," can add support for new hardware, fix bugs, or enhance performance.
 • Caution: Updating BIOS is risky and should only be done if necessary and using the official firmware from the
motherboard manufacturer.

Importance of BIOS

• Serves as a bridge between hardware and software.

• Ensures proper hardware functionality before loading the operating system.

• Allows users to customize system behavior and troubleshoot hardware issues.

BIOS plays a critical role in the computer’s functionality, ensuring smooth initialization and management of hardware
resources.