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DEPT: MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

TOPIC: Operating Systems: The Foundation of Computing
Name : Swaraj Banerjee
Roll no : 35000724033
 Table Of Content

What is an Operating System (OS)? Core Functions Explained

Kernel: The Heart of the OS – managing resources

Memory Management: How OS allocates and deallocates

memory

Process Management: Scheduling and Execution of Programs

 File Systems: Organizing and Storing Data

Input/Output (I/O) Management: Interacting with Hardware

Security in Operating Systems: Protecting Data and Resources

Types of Operating Systems: From Batch to Real-Time

 Popular Operating Systems:

The Future of Operating Systems: Trends and Innovations

What is an Operating System (OS)? Core
Functions Explained
Resource Management Abstraction Layer User Interface
An OS manages hardware The OS provides an abstraction layer Operating systems provide user
resources like CPU, memory, between hardware and software. interfaces, such as graphical user
and storage. It allocates these Developers can write applications interfaces (GUIs) or command-line
resources to different without needing to understand the interfaces (CLIs), that allow users to
applications, ensuring fair and intricacies of the underlying interact with the computer. These
efficient utilization. This hardware. This simplifies interfaces facilitate easy access to
prevents conflicts and
development and ensures system functions and applications.
optimizes performance across
portability.
the system.
Kernel: The Heart of the OS –
managing resources

1 Core Component 2 Resource Allocation

The kernel is the central The kernel is responsible for
component of most operating allocating resources like CPU
systems. It acts as a bridge time, memory, and I/O devices
between applications and to different processes. It uses
hardware, managing system scheduling algorithms to
resources and ensuring smooth determine which processes get
operation. access to these resources and
when.

3 Hardware Interaction
The kernel directly interacts with hardware devices through device drivers. It
translates high-level requests from applications into low-level commands
that the hardware can understand. This ensures compatibility and efficient
performance.
Memory Management: How OS allocates and
deallocates memory

Allocation Deallocation Virtual Memory

Memory management involves When a process no longer needs Virtual memory allows the OS to
allocating memory to processes memory, the OS deallocates it, use disk space as an extension of
as needed. The OS keeps track of making it available for other RAM. This enables processes to
available memory and assigns it processes. This prevents memory use more memory than physically
to applications based on their leaks and ensures efficient use of available, improving performance
requirements. This ensures that system resources. Garbage and stability. Paging and
each process has the memory it collection is a common technique swapping are key techniques in
needs to run correctly. used for automatic deallocation. virtual memory management.
Process Management: Scheduling
and Execution of Programs

Scheduling Execution Concurrency

Process scheduling Once a process is Process management
involves determining the scheduled, the OS allows multiple
order in which processes executes its instructions. processes to run
are executed. The OS This involves fetching concurrently. The OS
uses various scheduling instructions from manages the execution
algorithms to optimize memory, decoding them, of these processes,
performance, ensuring and performing the switching between them
that all processes get a corresponding to create the illusion of
fair share of CPU time. operations. Process parallelism. This
Common algorithms execution continues until improves system
include FIFO, Round the process completes or throughput and
Robin, and Priority is interrupted. responsiveness.
Scheduling.
File Systems: Organizing and Storing
Data
Organization 1
File systems organize data into files and directories.
This hierarchical structure makes it easier to locate
and manage data. File systems provide a logical view of 2 Storage
storage, abstracting away the complexities of physical File systems manage the storage of data on physical
storage devices. devices like hard drives and SSDs. They allocate storage
space to files and keep track of free space. File
systems also provide mechanisms for ensuring data
Access Control integrity, such as journaling and checksumming.
3
File systems implement access control mechanisms to
protect data from unauthorized access. These
mechanisms allow administrators to specify which
users or groups have permission to read, write, or
execute files. This helps ensure data security and
privacy.
Input/Output (I/O) Management: Interacting with
Hardware
1 2 3
Device Drivers Interrupt Handling Buffering

Device drivers act as intermediaries The OS handles interrupts from Buffering is a technique used to improve
between the OS and hardware devices. hardware devices, allowing devices to I/O performance by temporarily storing
They translate high-level requests from signal when they need attention. data in memory. This allows the OS to
applications into low-level commands Interrupts enable the OS to respond transfer data in larger chunks, reducing
that the hardware can understand. quickly to hardware events, improving the number of I/O operations. Buffering
Device drivers are essential for ensuring system responsiveness. Interrupt is commonly used for disk I/O and
compatibility and efficient performance. handlers are responsible for processing network I/O.
interrupts and taking appropriate
actions.
Security in Operating Systems: Protecting Data and
Resources

Authentication 1 Authorization
2

4
Auditing 3 Encryption

Operating systems implement various security mechanisms to protect data and resources from unauthorized access. Authentication verifies
the identity of users, while authorization determines what resources users are allowed to access. Encryption protects data from eavesdropping,
and auditing tracks system events for security analysis. Security measures such as firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and antivirus software
also play a crucial role in securing operating systems.
Types of Operating Systems: From Batch to Real-
Time
1 Real-Time

2 Mobile

3
Network

4
Desktop
5
B atch

Operating systems come in various forms, each designed for specific use cases. Batch operating systems process jobs in batches, while
desktop operating systems provide interactive user interfaces. Network operating systems facilitate resource sharing across networks,
and mobile operating systems power smartphones and tablets. Real-time operating systems guarantee timely execution of critical
tasks. Understanding these different types of OS is essential for choosing the right one for a particular application or device.
 Popular Operating Systems:

Developed by Microsoft, first released in Open-source operating system based on Developed by Apple Inc., exclusive to Mac
1985. Unix. computers.
Most widely used OS for personal Highly customizable and widely used in Known for smooth performance, security,
computers. servers, supercomputers, and embedded and seamless integration with Apple
Provides a Graphical User Interface (GUI). systems. devices.
Supports a vast range of software and Known for its stability, security, and Uses Unix-based architecture for better
hardware. flexibility. stability.
Popular versions: Windows XP, 7, 10, 11 Popular distributions: Ubuntu, Fedora, Popular versions: macOS Big Sur,
Debian, Arch Linux. Monterey, Ventura, Sonoma.
 The Future of Operating Systems: Trends and Innovations

Cloud OS AI Integration Security Focus

Operating systems are increasingly moving Artificial intelligence is being integrated into Security remains a top priority for operating
to the cloud, enabling new levels of systems, with new security measures being
operating systems to automate tasks and
scalability and flexibility. Cloud OS solutions improve performance. AI-powered OS developed to combat evolving threats.
allow organizations to deploy and manage Secure OS solutions incorporate advanced
solutions can optimize resource allocation
applications across a distributed encryption, intrusion detection, and access
and predict system failures.
infrastructure. control mechanisms.

The future of operating systems is shaped by trends such as cloud computing, artificial intelligence, and enhanced security. These innovations
are driving the development of more efficient, intelligent, and secure operating systems, enabling new possibilities for computing.
THANK
YOU