1,,,,,.,w.

ul 11011 to 11 C: arable S) Heim and )eJnon

sports and fitness

Sport s use ~,carablc athl~tic de\ ices that are either built i Ho · 1c fabric of th~ S[)on s
apparel or are mcorporatcd mto sports equipment. such as bats ,rnd balls The GPS .l ld
Bluetooth-linked devices relay real-time data to coaches for analysis throug.1 co 11 ect..;d
electronic de\ ices such as laptops. Besides wearable athletic devices, familiar \\Carab\e
t~chnolog) such as Fitbit, Apple Watch, Garmin, Samsung Galaxy Watch and Polar arc used
cxtensi, ely to track \ arious areas of the playe1 s health and performance metrics

1.5. TYPES OF WEARABLE SYSTEMS

1.5.1. SMART WATCHES

These days, the watches are tech-enabled. They double up as a fitness tracker, and sleep
monitor in additio11 to being the classic time-keeping device. Smartwatches provide us with
many other features including enabling us to make & attend phone calls and check messages.
Some watches have the feature of playing FM radio or audio & video files with a Bluetooth
headset. They generally connect to the smartphone via an app and act as a supporting device.
They are often referred to as a 'Wearable Computer' on your wrist because of the bundle of
features that can use through the touchscreen.
1.5.2. FITNESS TRACKERS
Fitness Trackers are among the wearable technology devices wearable on the wrist.
Fitness trackers were primarily launched to perform the function of pedometer, i.e. counting
the number of steps but they have evolved to become an overall health monitor since then.
They perform various functions including tracking your heartbeat, monitoring your sleep,
calories burned, and other metrics. They share the data to the app on the smartphone. In to,
they make a perfect health tracker. Some devices are enabled to regularly share the
information on the metrics of the wearer to their physicians to keep them informed and help
early detection of any issue.
1.5.3. SMART JEWELRY
Jewelry no more acts like pieces of ornaments on your neck or hand, they have become
smart Sma11 Jewelry are those wearables like necklaces, wrist bands, bracelets, or rings that
are tech-enabled to help you track your steps, track monitor your heartbeat & sleep, and
some even notify you of incoming calls.
1.5.4. GAME SIMULATORS
The rise of YR in gaming has given rise to many wearable devices that simulate an
environment and make the experience more realistic, engrossing, and adventurous. The
devices include VR Headsets (also called Head-Mounted Displays or HMDs) that create a
visual simulation and bands that come with built-in sensors to detect your movements. These
bands enable you to control your movements through hand gestures.
 Wearable Devrc 1

[)4\
5 5 SMART CLOTHING 1 , cd mwy mvcntions inclu<l1ng Smart
1. . . 1· t ·ch11olopy with loT has o~t,c1 - , ·'1, , they come integrated with
Tl :iv·rnccmcnt o c. ) k ·is I· - I cxt1 c dS
1e ac ' I ~. ·11c.' also popularly nown , . , , . Smart clothes help measure
Clothes .. Snirn, ~
clo:,:\; t~1casurc the health metrics of the wcl arcpt. ~he body temperature, and
electronic l l'' icrs ' . iration rate, s ee , ·
11
hea t 1-rc ,1c '
1 t d ·1s1Jccts like heart rate,
. iesp . l . eludes smart shoes that examine
S ·t lothmg a so 111 •.
\ idc , ou with that information. mat c . t help you improve health and pt event
pro . d ollect other mctncs o
) our health, steps, fatigue, an c -
injul).

1.5.6. SMART GLASSES . d 'th Bluetooth wireless music and

Ranging from simple smart glasses th~t are equtp~de wt1 take photos to advanced smart
l tl t can hve stream eos o ' I
hands-free callmg totI1e gasses
VI
1a . . .· e these smart glasses are t 1e
. n tmmers1ve expe1 ,enc '
glasses that are AR-enable d to give you a d t ages and reply to them hands-
\ ble the user to rea tex mess
of eyewear. Sma1t gasses can ena . . d 'th features like internet access and
free. Smart glasses by some compames are equtppe ~I
browsing through voice commands.
L5.7. HEARTBEAT TRACKERS & BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORS
There are fitness trackers for a specific use case like monitorin~ the heartbeat or regularly
measuring the blood pressure. These devices help track the met~1cs among the people who
suffer from related diseases. The fitness trackers record and pr~vtde the m~~surements to the
wearer regularly. Some devices are enabled to share the data with the physician.
1.5.8. SMART EARBUDS
New to enter the wearable technology market are earbuds. Though Bluetooth earbuds are
existing for a while now, they aren't considered among wearable technology because they do
not collect and send data. But some companies are making earbuds smart. Smart earbuds
have a built-in gyroscope, GPS, and compass. The sensors in the earbuds relay the
information to the smartphone, which enables it to know your direction and movement.
Hence, the smart ear buds are equipped to provide directions in real-time.
1.5.9. SMART CONTACT LENS
Smart Contact Lens is among the recent inventions made possible with loT. The smart
contact lenses currently available in the market are helpful for medical reasons. 1t helps
monitor eyes for_ various diseases like Diabetes, Glaucoma, and cataracts. It hdps in the
treatment of farsightedness. Apart from medical reasons, some companies are working on
smart contact len~es that are AR-enabled, work on solar power, and capture and store imng~s
and videos. Sman lenses ate among the implantable devices.

1.5.10. IMPLEMENTATION SCENARIO OF WIRELESS BODY AREA NETWORK

The control device can be placed on the body like a 1110 tJ·11 · F. I J(a).
• • < e p1lOllC as S110Wll Ill ~ 1g. ·
?~ 1t can be placed at an accessible location. Most suitable tcchnolo l ics for this link are
ZtgBee, Bluetooth, 61oWPAN) and WM'l S. g
The main task of the BClJ is to transfor d·,ta to a PC . t Wireless
I I · d • · ' 01 o a smart pI1one. ·ie
tee rno og1es use on t1us segment (UCU to PC or to an Internet device) could be a inobt
 Ju 11on to Wearable Syst ems and Selisors

munication net\1tork, a sate llite link . or a \Vi -F i link

W hen th e lnte rnei. 1s used . the data
:~~ected at this PC can be tran sfer red to re mote stations
111 remo te med ical cent ers acro ss the
netv.ork.
Smgle WBAN
Node · One body
r--___ :::-=;;. .......-~ based WBAN Re mote Monit oring station

Hea lth ca re f1l

nd Hub §i '
WBAN 2 hop wireless
link link

BCU Data
(a) base

n
[t jJ\)cu
I
WBAN
link

(/ ~j Perso~,S

Person rf~ (b)

(c)
Multiple-bod y Person
based WBAN : Multiple-body
one BCU is based WBAN :
shared by all Individualised
bodies BCU for each
WBAN
body. link

Fig. 1.3. Implementation scenario of JVireless body area

network (a) single WBA N node,
(b) a WBA N node with multiple bodies, and
(c) multiple WBA N nodes. See also Color Insert.
As desc ribed in Fig 1.3, the colle cted sens or
data can easi ly be tran sferr ed to remo te
stations (i.e., med ical cent ers) with the exis
ting wire less and info rmat ion tech nolo gy
infrastructures such as satel lite, mob ile com mun icati
on syst em, Inte rnet , etc.
Acce ssing the med ical data of injur ed peop le thro
ugh Inte rnet is an e n ectiv e solu tion at
the moment, wh ich will allow med ical prof essio
nals at the hosp ital to colle ct and eval uate
data whil e patie nts are bein g trans ferre d to
the hosp ital in an eme rgen cy vehi cle. If
provisioned, thes e data can also be acce ssed outs
ide the eme rgen cy area s as they will be
made avai lable online.
The cont rol dev ice will be simi lar to sma rt phon
es we use in our daily life to rece ive and
monitor the data obta ined from sens ors. The y will
be like mini com pute rs, whic h will mos t
likely be conn ecte d via a w irele ss tech nolo gy such
as Blue toot h, Wi-F i, 3G/2 G netw orks or
the satellite (VS AT: very sma ll aper ture term inal)
.
Thes e tech nolo gies over flexi ble com mun icati on
links that can be conf igur ed to send data
from medical sens ors to remo te med ical cent ers (sec
ond wi reles s link in Fig 1.2 and Fig 1.3),
which can be acce ssed by med ical prof essio ns at
any time . The BCU can be attac hed to tl1e
body as a wris twat ch or arou nd belt.
 ff/e(l/'(/OU: U t.: VU;e!)

l \6 • ·d for holllc care where there 1s

I , WBAN 11odc can l>c use
.
he first scenm10 shn11ng a smg c , , t , 1 in I•io.
0 1.J (<1) ,(b) ca n be use<l at a
1 Seen 1110s P' t;:,c ll C(
1
need foi onl) one bod) moiHt< ll llll\- • •. ,
•
, d iu ambu iaucc w hile pal 1cnts arc taken to
l lH)I\\ S Ill \io s p1t dis, ,Ill
di-..t1stc1 at c,1, in cn1c1 gen~)
the \H.)spit,\\ N . ·ci·ili;:cd s<.:nsor network with definite
l tlr1t WB/\ is a spc ' · ·
\ ho, e d1s~·\1ss llHI s H)\\"' ' . , • l f WBAN Y, it is necessary to
. l the commercial t1cp 1oy111cn o .
app\tcat1on 1cqu II cnic·nts. 01 .d . .ts di , eren I app Ii cation seen an os and
de, eh' P an mdustrial standard by cons1 ct 111g l ,

requirements.

1.6. COMPONENTS OF WEARABLE SYSTEMS

The main components of wearable devices are as follows

1. Control
Wearable-specific microcontrollers are small, so as to be comfortable and discrete. On the
other hand, the distinctive shapes and colors can function as a decorative element. Several of
the boards available are hand washable (minus the power source). Read the documentation

carefully.
2. Input/Output
In place of pins, these boards have metal eyelets which you can loop conductive thread
through to sew soft circuit connections. Some boards also have snaps - or eyelets large
enough to solder on snaps for easy removal.
3. Conductive Textiles

cu~::::~i~lo:,;:a~::~~~n;;a~:,n~ucl;. as sWilver·obrlstainless steel, through which an electrical

uc ive. ca1a e systems can mak f 1
m a variety of ways, such as: c use o t 1ese materials

❖ Thread for making circuits

❖ Fabric for capacitive touch sensors
•••• Hook-and-loop for switches
4 Sensors
Scn~ors gather information abot .
former mcludc It ht it the environment the us .
mclud I g 'tcmpciatu1e, motion (!\CC) , d 1' . e1, or both. Examples of the
e 1eart rate ([ CG) b . , an ocallon (OPS) ,
m1crocontroll I J , tam waves (EEG) and 111 . l .J . Examples of the latter

sensor m d e, s lave basic ,

sensors on board Otl use e tension (FM
·. G), . A fe\v ,, carablc
o uIes that connect to the ma111 . board. 1er manufacturers· off,. 1
er ,\, range of, extcrl1•. I
5 . Power ·
When
. scoping out a, wearable dcsi
requirement. Do you . gn one of the r., .
servomotor? Boa d, !ust want to illuminate a f'. ust tlungs to consider is the power
. r s with an integratcd holder fi ,cw. LEDs
. ' or d o you want to run a
or a htluum com . battery are nice for tow-,
/utroduction to 1Vearahle ~\),.\ tems and Sensors []JI]
pm,cr projcds that need to be sclr contained. I lowcvc, , boat ch with a stand<1rd 1ST
connector(\\ ith or without a circuit to charge Li Po batteries) arc more vcrsntilc.
6. Actuators
l' nc generic "c1, to dcsc11bc a wearable system is: In response to X, where X 1s t11e input
~ ,) n a scnso,. \ happens. Actuators such as LEDs, buzzers or speakers~ and servomotors are
\\ hat m,1kc thi ngs happen.
\f\ reless Power Supply Physical sensors
Temperature Strain
Electromagnetic couplings c:::::> Tactile Pressure
Energy Harvesting Power

Wireless Data
Communication
.ti ~ Chemical sensors

Gas Ion
Biomolecules
Magnetic Resonance ~
~
J i, \
~!·
I, Electrophysiological sensors
data \ \
RF\D· NFC I '-------i Brain signals Retinal signals
)

Bluetooth Zigbee Cardiac signals

A lications
Electronic Smart Contact Neural Physiology Retinal
Skin s Lenses lnt~rfaces Monitoring Prostheses

Fig. 1.4. Components in wireless, wearable sensor systems

7. Networkin g
To communica te with smart devices, the internet, or other wearable systems, you need
wireless connectivi ty. In addition to Wi-Fi and Bluetooth, wearable-friendly options include;
❖ BLE) which has lowe1 power consumption than classic Bluetooth, a range of 50m, and a
data transmission rate up to I Mbps
❖
NFC, a radio frequency field with a range of approximately 20cm and data transmission
rate up t<J abou1 400 Kbps