6 MAJOR TYPES OF GLOBALIZATION

1. Economic Globalization – Economic globalization refers to the ways corporations do business

as multinational organizations nowadays. The increasing interconnection of world economies
through trade, investment, and technology.

Example: multinational corporations like Apple or McDonald's operating in multiple countries.

2. Political Globalization – Political globalization refers to the diplomatic negotiations between

nation-states. It includes the standardization of global rules around trade, criminality, and the rule
of law. The spread of political ideas, institutions, and policies across nations.

Example: international organizations like the United Nations (UN) or agreements like the Paris
Climate Accord.

3. Cultural Globalization – Cultural globalization refers to the spread and mixing of cultures
around the world. The exchange and blending of cultures worldwide through media, migration,
and communication.

Example: K-pop and Hollywood movies being popular globally.

4. Technological Globalization – Technological globalization refers to the spread of technology

around the world. The rapid spread of technology and digital connectivity across the world.

Example: the internet, smartphones, and social media connecting people globally.

5. Social Globalization – Also known as sociological globalization, social globalization refers to

the integration of our societies. The sharing of lifestyles, values, and social structures across
borders.

Example: human rights movements, global education, and international travel.

6. Environmental Globalization – Environmental globalization refers to the integration of

environmental management practices and policies across national borders. The worldwide impact
of environmental issues and collaborative efforts to address them.

Example: climate change, deforestation, and international agreements like the Kyoto Protocol.
Source:
https://helpfulprofessor.com/types-of-globalization/
https://www.globalizationofmarkets.com/environmental-globalization-facts-effects
GLOBALIZATION THEORIES
1. World-Systems Theory
World-systems theory emphasizes the significance of the entire globe as a whole instead
of individual nations. This theory views the world as a complex system divided into three
categories:
a. Core Nations
 Economically developed countries with strong central governments, diversified
economies, and a significant middle class. Examples include Western European countries and
the United States.
b. Periphery Countries
Less developed nations with unstable governments, often reliant on a single economic
activity like raw material extraction. They typically have high levels of poverty and
inequality. Examples are many nations in Latin America and Africa.
c. Semi-Periphery Countries
Nations that fall between the core and periphery, possessing diversified and developed
economies but not dominant in international trade. Examples include India and Brazil.
The theory emphasizes the economic and political relationships that benefit core nations at the
expense of periphery and semi-periphery nations. However, it has been critiqued for focusing too
heavily on economic factors and core nations, potentially overlooking cultural aspects and
internal class conflicts within countries.
2. Modernization Theory
This perspective suggests that all countries progress through similar stages of
development, transitioning from traditional to modern societies. It posits that underdeveloped
nations can achieve development by adopting modern practices and technologies. Critics argue
that this theory is ethnocentric, assuming that Western-style development is the ideal model and
neglecting the unique cultural and historical contexts of different societies.
3. Dependency Theory
Emerging as a critique of modernization theory, dependency theory focuses on the
relationships between developed and developing nations. It argues that developed countries
exploit developing ones, creating a state of dependency that hinders the latter's development. This
exploitation is rooted in historical contexts, such as colonialism, and continues through economic
and political means. Critics of dependency theory suggest that it underestimates the potential for
development within peripheral nations and may overlook internal factors contributing to
underdevelopment.
Source: https://www.sociologygroup.com/globalisation-theories/

FATHER OF GLOBALIZATION
Peter Sutherland, an influential figure in global migration advocacy, passed away at the age of 71. An
Irish national, Sutherland held prominent roles including UN Special Representative for International
Migration, EU Commissioner, and a key architect of the World Trade Organization, earning him the
moniker "father of globalization." His tenure as the UN Secretary-General's Special Representative on
migration began in 2006, during which he fervently championed the rights and protection of migrants and
refugees. He was instrumental in organizing the inaugural UN summit on migrants and refugees in
September 2016, a pivotal event that marked the International Organization for Migration's (IOM) formal
integration into the UN system. Sutherland's legacy is characterized by his unwavering commitment to
international cooperation on migration policies and his advocacy for the humane treatment of migrants
worldwide.
Source: https://weblog.iom.int/global-migration-champion-peter-sutherland-dies

ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE OF GLOBALIZATION

Advantages of Globalization:
 1. Increased Economic Growth: Globalization has led to heightened trade and investment,
contributing to economic expansion worldwide.
2. Access to New Markets: Businesses can now enter international markets, broadening their
customer base and enhancing profitability.
3. Spread of Ideas and Innovations: The global exchange of knowledge and technology fosters
innovation and the adoption of best practices across nations.
4. Increased Cultural Exchange: Globalization promotes the sharing of cultural practices, leading
to greater understanding and appreciation among diverse populations.
5. Greater Efficiency: Companies can optimize production by leveraging global resources, leading
to cost reductions and improved efficiency.
6. Job Creation: The expansion into new markets and increased trade can generate employment
opportunities in various sectors.
7. Improved Living Standards: Access to a wider array of goods and services at competitive
prices can enhance the quality of life for consumers.
8. Increased Competition: Globalization intensifies market competition, encouraging businesses to
innovate and improve their offerings.
9. Greater Access to Information: The global interconnectedness facilitates the rapid
dissemination of information, aiding education and awareness.
10. Political Benefits: Enhanced international cooperation can lead to more stable political relations
and collective problem-solving.

Disadvantages of Globalization:

1. Job Displacement: While globalization can create jobs, it can also lead to job losses in industries
that cannot compete with international counterparts.
2. Cultural Homogenization: The global spread of culture may erode local traditions and
identities, leading to a loss of cultural diversity.
3. Negative Environmental Impacts: Increased industrial activity and transportation can contribute
to environmental degradation and pollution.
4. Income Inequality: The benefits of globalization may not be evenly distributed, potentially
widening the gap between the rich and the poor.
5. Loss of Sovereignty: Nations may find their policy choices constrained by international
agreements and global market forces.
6. Exploitation of Labor: Companies might exploit workers in countries with lax labor laws to
minimize costs, leading to poor working conditions.
7. Vulnerability to Economic Crises: Economic downturns can quickly spread across
interconnected global markets, affecting multiple countries.
8. Erosion of Local Businesses: Small local firms may struggle to compete with large multinational
corporations, leading to business closures.
9. Cultural Imperialism: Dominant cultures may impose their values and practices on others,
undermining local cultures.
10. Health Risks: The increased movement of people and goods can facilitate the spread of diseases
across borders.

Source: https://politicalscienceblog.com/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-globalization/