FIBERS, VITAMINS, AND FATS

33% gulay
17% prutas

17% karne,
isda, at iba
pa
CARBOHYDRAT PROTEINS
ES
33% portion ng
kanin at iba pang
lamang ugat
PICTURE ANALYSIS

CARBOHY-
DRATES
PICTURE ANALYSIS

PROTEIN
PICTURE ANALYSIS

LIPIDS /
FATS
PICTURE ANALYSIS

NUCLEIC
ACID
1. carbohydrates 3. Nucleic acids

2. proteins 4. lipids
 BIOMOLECULES
These are the building blocks of life and perform important
functions in living organisms. These are chemical compounds
found in living organisms that are composed of mainly CARBON,
HYDROGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, and PHOSPHORUS.
What are
BIOMOLECULES?
◼ Organic compounds made by
living things
◼ Compounds essential to life
◼ Also called biochemicals
◼ Some are very large - polymers
There are various chemical test to measure the
amount of BIOMOLECULES present in a food
sample.
A. BENEDICT’S TEST
Test for CARBOHYDRATES (Sugar )
B. IODINE TEST – Test for the presence of
CARBOHYDRATES (Starch)
There are various chemical test to measure the
amount of BIOMOLECULES present in a food
sample.
C. BIURET TEST - Test for presence of PROTEINS
D. ETHANOL EMULSION TEST– Test for presence of
FATS/OILS
 CARBOHYDRATES
✔ Carbohydrates are one of the main sources
of energy for living organisms and they are
the most abundant biomolecule.
✔ They are the sugars, starches, fibers,
commonly found in grains, vegetables,
and milk products that we consume daily.

✓ consist mostly of Carbon, Hydrogen,

and Oxygen.
✓ Classified as:
✓ MONOSACCHARIDES

✓ DISACCHARIDES
✓ POLYSACCHARIDES
 Monosaccharides
✔ These are simple carbohydrates which serve as repeating units
(building blocks of complex carbohydrates.

✔ Examples:

(C6H12O6)

✓ GLUCOSE – commonly known as

blood sugar.
✓ GALACTOSE – sugar found in dairy
products, fruits, and vegetables
✓ FRUCTOSE – primary sugar found in
honey, corn syrup, plants, in some fruits
 ✔
Disaccharides
consist of two monosaccharides bonded together through
condensation reaction .
✔ Examples:

(C12H22O11)

✓ SUCROSE – also known as table sugar.

✓ MALTOSE – is found in germinating seeds such as barley.

✓ LACTOSE - is commonly known as milk sugar

 Polysaccharides
✔ are
polymers which are large and have complex structures. They
contain 10 monosaccharide units or more.
Examples:

✓STARCH – is a soft, white tasteless powder found in bread,

potatoes, and pasta.
✓ CELLULOSE – is an indigestible polysaccharide found
in fruits, vegetables, beans, and nuts.
✓ GLYCOGEN- is stored in the liver and serves as reservoir
of readily available glucose.
 Polysaccharides
✔ are polymers which are large and have complex structures.

✓ A long chain of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds.

STARCH – is a soft, white tasteless powder found in bread,

✓
potatoes, and pasta.
✓ CELLULOSE – is an indigestible polysaccharide found
in fruits, vegetables, beans, and nuts.
✓ GLYCOGEN- is stored in the liver and serves as reservoir
of readily available glucose.
provide energy and regulation of blood
glucose.
prevents the breakdown of protein for
energy.
Part of structural material of plants.
Carbohydrates also help with fat
metabolism. If the body has enough
energy for its immediate needs, it stores
extra energy as fat.
Breaking down into microscopic molecules

Loaf of bread Bread crumbs Polysaccharide

Monosaccharide Disaccharide
 ACTIVITY 1. Carbohydrates
1. What is the primary function of carbohydrates?
2. What are the elements that make up
carbohydrates?
3. What are the building blocks of carbohydrates?
4. What simple sugar is present in fruits?
5. What carbohydrate is composed of two simple
sugars (monosaccharides) linked by a
glycosidic bond?
6. What disaccharide will form after the
condensation reaction between glucose and
galactose?
7. What way of representing carbohydrates is shown
in figure 1?
For items 8 – 10, identify whether the following is
monosaccharide, disaccharide, or polysaccharide.
7. Maltose
8. Starch
10.Galactose

Figure 1
• A class of biological molecules
defined by low solubility in water
• The word lipid is derived from a
greek word “lipos” which means FAT
• Contain 3 elements:
Carbon (C)
Hydrogen (H)
Oxygen (O)
 LIPIDS
FUNCTIONS

• Chemical messengers
• Storage and provision of energy
• Maintenance of temperature
• Membrane lipid layer formation
• Cholesterol formation
• The "fat-soluble" vitamins
CLASSIFICATION OF
LIPIDS
■ Fats and Oils
■ Waxes
■ Phospholipids
■ Steroids
■ Prostaglandins
 Fats and Oils
■ These are the most abundant of
the lipid compounds.
■ Triglycerides or triacylglycerols
– made up of a glycerol and 3
fatty acids
 Types of Fatty Acids
A. Saturated Fatty Acids
• fatty acid chains have all or
• It is one of the predominantly single bonds.
unhealthy fats, along with
trans fat.
• Foods like butter, palm
and coconut oils,
cheese, and red meat
have high amounts
of saturated fat.
B. Unsaturated Fatty Acids
• A type of fat containing a high proportion of fatty acid
molecules with at least one double bond ,
considered to be healthier in the diet than saturated
fat.
 Characteristics of Fatty Acids

• Fatty acids are the

building blocks
(monomers) of Lipids. In a
fat molecule, the fatty
acids are attached to
each of the 3 carbons of
the glycerol molecule with
an ester bond through
the oxygen atom.
■ Lipids that are harder and less
greasy compared to fats.

■ Have high melting point at

solid at room temperature.
• Form part of the structure of the cell
membrane

• Important in the transport of lipids

in the body

• Made up of a glycerol,
phosphate group and two fatty acids
 • Also called sterols
• hydrophobic and insoluble
in water

• Examples:
• Cholesterol
• Estrogen
• Testosterone
 ▪ Biochemically synthesized from the
FATS fatty acid, arachidonic acid
▪ Produce fevers and inflammatory reactions
▪ Functions:
OILS
▪ Stimulate constriction of damaged blood vessels
▪ Induce labor and reproductive
processes
▪ Increase blood flow in kidneys
▪ Also known as POLYPEPTIDES

▪ Contain the following elements:

▪ Carbon
▪ Oxygen
▪ Hydrogen
▪ Nitrogen
 Immunoglobulin
G (IgG)

Enzymes carry
out almost all of
the thousands of
chemical Phenylalaninehy
reactions that droxylase
take place in
cells.
▪ Also called as
POLYNUCLEOTIDES

▪ Large molecules used by

living organisms for the
storage and transmission of
genetic information.

▪ Made of:
▪ Carbon
▪ Hydrogen
▪ Phosphorus
▪ Oxygen
▪ Nitrogen
CLASSIFICATION OF NUCLEIC ACIDS
▪ to create, encode, and store
biological information in cells,
and serve to transmit and
express that information
inside and outside the nucleus.
What will happen if we take too
much or too little supply of glucose?
 ASSESSMENT
Identify the words inside the box and place it to the categories of biomolecules where it belongs such as
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids.

Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acid

Oils Glycogen Fatty acids Steroids

DNA Enzymes Starch

Glucose Amino acids Cellulose

List the food that you will going to eat
when you at home and identify it whether
it contains carbohydrates, lipids and
proteins. Send your answers online via
messenger or email.