SRI VENKATESHWARAA MEDICAL COLLEGE HOSPITAL

AND RESEARCH CENTRE

Ariyur, Puducherry. Ph.0413-2644435, 2644482
DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS- PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY
COMPILED UPTO MARCH 2024
CELL INJURY
LONG ANSWER QUESTION:
1. Define Apoptosis with eg. Discuss in detail the molecular mechanism of apoptosis. Describe the
morphological and biochemical changes in apoptosis. Enumerate the differences between
apoptosis and necrosis. (Nov 11, 15, Nov 20, 15, Jun 17,May 05, Dec 01). (LAQ+SAQ)
SHORT ANSWER QUESTION:
1. Define metaplasia. Describe its types with examples (Nov 20, May 12,10,11,15,Dec 03,May 10)
2. Free radical and their pathological effects relevant to cell injury. (May 18,May 10)
3. Enumerate with examples the different types of necrosis. Gangrenous necrosis with emphasis
on the differences between dry and wet gangrene. (Dec 01 & 03, Nov 10, 17 & 18, Jan 23)
4. Endogenous pigments, Lipofusion ( Nov 11,May 04)
5. Pathological calcification (Nov 12)
6. Intracellular accumulations (Mar 21)
7. Dysplasia (May 12,15,Dec 03)
8. Etiology and mechanism of cell injury. Distinguish reversible and irreversible cell injury. (Jan 22)

*ALSO READ: Cellular Aging and Necroptosis.

INFLAMMATION AND REPAIR

LONG ANSWER QUESTION:
1. Define inflammation. Types of inflammation with examples. Add a note on chemical mediators
of inflammation, acute inflammation, Vascular and cellular events in inflammation. Differentiate
transudate from exudate. Write a note on outcome. (LAQ & SAQ) (Nov 20, 11,May 12,May
2005,May 12, 04,Jun 19,Nov 14, Mar 21, Jan23, Aug 23, March 24)
2. What is acute granulation tissue, what are the causes. Discuss the vascular and cellular events
of inflammation (Jun 19, Dec 01)
3. Describe in detail about wound healing, factors affecting wound healing and complications(May
15,May 04,May 05,Dec 20, Nov 15,Nov 10) (LAQ+SAQ)

SHORT ANSWER QUESTION:

1. Granulomatous inflammation. What is a granuloma. (Nov 12,May 07,Dec 00,May 07,Dec 20,Dec
01,Jun 19)
2. Enumerate the cardinal signs of acute inflammation (Nov 20).
3. Describe healing of fracture bone (Nov 20,Jun 17,Apr 01)
4. Phagocytosis (Nov 17, 12)
5. Healing by secondary intention (May 11)
6. Types of giant cells (May 05)
7. INTEGRINS(Nov 04)
8. Wound contraction(Dec 01)
 9. Role of Complement system in Inflammation (July 22)
10. Difference between primary and secondary indendation of wound healing. (March 24)

*ALSO READ: Neutrophil Extracellular Traps.

HEMODYNAMICS
LONG ANSWER QUESTION:
2. Define thrombosis. Briefly explain the Etiopathogenesis, Virchows triad of factors that cause
thrombosis. Describe the morphology and fate of Thrombus (Nov 12, Apr 01,Dec 01,Nov2010,
11,14,15, Mar 21, Aug 23). (LAQ+SAQ)
3. Define shock. List major types of shock with clinical examples. Write about pathogenesis and
morphology of septic shock (Jan 22, July 22, Nov 18,May 18, Nov 12,Jun 17,May 2007,May
2018,Jun 17, Aug 23, March 24) (LAQ+SAQ)
4. 35 YR male brought to hospital with bleeding injuries following RTA,PR 156/min,BP 50/26
mm/hg,
A. Discuss briefly about the diagnosis and the reasons.
B. Discuss in detail the pathogenesis, stages and complications.
C. Enumerate the other types with suitable examples. (Ans: Shock)
5. A 69 yr old female sustained fracture neck of femur following road traffic accident. Following
this she developed throbbing pain, swelling and discolouration in left lower limb of 3 days
duration, after which she suddenly developed severe respiratory distress and expired. Duplex
USG had revealed absent blood flow in the deep veins of left leg. Plasma D dimer levels were
markedly elevated. Imp: Deep vein thrombosis with Embolism. (Jan 23)
a. What is the most probable cause of sudden expiry?
b. Etiopathogenesis of this condition which resulted in lower limb pain and swelling?
c. Morphological changes in lung?
d. Fate of thrombus.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTION:

1. Types of embolism. Elaborate on Fat embolism,thrombus (Nov 17,Nov 17,Nov10,Nov 14)
2. Define and discuss the pathogenesis of Edema(Jun 19)
3. Cardiac Edema (May 15)
4. Renal Edema (May 12, 10)
5. CVC Lung (Dec 03)
6. Infarct(Apr 2002,Dec 20)
7. Decompression sickness(Nov 04)

GENETICS
LONG ANSWER QUESTION: NIL

SHORT ANSWER QUESTION:

1.Kinelfelter syndrome(July & Jan 22, Jan 23, Nov 2018)metas
 2. Turner syndrome (May 2018, Nov 20)
3. Trisomy 21 what are genetic and phenotypic features of this disease (Jun 19, May 2004)
4. Barr body (May 05)
5. Ehler- danlo’ssyndrome (Dec 03)
6. Gaucher’s disease (Dec 2000)
7. PCR- Uses and types (Aug 23)
8. Downs syndrome (Aug 23)

DISEASES OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

LONG ANSWER QUESTION:
1. Amyloidosis- Define, classification, Pathogenesis and staining Characteristics (Nov 14, 15,02,
May 2018, March 24). (LAQ+SAQ)

SHORT ANSWER QUESTION:

1. Major Histocompatibility Complex.
2. Hypersensitivity reactions. Mechanism of Type II, III, IV (May 11, 12,18, Nov 12, 14, 18, Jun 19)
3. SLE- Lab diagnosis (Jun 17, Mar 21, Jan 23)
4. Transplant rejection (Apr 02)
5. LE Cell (May 04)
6. Graft Versus Host Disease (July 22)

NEOPLASIA
LONG ANSWER QUESTION:
1. Enumerate the various carcinogenic agents. Classify the chemical carcinogens. Describe the
steps involved in chemical carcinogenesis. (Nov 17, Nov 18,May 18, March 24). (LAQ,SAQ)
2. Describe the pathway of spread of malignant tumours. Briefly discuss the metastatic cascade.
Add a note on Angiogenesis (Jun17)

SHORT ANSWER QUESTION:

1. Difference between Benign and malignant tumour (NOV14).
2. Oncogenic viruses (Nov 12)
3. Microbial carcinogenesis (Nov 18,May 18).
4. Tumour markers and their role in cancer diagnosis (MAY 2008).
5. Lab diagnosis of cancer (Nov 10,May 11)
6. Neoplasms associated with HIV infection, modes of transmission of HIV ( Jun 17, May 15)
7. Metastasis with examples. Modes & pathology (July 22, Jan 23, May 15)
8. Paraneoplastic syndrome (Nov 15, Mar 21, Jan 22)

INFECTIOUS DISEASES
LONG ANSWER QUESTION:
1. Mycobacterium Leprosy. Difference between tuberculoid and lepromatous leprosy (NOV 12,
15, 17,20, Aug 23, March 24) (LAQ,SAQ)
SHORT ANSWER QUESTION:
1. Neoplasms associated with HIV(Jun 17)
2. Actinomycosis(May 15)
3. Opportunistic infections(Nov 14)
4. Mycetoma(May 04)
5. Tertiary Syphilis (July 22)

CYTOLOGY
SHORT ANSWER QUESTION:
1. Differentiate transudate and exudate. (Jan 22, Jan 23)

ENVIRONMENT
SHORT ANSWER QUESTION:
1. Obesity. –Pathogenesis. (Jan 22)

DISEASES OF INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD

LONG ANSWER QUESTION:

1. A 4 Yr old child was admitted with a large mass per abdomen and failure to thrive. BP was
normal. Ans: Wilm’s tumor (May 18,Nov 04,Apr 02,01)
a. What is the likely diagnosis with reasons
b. Describe the gross and microscopy features of the excised mass.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTION: NIL

BLOOD VESSELS
LONG ANSWER QUESTION:
1. A 63 yr old female was diagnosed to have increased BP, high cholesterol level and ischemic
heart disease. Ans: Atherosclerosis. (Dec 2001)
a) Mention the cause for this condition with reasons.
b) Write about the gross and M/S appearance of blood vessels in this case, enumerate the
complications.
SHORT ANSWER QUESTION:
1. Risk factor, Pathogenesis, morphology for Atherosclerosis (NOV 20,May 10, (May 05)

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
LONG ANSWER QUESTION:
1. A 50 yr male collapsed following radiating chest pain associated with sweating. Ans: Myocardial
Infarction. (Jun 19,May 07)
a) What is the probable diagnosis.
b) What are the risk factors and discuss the etiopathogenesis.
c) Gross and microscopy findings of the disease.
 2. A 4 yr old male child presents with a H/O sore throat, fever, fleeting joint pains, skin rash and
prolonged PR interval in ECG. Imp: RF with RHD. (Nov 18,May 18, 04,05) (LAQ&SAQ)
a) What is the most probable diagnosis?
b) Briefly describe the aetiopathogenesis of this condition.
c) Describe the pathological findings in the patient.
3. A 25 yr old lady with H/O of sore throat developed progressive dyspnea and joint pain.O/E she
had a cardiac murmur. Imp: RF with RHD. (Apr 01)
a) What is the most likely diagnosis? Give reasons.
b) Describe briefly the etiopathogenesis of this condition.
c) Describe the gross and M/S of the heart of this patient.
4. An elderly male patient had sweating, chest pain radiating to shoulder. On examination he was
obese with history of uncontrolled diabetes and Hypertension. Imp: MI (Aug 23)
a. What is the diagnosis?
b. Discuss pathogenesis, morphology and investigations
5. A 33-year-old male presented with breathlessness, which was insidious in onset and
progressively increased over past 6 months. Breathlessness exacerbated on lying down and
exertion and was associated with progressive non-productive cough for the past 3 months. He
had past history of recurrent episodes of low-grade fever with associated migratory.
polyarthritis and subcutaneous nodules. On examination he had fever, bilateral pitting pedal
oedema, elevated jugular venous pressure and mild tender hepatomegaly. Imp: RHD (Jan 23 Jan
23 (Supple)).
a) What is the most probable diagnosis?
b) Discuss the etiology and pathogenesis of the disease.
c) Describe in detail the gross and microscopic findings, in the heart, in this disease. (1 + 4+ 5 =

SHORT ANSWER QUESTION:

1. Sequential morphological changes, Lab findings, Enzyme markers, Etiopathogenesis of
Myocardial infarction (March 24, Jan 22, Jun 17, Nov 13, Dec 03)
2. Vegetations in heart valves. (March 24)
3. Morphology and complications of Infective Endocarditis. ( Nov 17, July 22)
4. Risk factors and pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis (Jun 17, Nov 12, Dec 03)
5. Fibrous pericarditis (Apr 02)
6. Creatine phosphokinase- MB isoenzyme(Apr 01)

DISEASES OF WHITE BLOOD CELLS, LYMPH NODES,SPLEEN AND THYMUS

LONG ANSWER QUESTION:
1. Causes of splenomegaly. Enumerate the causes of massive splenomegaly. Discuss the gross and
Microscopy pic of congestive splenomegaly(NOV 18). (LAQ,SAQ)
2. Hodgkin’s Lymphoma- Gross and microscopy, Morphology of its types ( March 24, Jan 22, Jun
19,Nov 17, Apr 01, Jun 19,Nov 13, 14, Apr 01). (LAQ,SAQ)
3. A 65 yr old male patient presented with increased fatigue, bone pain, HB- 8 g/dl, ESR- 90 mm/hr
and M band on serum electrophoresis. Ans: Multiple Myeloma. (Jun 17)
a) What is the likely diagnosis and why? What is the likely cause of bone pain?
b) What are the BM and urine findings in this pt?
c) Complications that can arise in this pt?
 4. A 60 years old woman presented with increased fatigue and frequent fevers and severe back
ache for the past 3 months. On examination, the patient had severe pallor. Blood examination
showed presence of an abnormal protein. A bone scan showed multiple lytic lesions scattered
throughout the skeleton. Ans: Multiple Myeloma (Mar 21, Jan 22, Aug 23)
(a) What is the most probable diagnosis. Give reasons?
(b) Describe the bone marrow finding in this disease.
(c) What is the abnormal protein referred to in the case history? How do you test for this
protein?
(d) Enumerate the other laboratory tests you would do and their findings.

5. A 5-year-old female presented with complaints of progressively increasing fatigue and

weakness and recurrent upper respiratory tract infections, for the past 2 months. On
examination pallor, petechiae, cervical lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly were
detected. Laboratory investigations showed Haemoglobin-7.4 gm/dL, Total leukocyte
count-1,28,000/ L, Platelet count-18,000 (1+5+2+2=10) Ans: ALL. (Jan 23)

(a) What is the most probable diagnosis?

(b) Describe the characteristic peripheral smear and Bone marrow findings of this
condition
(c) Cytochemical findings
(d) Prognostic factors

6. A 25 yr old presented with fatigue, pallor, purpuric rash, intermittent respiratory infection, FGT
lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly for past 2 months. HB-7g/dl, TLC-50,000/mm3, PLT-
45,000/mm3, BM revealed myeloblasts with numerous auer rods. Ans: AML. (Dec 18).
a) What is the probable diagnosis.
b) P/S and BM findings.
c) Cytochemical findings.
d) Prognostic factors of this condition.
5. 62 male presented with fatigue, weakness petrchiae, bone pain and recurrent infections for 2.5
months. O/E Hepatosplenomegaly present. Hb 6.2g/dl, TLC: 1,58,000cumm, Platelet count:
43,000/ml. PS: Sudan black B positive blasts with auer rods. Ans: : AML. (Jan 22)
a. What is the probable diagnosis.
b. BM finings
c. Recent classification
d. Prognostic factors

SHORT ANSWER QUESTION:

1. Agranulocytosis (Dec 01)
2. Abnormal Leucocytes(Dec 03)
3. Classify lymphomas and discuss Microscopy features of NHL (Dec 99)
4. Difference between Hodgkins and Non Hodgkins Lymphoma (Jan 23)
5. P/S and BM, Pathogenesis IN CML (March 24, Aug 23, Jun 19, May 15,18, NOV 14,15).
6. Agranulocytosis (July 22)
7. Plasma cell dyscrasias. BM findings of MM. Diagnostic test of MM (Jun 19,Dec 18, Nov 12)
8. Burkitt’s Lymphoma (July 22, Jun 17, May 07,18)
9. Philadelphia Chromosome (July 22)
 10. Leukemoid reaction. (May 12)

RED BLOOD CELL DISORDERS:

LONG ANSWER QUESTION:
1. A 45 year old female complains of weakness, easy fatiguability and pale conjunctiva. She also
had menorrhagia for past 5 months. Peripheral smear showed microcytic hypochromic RBCS.
(2+4+4=10) LAQ. (March 24)
e. What is the likely diagnosis and why? IDA
f. Explain the etiopathogenesis.
g. Describe the bone marrow biochemical findings.
2. A 45 year old complained of difficulty breathing, pallor, burning sensation, numbness in hands
and feet, angular stomatitis, mild jaundice and diminished reflexes. Past H/O gastrectomy,
resection of pancreatic tumour. Ans: Megaloblastic anemia. (NOV 15)
a) Etiological diagnosis based on the above findings.
b) Further investigations need to be performed to confirm the diagnosis.
c) P/S and BM findings .
3. A 4 YR old with anemia, jaundice, growth retardation. X-ray showed crew cut appearance. Hb
electrophoresis shows increase HbF levels. Ans: Thalasemia. ((July 22), Nov 12, Mar 21 (SAQ))
a. What is probable diagnosis
b. Etiopathogenesis of this condition
c. Discuss the P/S and BM findings
4. Classify Hemolytic Anemia. Write in detail pathogenesis and morphology of Sickle cell Anemia.
Lab investigations to ascertain the diagnosis (Nov 20, Jun 19, March 24)
5. A 40 yr old alcoholic male with C/O fatigue,paresthesia and weakness. O/E he was pale with
beefy, glossy tongue, no organomegaly,HB: 6g/dl, MCV: 110fl, TC: 2200cells/mm3, Plt-
48000/mm3. Ans: Megaloblastic anemia presenting as Pancytopenia.( May 18, Nov 14)
a) What is the likely diagnosis
b) Etiopathogenesis of the disease
c) Describe the P/S and BM findings
6. A 7 Yr old boy had pallor, h/o high cloured urine, yellow sclera. Investigations showed serum
bilirubin 3.8 mg/dl, Hb-6 g/dl, TLC 7,500 cells/mm3. Ans: Hemolytic Anemia. (May 15)
a. What is the likely diagnosis?
b. Mention the various types of the condition
c. Lab diagnosis of any subtype
7. An African child presents with severe weakness, fatigue and painful hands and feet
(dactylitis) and jaundice. What is the diagnosis? Classify the illness and discus in detail
pathology, morphology and lab investigations for the same. Ans: Sickle cell Aneamia
(Aug 23)

SHORT ANSWER QUESTION:

1. Aplastic Anemia.( May 12,15, Nov 14)
2. Megaloblastic anaemia.(Jun 17, Nov 10)
3. Write in detail the pathogenesis and morphology of Sickle cell Anemia.(Jun 19).
4. Pancytopenia. (Jun 17, Nov 15)
 5. Retic count. (Nov 12)
6. DIC (Nov 04)
7. Lab findings and etiopathogenesis in IDA (Nov 12,20)(Dec 18)
8. ESR (Nov 12,14,17,Jun 17, Aug 23)
9. Packed Cell Volume (Dec 18, Nov 15, May 15)
10. G6PD Deficiency (May 18)
11. P/S and BM in Megaloblastic anaemia (Nov 12, 17).
12. Microangiopathic hemolytic anaemia(Nov 17)
13. Erythroblastosis fetalis (Jun 17)
14. Parasites in P/S (Nov 10, May 10)
15. Bone marrow examination – Indication (July 22)
16. IDA- cbc, ps, serum iron profile (Jan 22)
17. Pernicious Aneamia- Pathogenesis and lab findings (Jan 23)
18. Autoimmune hemolytic aneamia- Pathogenesis and ps (Jan 23)

BLEEDING DISORDERS
1. Classification and pathogenesis of thrombocytopenia( Nov 17)
2. Investigations for bleeding diathesis in adults (Jun 19)
3. VWD- pathogenesis abd lab findings (Nov 20, Dec 18, May 12,15)
4. Hemophilia A,B (Jun 17, Nov 10,12,14, Aug 23)
5. Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura. Pathogenesis and Bone Marrow findings in ITP.(May
07,12,18, Nov 15, July & Jan 22)

BLOOD BANK
LONG ANSWER QUESTION:
1. A patient developed jaundice 6 months following unscreened blood transfusion and on examination
his liver was found enlarged. What is the diagnosis. Discuss the pathology, morphology and clinical
features of most common type of blood and body fluid transmitted diseases. (1+4+3+2) Aug 23.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTION:

1. ABO Grouping (Nov 14, Apr 02)
2. Major and Minor cross matching in blood transfusion and its utility.( Jun 19, May 12, Nov 20)
3. Transfusion reactions, Enumerate steps in investigation of transfusion reaction. (Jan 22, Nov 17,
Aug 23)
4. Bombay blood group (Dec 18)
5. Coomb’s Test (May 18)
6. Mismatched Transfusion (Nov 15)
7. Compatibility testing (Pre transfusion testing)
8. Components of blood. (March 24)
9. Screening tests in Transfusion transmissible diseases. (March 24)
 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
LONG ANSWER QUESTION:
1. A 40 yr old male presented with hemoptysis, evening rise of temperature and H/O of spouse
being treated for the same complaint. Ans: Tb. (Nov 12).
a. What is the likely diagnosis.
b. Describe the aetiopathogenesis of this condition.
c. Describe the various morphological lesions seen in the lungs.
2. A 55 yr old male patient who is a smoker for the past 25 yrs, presented with cough, weight loss,
chest pain and dyspnea for the past 1 month. Chest X ray revealed a mass in the lower lobe of
right lung with pleural effusion on the right side. Ans: Lung Carcinoma. (Jun 17)
a. What is the most likely diagnosis, add a note on the etiopathogenesis.
b. What are the morphological subtypes of this lesion.
c. What are the paraneoplastic associations of this disease.
3. A 67 year old chronic smoker presented with 3 month history of non productive cough,
increasing shortness of breath, haemoptysis and weight loss. Chest X ray showed a left hilar
mass and in addition CT scan showed enlarged subcarinal arid mediastinal lymph nodes. Sputum
examination revealed atypical cells. Ans: Lung Carcinoma. (Mar 21)
a. What is the most probable diagnosis?
b. Discuss the pathogenesis of the disease.
c. Classify the disease.
d. Describe the gross and microscopic morphology of any one histological subtype of the
disease.
4. 35 Yr old factory worker complained of dry cough, hemoptysis and loss of weight. Ans: Tb. (May
05).
a) What is your diagnosis. Describe the morphology of the causative organism.
b) Mention the lab tests to confirm the diagnosis.
c) Describe the lung lesions of the patient.
5. Define COPD. Four common types. Emphysema- Definition, Etiopathogenesis, morphology and
types. (July 22)

SHORT ANSWER QUESTION:

1. Asbestosis (July 22, Nov 10, Apr 01).
2. Classify tumours of lung and discuss the etiopathogenesis of these tumours (Dec 99).
3. Small cell carcinoma Lung- Clinical features and confirmatory findings. (Jan 23, Nov 10, 18,MAY
18).
4. Pancoast tumour. (May 04)
5. Emphysema- Definition with classification. Describe the pathogenesis of centrilobular and
panacinar Emphysema.(May 07,Nov 04,Apr 01, Dec 01)
6. Bronchiectasis. (Nov 14,13, Dec 01,03)
7. Classify COPD. Discuss etiopathogenesis of bronchial asthma (Jun 19, Aug 23).
8. Morphology and fate of secondary pulmonary TB (Nov 17, Jan 22)
9. Lobar Pneumonia- Etiology, stages and morphology (May 10, March 24)
10. Oat cell tumour of lung(Apr 01)
11. Carcinoid Tumour (May 04,Nov20)
 HEAD AND NECK (SALIVARY GLAND)
LONG ANSWER QUESTION: NIL

SHORT ANSWER QUESTION:

1. Pleomorphic adenoma: Gross and microscopy ( Nov 18, Dec 01, Dec 99)
2. Leukoplakia (Apr 01)
3. Mickulicz syndrome(Apr 01)

GASTRO INTESTINAL TRACT

LONG ANSWER QUESTION:
1. A 68 Yr old male presented with weight loss, changes in bowel habits and vague abdominal
discomfort of 5 months duration. Stool examination revealed occult blood. He was also found to
have microcytic hypochromic anemia and elevated serum CEA levels. Ans: Ca colon. (Jan 22,
NOV 18, APR 2001)
a. What is the most probable diagnosis
b. Discuss the etiopathogenesis of the condition.
c. Morphology of the affected organ.
d. Lab investigations to diagnose the condition.
2. 62 yr male came with history of dyspepsia, dysphagia and nausea for past 6 months. C/O weight
loss, anorexia, early satiety for past 3 weeks. O/E Left cervical lymph node was enlarged and
fixed. Biopsy shows pleomorphic cells. Ans: Ca stomach (May 18, Jan 23 (Supple)).
a. What is the probable diagnosis.
b. Discuss the etiopathogenesis.
c. Describe the gross and microscopy
3. A 45 year old male presented with Dyspepsia and Weight loss for 3 months. He also gave history
of black coloured stool two times in last one week. Endoscopy revealed a dirty ulcero roliferative
growth. (2+3+5=10) Ans: Ca stomach. (March 24)
a. What is the likely diagnosis with reasoning?
b. Describe the morphology of this condition.
c. Discuss the etiopathogenesis of this condition.
4. A 67-year old male presented with anorexia, weight loss, vague abdominal discomfort, bloating,
nausea and vomiting of 6 months duration. The vomit was often streaked with blood and he had
few episodes of hematemesis and melena. He had history of frequent consumption of salty and
smoked foods. On examination, mid epigastric mass and left supraclavicular lymph nodes were
palpable. Lab investigations revealed microcytic hypochromic anaemia. Upper gastrointestinal
endoscopy revealed a polypoidal gastric lesion with ulceration. Ans: Ca stomach. (Jan 23)
a. Diagnosis
b. Etiopathogenesis
c. Classification
d. Gross and microscopy (1+3+3+3)
 5. Discuss briefly the etiopathogenesis of IBD. Describe the gross and micrscopy findings of
ulcerative colitis. Enumerate the differences between UC and crohn’s disease. (Jun19, MAY 18,
NOV 04, APR 01, DEC 99) (LAQ+SAQ).

SHORT ANSWER QUESTION:

1. Polyps of intestine, FAP, Colonic polyp, colorectal polyp, Neoplastic polyps (Nov 10,13,14,20,Jun
17, DEC 99, May 07, Aug 23)
2. Ulcerative lesions of intestine. (Nov 12)
3. Pathogenesis and morphology of peptic ulcer disease. H.Pylori and gastric lesions (Jun19, Nov
13, Dec 99)
4. Tuberculous vs typhoid ulcer(Apr 02)
5. Ulcers of intestine (July 22)

LIVER AND GALL BLADDER

LONG ANSWER QUESTION:
1. A 50 Yr old man alcoholic for many years presented to the emergency ward with H/O of
massive hematemesis. He also had C/O nausea, loss of appetite and easy bruising over the last
few months. O/E patient had edema, jaundice and splenomegaly. Ans: Alcoholic Liver Disease. (
(LAQ & SAQ) (Nov 20,13,May 10, MAY 18, NOV 17, Mar 21)
a) What is the most likely clinical condition in this patient.
b) Enumerate all the possible clinical manifestations of this condition.
c) Pathology and pathogenesis.
d) List all the other causes of this clinical condition
2. A 50 yr old known alcoholic male presented with distension of abdomen, pedal edema and mild
jaundice. O/E he had splenomegaly and tense ascites. Ans: Alcoholic Liver Disease. (Nov 14)

a) What is the probable diagnosis and why?

b) Discuss in detail the lab diagnosis of the same.
c) Describe the macroscopic and microscopic appearance of the primary organ.
3. A Fatty, fertile female of forty presents with fever, pain abdomen, nausea and vomiting. Ans:
Chronic Cholecystitis. (Dec 03).
a) What is your most probable diagnosis. Give reasons.
b) Discuss the etiopathogenesis of this condition.
c) Describe the diagnostic lab findings in this case.
4. A 40 yr old male came with multinodular mass in right hypochondrium, barium meal study
showed pyloric obstruction. Ans: Ca stomach with Gastric outlet obstruction. (Apr 01).
a) Mention the cause with reasons
b) Write about the appearance of stomach in this case.
5. A Male presented with jaundice. Ans: Hepatitis, Alcoholic Liver Disease. (Dec 01)
a) What is the probable diagnosis
b) How do you investigate this case

SHORT ANSWER QUESTION:

1. Etiology and morphology of viral hepatitis, lesions of liver in viral infections( Jun 19, 05)
2. Viral hepatitis serology panel (Jan 22)
3. Gall stones (Nov 14, May 07, Dec 01, Aug 23)
 Pathogenesis and morphology of hepatocellular carcinoma( Nov 17)
4. Definition, Clinical manifestations, pathogenesis of cirrhosis (March 24, July 22, Jun 17)
5. Rokitansky Aschoff sinuses(Apr 01)
6. Gross and Microscopy of fatty liver (Apr 02)
7. Barett’s esophagus.
8. Portal hypertension – Etiology and complications. (Jan 23)

PANCREAS
LONG ANSWER QUESTION: NIL

SHORT ANSWER QUESTION:

1. Acute and chronic pancreatitis. (Nov 12, Apr 01)

KIDNEY
LONG ANSWER QUESTION:
1. A 6 Yr old boy presented with generalized edema, he was found to have hypoalbuminemia and
hyperlipidemia. Urine analysis revealed massive proteinuria and lipiduria. Ans: Nephrotic
syndrome. (NOV 18).
a) What is the most probable diagnosis.
b) Describe the gross morphology of the affected organ.
c) Confirmatory lab investigations to diagnose the condition and findings.
2. A 6 yr old girl brought with complaints of malaise, fever, nausea, puffiness of face, decreased
urine output and passing cola coloured urine. There was also H/O of sore throat 10 days ago.
Ans: Post Infectious Glomerulo Nephritis. (March 24, July & Jan 22, May 18,Nov 14,13, 17,Jun
17, Nov 10)
a) What is the probable diagnosis and why.
b) Discuss etiopathogenesis.
c) Describe the morphology (gross and microscopy) and clinical course
d) Prognosis and complications
3. A 25 Yr old lady was admitted with fever, breathlessness and dependent edema. O/E her jugular
veins were distended, her urine showed microscopic hematuria. Ans: Nephritic syndrome. (Apr
02)
a) What is the probable diagnosis with reasons.
b) How will you investigate the patient to confirm your diagnosis

SHORT ANSWER QUESTION:

1. Enlist the causes of Cresteric Glomerulonephritis. Explain the pathogenesis and morphology
(Jun19, May 10).
2. DM Nephropathy.(Nov 12, 13)
3. Membranous Glomeronephritis.(Apr 01)
4. Pathogenesis and pathology of Renal stones, Urolithiasis.( July 22, Nov 10,18, MAY 04)
5. Nephrotic syndrome (Nov 20)
6. Granular contracted kidney (Nov 04)
7. Chronic pyelonephritis (Apr 01, Mar 21)
8. IgA nephropathy (Jan 23)
9. RCC (Aug23)
 MALE GENINTAL TRACT
LONG ANSWER QUESTION:
1. A 78 yr man had dysuria and recurrent urinary infections. Lab findings showed a high level of
prostatic specific antigen. Ans: Prostatic Carcinoma. (Apr 02)
a) What is the possible diagnosis
b) Discuss etiology,pathogenesis and pathology of this lesion
c) Mention the grading and staging of the lesion

SHORT ANSWER QUESTION:

1. Benign Prostatic hypertrophy/ Nodular prostatic hyperplasia- Pathologenesis and morphology.
(March 24, Jan 23, May 04)
2. Seminoma (July 22, May 18, Nov 12, 17, Jun 17, Dec 03, Apr 01, Dec 99, Mar 21, Aug 23)
3. Premalignant lesions of penis (Jan 22, Nov 18)
4. Testicular Lymphomas (Dec 01)
5. Classify tumous of testis, Write briefly the histological features of these tumours. ( Dec 99)
6. Testicular germ cell tumors (Jan 23 (Supple))

FEMALE GENITAL TRACT

LONG ANSWER QUESTION:
1. 45Yr female presents with post coital bleeding and foul smelling discharge per vagina. She has
swelling inguinal region and weight loss suddenly. Ans: Ca Cervix. (Jan 23 (Supple), Jun 17, Nov
14, May 07, Apr 01) LAQ & SAQ
a. What is your diagnosis.
b. What is the etiopathogenesis of this condition.
c. What are the morphological features.
2. 3. A 45 year old multiparous lady with the history of contact with high risk male sexual partners
presented with post coital bleeding. On examination cervix bleeds on touch, ulcerative lesion
seen in cervix. (2+4+2+2=10)
a. What is the probable diagnosis and why?
b. Discuss its pathogenesis.
c. Describe the Morphology.

3. (d) List the investigations to be done to detect this lesion.A female 16 yrs presented with obesity
and virulisation. Ans: Sex cord stromal tumors. (Dec 99)
a) What is the probable diagnosis
b) How do you investigate the patients and briefly discuss the pathogenesis
4. A 39 year female had swelling in abdomen for about 6 months. O/E USG showed a cystic left
ovary with multiple loculi. Ans: Ca Ovary. (Dec 01)
a) What are the diagnosis that can be considered
b) Classification of ovarian tumours
c) Gross and M/S of this condition
d) What are the C/F and complications

SHORT ANSWER QUESTION:

1. Endometrial hyperplasia. Types and morphology (Nov 18,Nov 10)
 2. Vesicular mole. Classify tumours of trophoblast. Describe the gross and M/S of H.Mole (Jan 23,
July 22, May 18,Nov 13, Apr 01)
3. Endometriosis (July 22, Nov 20)
4. Screening test for Ca cervix. (May 10, Jun 19)
5. Germ cell tumours of the ovary (May 05)
6. Choriocarcinoma (Dec 03)
7. Leiomyoma (Apr 02)
8. Adenomyosis (Apr 01)
9. Changes in endometrium during normal menstrual cycle(Dec 99)
10. CIN (Dec 99)
11. Sex cord stromal tumours (Dec 99)
12. Granulosa cell tumor (Aug23)
13. Teratoma ovary (March 24)

BREAST
LONG ANSWER QUESTION:
1. 45 yr old female was operated for lump breast 20 years back. Now has swelling in the
corresponding axilla and also show bilateral lung opacities by X- RAY. Ans: Ca Breast. (Jan 22,
Apr 01)
a) Explain the cause with reasons.
b) Etiopathogenesis
c) Histologic types with morphology of one type.
d) How to confirm ur diagnosis?
e) Describe the common type of this condition and also the prognostic factors
2. A female 30 yrs presented with mass breast. Ans: Ca Breast. (Dec 99)
a) Discuss the D/D.
b) How do you arrive the correct diagnosis.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTION:

1. Phyllodes tumour. (Nov 14)
2. Prognostic factors of breast cancer (Nov 17,20,Aug 23, March 24)
3. Fibrocystic disease of breast (Nov 04)
4. Paget’s disease of nipple (Apr 01)
ENDOCRINE
LONG ANSWER QUESTION:
1. A middle aged male presented with polyuria, polyphagia, polydipsia with increasing weakness.
Ans: Diabetes Mellitus. (Nov 04)
a) What is the most probable diagnosis. Give reasons.
b) Briefly discuss the types and etiopathogenesis of this condition.
c) Describe the lab diagnosis of this case.
2. A 55-year-old obese female presented with unexplained easy fatiguability, increased frequency
of micturition and increased thirst and hunger. On examination her random blood glucose level
was 215 mg/dL and glycated Hb level was 9.4% Imp: Diabetes Melitus. (Jan 23)
a) What is the most probable diagnosis?
b) Write briefly on etiopathogenesis of the condition.
 c) Mention the laboratory investigations conducted in this condition.
d) Write briefly on the complications of the condition? (1+3+3+3 = 10)

SHORT ANSWER QUESTION:

1. Papillary carcinoma thyroid (Nov 17,May 10, Apr 01)
2. Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis- Pathogenesis and morphology (March 24, Jan 23 (Supple), Jun 17,Nov
13,12)
3. Autoimmune Thyroiditis.
4. Pathology, morphology and C/F of Grave’s disease(Jun 19)
5. Solitary nodules in thyroid (Nov 18)
6. Pheochromocytoma (Nov 14, Mar 21)
7. Complications of DM. Classify DM,TYPE 1 DM (Jun 17, Dec 18)
8. MEN (May 18)
9. Colloid goiter (Apr 02)

SKIN:
LONG ANSWER QUESTION: NIL

SHORT ANSWER QUESTION:

1. Premalignant skin lesions.(May 04)
2. Cutaneous lymphoma (May 05)
3. SCC (May 05)
4. Basal cell carcinoma (Jan 22)
5. Malignant melanoma. Distinguish melanoma and nevus (Jan 23)

BONE
LONG ANSWER QUESTION:
1. 20 yr old boy was brought to hospital with swelling of right thigh. X-ray revealed growth arising
from lower end of femur. Ans: Bone tumor. (Apr 01)
a) Enumerate the probable causes.
b) Discuss in detail about any one of them.
2. A 10 yr old boy was brought with fever, pain and tenderness in the right leg x-ray revealed onion
skin appearance of the tibia. Ans: Ewing’s sarcoma. (SAQ & LAQ) (Apr 04, Nov 14, Dec 01,03,
Apr 01,Aug 23)
a) What is the probable diagnosis.
b) Describe the microscopy features of the lesion

SHORT ANSWER QUESTION:

1. Giant cell tumor of bone(March 24, July 22, Nov 10, May 07)
2. Classify bone tumors, Write the morphology of Osteogenic sarcoma. (Jun 19, Nov 13, Dec 99)
3. Pyogenic osteomyelitis. Chronic Osteomyelitis and complications. (Nov 17, Jun 17, Apr 01)
4. Paget’s disease of bone. (May 10, Jan 23 (Supple))
5. Morphology of joints in osteoarthritis (Nov 18)
 6. Pathology of rickets (Nov 17, May 18, Mar 21)
7. Chondrosarcoma (Apr 02)
8. Pathology of Rheumatoid arthritis. (Jan 23)

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

LONG ANSWER QUESTION:
1. A 30 year old male presents with persistent headache and seizures. CT scan revealed a single
infiltrative mass in cerebral hemisphere. What is your diagnosis? Classy the disease. Discuss the
pathology, grading and morphology of most common lesion associated with IDH mutation
(1+2+3+2+2). Aug 23
2. A 4 Yr old male with H/O severe suppurative respiratory infection presented with fever, rigors,
headache, projectile vomiting and neck rigidity. Ans: Meningitis. (May 12)
a) What is your primary and secondary provisional clinical diagnosis.
b) What are the further investigations to be done to confirm diagnosis.
c) Enumerate the aetiological agents for this condition.
d) Complications and outcome of this condition

SHORT ANSWER QUESTION:

1. Discuss types and morphology of chronic viral meningitis and TB meningitis.(Jun19, Nov 14,13)
2. CSF in pyogenic meningitis (Nov 18)
3. Astrocytoma ( May 04, Nov 04)
4. Meningioma (July 22, Nov 17, Jun 17, Dec 01)
5. Classify CNS tumours (May 05)
6. Berry Aneurysm (Apr 02, Dec 01)
7. Causes of brain abscess(Apr 2002)
8. Medulloblastoma (Apr 2001)
9. Schwannoma (Dec 2001)
10. Prion’s disease(May 18)
11. Medulloblastoma (Jan 23)
12.

CLINICAL PATHOLOGY
1. Causes of increased, decreased and fixed specific gravity. Methods of estimation. (Jan 23)
2. Causes of proteinuria. Mention methods of detection. (Jan 22)

AETCOM QUESTIONS:
1. What must informed consent of Fna procedure include? (Jan 22)
2. Informed consent for Bone marrow aspiration. (Jan 23)
3. Advantages and disadvantages of team work. (Jan 23)
4. How to work as a team (Aug 23)
5. Role of physician in Healthcare system (March 24)
6. Role of Beneficence as a guiding principle in patient care. (March 24)