____________________________________________________________________________

Understanding Culture, Society and Politics

SY: 2024-2025

GAS/ABM/HUMSS
Learning Objectives:

Students are able to:

 Explain the meaning of Society

 Demonstrate a holistic understanding society.
 Show appreciation to the society’s elements present in a community.

Module 2: The Development of Society

 Cultural evolution- development of culture through time
 Sociopolitical evolution- refers to the transformation of different societies and political systems
 Sociopolitical evolution happens when societies develop new forms of economic subsistence,
acquire knowledge and apply new technology

Different forms of societies

1. Hunting and gathering 4. Agricultural

2. Pastoral 5. Industrial
3. Horticultural 6. Post- industrials

Hunting and Gathering

This refers to the early nomads who transfer from one place to another to get food for their survival.
This stage is the oldest and most basic way of living.

-The oldest and most basic way of economic subsistence

-Hunting and gathering societies produce simple forms of tools used to hunt for animals
-The relationship between men and women were equal.

- Labor division is based on sex: men hunt, and women gather

- Nomadic (early humans do not have permanent settlements)

Pastoral

It comes from the root word ―pastor‖, a Latin word which means ―shepherd‖.
This period is between 8500-6500 BC.

-Principal means of subsistence is animal domestication

-remain longer in one place
-more stable and predictable food supply
- having unequal social relations because some members act as the ruling elite.
- Wealth is determined by herd size and, often by number of wives and offspring a man has.

Horticultural

It is a simple cultivation as a supplementary to hunting and gathering.

-Describe as ―sedimentary ―societies because they do not frequently move.

-Composed of small- scale farming
-Slash and burn technology is developed. They clear the area by burning the trees, and plants they
have cut down, raise crops for two to three years until the soil is exhausted, and then move to another
area to repeat the process.
-there is a surplus of food.
-the assignment of tasks and occupations were often based on gender.
Agricultural

-Happened during Neolithic revolution which transformed societies into agricultural societies.
- Population increased into millions
-Permanent settlement
-Improved technology for farming
-Produced surplus of food supply
-Developed specialization
- Money became a form of exchange replacing the barter system
- Increased social inequity.

Industrial

-Happened during the Industrial Revolution- period wherein new sources of energy were harnessed,
advanced forms of technology were applied, and machineries were invented.
-Industrialization- transformation of an agricultural society into a production- and- manufacturing-
based one.
- Created centralized workplaces and economic independence.

Post industrial

 Transfer of labor workforce from manufacturing to service

 Significant increase in the number of professional and
technical employment
 Education become the basis of social mobility.
 Importance of human capital
 Knowledge of a source of invention and innovation

Activity:
Describe how the virtual society works and helps our day-to-day life. (100 words essay.)

Understanding Culture, Society and Politics

At the end of this lesson, students are able to:

 Explain the development of one’s self and others as a product of socialization;

 Identify the context, content, process, and consequences of socialization;
 Identify examples of agents of socialization and describe their role.
 Discuss how agents of socialization shaped their individual identities;
 Discuss conformity and its significance to society:
 Discuss deviance and social control and cite examples of each: and
 Promote the protection of human rights and the common good.

Becoming a member of a Society

Socialization
 It refers to the lifelong process of social interaction through which people acquire their identities
and necessary survival skills in society.

Political socialization- is a process which enables the development of citizens to function effectively
within a particular political system.
Functionalist- Socialization is viewed in the context of internalization, which refers to the process of
accepting the social norms, attitudes, roles, and values translated by people and social groups within
society as one’s own.

Interpretivist sociologist- socialization is an interactive process between individuals and other member
of society.

Sociologist William Wentworth- proposed a synthesized view of socialization, which considers how
factors such as free will, human anatomy, and social structures and process influence socialization.

THREE SIGNIFICANT ASPECT OF SOCIALIZATION

Social Context
-A particular circumstances of society and consist of its culture, language, and the social structures
that define social class, social ethnicity, and gender.

Context and process

-content refers to ideas, beliefs, behavior, and other information that are passed on by members of
society to the individuals: the process refers to the methods of interaction that enable the content to
be given to the person undergoing socialization.

Result
-refers to the outcomes of socialization that are evident when individuals begin to practice the
behaviors, attitudes, and values to function effectively as its members.

Enculturation
 It is a process adopts the behavior pattern of the culture he /she lives in.
 Individuals learn cultural symbols, norms, values, and language by observing and interacting with
family, friends, teachers, and the rest of the society

Acculturation
 It refers to the cultural transformation of an individual or a group to adapt according to another
culture.
 It means that the cultural contact and interchange process wherein a human being adopts, learn
and adjust to some or great extent as per the values, rules, patterns and practices of a new or
prevailing culture in the society, which is not their native culture.
 It is primarily found amongst the people who migrate from different countries, who try to
incorporate the new culture in their lives.

Agents of Socialization and Enculturation

 Family
 Schools
 Religions and state
 Peer Groups
 Mass Media
 Major Social and Historical Events.

Conformity and Deviance

Conformity is a type of social influence involving a change in belief or behavior to fit in or align
their attitudes and behaviors with the people they interact or socialized with

THREE MAIN TYPES OF CONFORMITY

Compliance- conforming to a rule or fulfilling a desire, deman, proposal, regimen, or coercion. It is

the weakest form of conformity.
Identification- is a process by which an individual aspires to a pattern himself/herself after another,
but only while he/she is in the presence of the other person
Internalization- is the acceptance and incorporation of the standard or belief of other persons or of
the society by the individual.

Deviance is a behavior that violates expected rules and norms. It departs significantly from social
expectations.

Formal and Informal Deviance

Formal Deviance- includes actions that violated enacted laws, such as robbery, theft, graft, rape,
and other forms of criminality. Informal Deviance- refers to violation to social norms that are not
categorized into law, such as pricking one’s nose, burping loudly, and spitting on the street, among
others.

Social Control- is a mechanism by which the social behavior of people is controlled by rules to
maintain order or to re-established order.

Mechanism of Social Control

Labeling Gossip Laws

Status and Roles

It refers to a social position that a person holds.

Ascribed and Achieved Status

An ascribed status (Given)- is a social position a person receives at birth or takes on involuntarily in
life.
Example: Being a son, Filipino, teenager, and widower.

Achieved Status (Accomplished)- refers to to a social position a person takes on voluntarily that
reflects personal identity and effort.
Ex: Honor student, boxing champion, nurse, software writer, thief

Status set- refers to all statuses a person holds at a given time

Status and Roles

Role- refers to the behavior expected of someone who holds a particular status.

Ex: student: you must perform the role of attending classes and completing requirements.

Role set- refers to a number of roles attached to a single status

Ex: Director, nurse, teacher

Role strain- occurs when a role associated with a single status clash

Ex: homeroom teacher: adviser, club adviser, accomplishing paper works: preparing instructional
materials.

Role conflict- conflict among the roles connected to two or more statuses

Ex: teacher: mother: housewife: student: daughter

Activity: List down some Deviant behaviors that are commonly seen in an individual.
Activity: 1. what are the forms of Deviance?
2. How deviance does affect an individual or the society?

Learning Objective

At the end of this lesson, students will be able to:

 Understand and discuss the composition of society based on the various groups that compose it:
 Identify and define the different types of groups in society:
 Explain the role that social groups play in the formation of identities, values, attitudes, and beliefs:
and
 Describe the organized nature of social life and the rules governing behavior in society.

Module 3-: Social Institution

Social Institution- refers to an organized set of elements such as beliefs, rules, practices, and
relationships that exits to attain social order.

Elements of Social Institutions

Institutional approach- it tells that social institutions are, ordered sets of rules, norms, beliefs or
values that organized human behavior.

Relational approach- It focuses on social relations rather than rules, norms, beliefs, or values.

SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS

THE FAMILY, MARRIAGE AND KINSHIP

1. Family- it is considered as the vital social institution that consists of people related by blood,
marriage, and shared residence.

Kinds of Family
Nuclear families- it is also known as immediate families that are composed of parents and children
Extended families- are composed of the nuclear family and other relatives such as grandparents,
aunts, uncles, and cousins.
Reconstituted families- are composed of the spouses and their children from previous marriage.

Kinship- is a social structure defined by relations among individuals linked by blood or marriage ties.

Types of Kinship
Matrilineal Kinship- it means that one’s descent is based on the female line.
Patrilineal kinship- it means that one’s descent is based on the male line.
Bileneal Kinship- it refers to a descent system based on both the male and female lines.

Marriage- the union of a man and woman

Types of Marriage
Monogamous- a type of marriage that involves one spouse only
Polygamous- a type of marriage that involves one or more spouses
Polygyny- a husband that has many wives
Polyandry- a wife that has many husbands

2. Economy- addresses questions regarding limited resources of society.

Such as: What should be produced?
How are these products going to be produced?
How much are these products?
3. Education and Health Institutions

Two Institutions that upholds basic human rights

Educational Institutions- It ensures that individuals are functionally literate
Health Institutions- It ensures that individuals have access to health services to promote universal
public health.

4. Religion- it is an institution that involves a set of beliefs and practices of a particular social group.
Church- Universal membership
Sect- Exclusive group
5. Non-State Institutions- These are institutions that are not controlled by the government or by the
state.
Ex: Banks, Corporations, Private Institutions (school)

Activity: 1. Make a demographic profile about your family lineage.

2. Create an Infograph using your demographic profile.

How a Society is Organize

Groups within Society

Social Group- is a collection of individuals who have relations with one another that make them
interdependent to some significant degree

Interdependence- it is what enables its members to pursue shared goals or

promote common values and principles.

Aggregate- it is a mere collection of people, who happen to be at the same place

at the same time but who have no other connection to one another.

Social Organization- it refers to a type of collectivity established for the pursuit of the specific aims or
goals, characterized by a formal structure of rules, authority relations, a division of labor and limited
membership or asmission (J. Daymond, 1995)

Types of Social Organization

Formal- Formed to serve a specific goal or puspose.

Division of Labor, Set of rules/policies, System of replacing/ inducting members
Informal- serve the needs of individual members without well-defined purpose.

Types of Formal Organization

Utilitarian- provides income, a means of livelihood or other types of benefits to its members.
Normative- Pursue moral goals and commitments. Coercive- Uses force to maintain control

Types of Social Groups

Primary Group- it is a small, intimate, and less specialized group whose members engage in face to
face and emotion-based interactions over an extended period of time
Ex: family. Barkada

Secondary Group- is a larger, less intimate and more specialized group where members engage in
an impersonal and objective- oriented relationship for a limited time.

In-groups and Out-groups

Self-categorization theory- is a process that people’s appreciation of their group members is
influenced by their perception toward people who are not members of their group.

According Self- identification

In-group- is a group to which one belongs and which one feels a sense of identity. Out-group- is a
group to which one does not belong and to which he or she may feel a sense of competitiveness or
hostility. Example: Rival basketball team. Reference group- is a group to which individual compares
himself or herself. It is a group that strongly influences an individual’s behavior and attitudes. Ex.
Sports teams, boy bands. Network- refers to the structure of relationships between social actors or
groups. These are interconnections, ties, and linkages between people, their groups and the larger
social institutions to which they all belong. Example: Facebook, Instagram, tiktok

Elements of Effective Group Functioning

Democratic or ―participate‖ leadership is employed

Flexible pattern of communication
Cooperative problem-solving approach.
Members deal openly and candidly with one another.
Decision techniques which favor a sharing of responsibilities via protection of the individual rights are
used rather than techniques which place the responsibility clearly in the hands of but a portion of a
group.

Factors affecting Group Dynamics

Group Size Social Conformity

Types of Group Goals Group Decision-making-
The kind of group cohesion Orientation, evaluation, Reaching Decision, Restoring Equilibrium

Leadership

Leader- is someone who influences other people in a group.

Leadership- it is the act of leading, guiding and inspiring a group of people or an organization.

2 Types of Leadership
Instrumental- is the one that makes plans to achieve the goals of the group focused on group’s goals/
purpose.
Expressive- is not particular with goal but aims to increase harmony and lessen conflict within its
group.

Activity: How are the in-groups and out-groups enhances your communication to society?

Activity:
1. If you are to become a leader, what qualities must you have to be a better leader to your group?

2. What kind of a leader are you? INSTRUMENTAL or EXPRESSIVE? Explain (3 Paragraph essay)
________________________________________________________________________

Learning Objectives

At the end of this module, students are able to:

a. Explain the concept of redistribution using your own experience.

b. Classify and identify the Non-state Institution in the Society.
c. Reflect and familiarize important concepts about social functions of Non-state Institutions to the
Society and People
d. Conceptualize a perspective towards the social implication of the Non-state Institution to the
community.

Module 4: State and Non-state Institutions

STATE INSTITUTIONS

Political and Leadership Structures

According to Max Weber as cited by Santarita & Madrid, 2016, Political structure or institution is
defined as the organized way in which power is allocated and decisions are made within society.
Below is the organizational chart of the Philippine Government.

The Executive branch is comprised of the President and the Vice President who are chosen by direct
popular vote and fulfill a term of six years.
The Constitution grants the President authority to appoint his Cabinet. These departments form a
large portion of the country’s bureaucracy.
The Legislative branch can make laws, alter, and reverse them through the power bestowed in the
Philippine Congress. This institution is divided into the Senate and the House of Representatives
The Judicial branch maintains the power to resolve disputes concerning rights that are legally
demandable and enforceable. This branch decides whether there has been a serious abuse of
judgment amounting to lack or excess of authority on the part and instrumentality of the government.
It is made up of a Supreme Court and lower courts.
Power on the other hand is the capacity to realize desired ends despite opposition from others. The
utilization of power is the business of government, which is defined as a formal organization that
directs the political life of a society (Macionis, 2012) Therefore, governments demand compliance on
the part of a population.
According to Macionis (2012) ―No government, Weber explained, is likely to keep its power for long if
compliance comes only from the threat of brute force. Even the most brutal dictator must wonder if
there can ever be enough police to watch everyone—and who would watch the police? Every
government, therefore, tries to make itself seem legitimate in the eyes of the people. This fact brings
us to Weber’s concept of authority, a power that people perceive as legitimate rather than coercive‖

Types of Authority

1) Traditional Authority- respect for a long-standing cultural pattern is used to legitimize power.
2) Rational-Legal Authority or also known as bureaucratic authority; legally created rules and
regulations are used to legitimize power.
3) Charismatic Authority extraordinary personal skills that inspire devotion and obedience are used to
legitimize power.

Economic Institution
Gilliard et al., (2000) argued that an economic institution is being defined as an enduring organization,
practice, or relationship created by individuals to handle and cope with basic economic dilemmas.

Non- state Institutions

Non state actors- a group of people or an organization that participates in international affairs and
relations but is not affiliated with any state or nation.

Banks- is a financial institutions licensed to provide several financial services to different types of
costumers.

Common types of Banks

Retail Bank- focuses on costumers or the general public as its customers. Commercial Bank-
focuses on business and business as its main clientele. Investment/ Industrial Bank- provide
medium and long-term loans and deposits to business industries (Industrial Loans Company).
Agricultural Bank- provide short-term and long-term loans to facilitate agricultural activities

Corporations- Is an organization created by a group of people known as the ―shareholders‖. ―Legal

person‖- a corporation is mandated to enjoy the rights, privileges, and responsibilities of an individual.
Cooperatives- Cooperatives are jointly owned enterprises engaging in the production or distribution of
goods or services. Cooperatives are usually operated by farmers or consumers for their mutual
benefit.
Trade Unions- also known as labor unions are consist of workforces who have come together to
attain mutual goals like protecting the integrity of its trade, improving safety standards, achieving
higher pay and benefits like health care, and retirement.
Development agencies- These are independent organizations whose goals are to help develop and
support economic growth especially for the poor and marginal portion of the society. So, they may
have opportunities for income and decent employment.
International Non-governmental organizations- is a transcend borders in pursuit of a common cause.

Examples of INGO’s
International Red Cross and other humanitarian teams deployed in areas hit by natural and man-
made disasters. International Governmental Organizations- refer to a grouping established by states
and are based on treatise, have formal structures, and meet at regular intervals (Santarita & Madrid,
2016).Example of IGO’S Peace-keeping forces sent by the United Nations to warring states.

Activity:
How can non-state institutions bring change in society? Provide interesting facts of information
Function of Education in a Society

Education- is the social institution that formally socializes members of the society. It is also refers
to the process through which skills, knowledge, and values are transmitted from the teachers to the
learners. In the Philippines, by law education is obligatory for 13 years ( Kindergarten and Grades 1-
12).

Types of Education

Formal Education- is in a classroom setting: with trained teaching & nonteaching staff.
A. Elementary education- this the first 6 years of education (Grade 1-6)
B. Secondary education- Junior High School (Grade 7-10 and Senior High school (Grade 11-
12)
C. Tertiary education- College, usually offered in 4 year degree programs with 2 semesters per
year.
D. Vocational education- offers courses on specific skills-set, craft or trade.
E. Specialized education ( SPED)- education of persons who are physically, mentally,
emotionally, socially, culturally, different from so-called ―normal‖ individuals, such that they
require modification of school practices to develop their potential.

Non-formal Education- is an organized educational activity that takes place outside a formal set up. It
has no age limit, even adults can take part in a non-formal education program. Ex. ALS program of
DepEd.

Informal Education- is a lifelong process of learning by which every person acquires and accumulates
knowledge, skills, attitude from daily experience at home, at work, at play, and from life itself.

Functions of Education in a Society

Give training in specific skills; or the basic general education literacy. It prepares
individuals for job. It is a way in preserving culture from generation to generation. Encouraging
democratic participation through verbal skills. Developing the person’s ability to think logically and
critically. It enriches life by enabling the students to expand his/her intellectual and aesthetic horizons.
Improving the health of the nation’s youth and producing nationalistic citizens.

Primary Functions of Educations:

1. Develop a Productive Citizenry – A productive citizen is greatly influenced through his/her

education. An individual learns to socialize in the school, once the learner enters the school he or she
would be involve in a community and that involvement would lead to lifelong learning of values that
will shape an individual. Together with this, a curriculum designed by the state will have an additional
means of shaping the individual’s intelligence. Furthermore, it is through education that an individual
is taught to have a positive view towards liberty and democracy as well as the view about government
authority. With this, an individual would learn to do the value of doing what is right to be a useful and
concerned citizen of this country.

EDUCATION AS A BASIC HUMAN RIGHT

It is common knowledge that education is a basic human right for everyone. All
nations would agree that the answer to poverty is education. However there are those who opted to
hold guns than pencils due to exposure to wars and conflict, so the idea of education as an answer to
poverty and as a basic human right is set aside. In the Philippines, education has become fairly
important to many deprived families. Since this is their only hope to uplift their condition economically.
Unfortunately due to many reasons, the quality of education is affected by cycles of societal problems
such as worsening of poverty condition and deterioration of family values. All the same, the Education
for All movement lead by UNESCO in 2015 endeavors that all children, particularly in difficult
circumstances, and those belonging to ethnic minorities should have an access to a free and
compulsory education of good quality.

Activity: 1. Create a poster that shows the importance of ―Education for all‖
2. Make a Venn diagram of Formal Education and Non-formal Educatio
Social and Political Stratification

Concept of Social Stratification

Social Stratification- refers to the division of large social groups into smaller groups based on
categories determined by economics. The members of society are arrange in hierarchy based on
their access to or control over basic needs.

Social Exclusion- refers to the process by which individuals are cut off from full involvement in the
wider circles of society.

System of Stratification

Two Primary Systems of Stratification

Closed System
-Imposed rigid boundaries between social groups and limit interactions among members who belong
to different social groups or occupy different levels in the social hierarchy.

Open System- based on achievement, allowing more flexibility in social roles, increased social
mobility and better interaction among social groups and classes.

Systems of Stratification

Caste Systems- are closed stratification systems because people are unable to change social
standing. It promotes belief in fate, destiny and the will of a higher spiritual power rather than the
promotion of individual freedom.

Class Systems- based on the ownership of resources and the individual’s occupation or profession:
and it is composed of people who share the same background and characteristics such as income,
education, and occupation

Meritocracy- it is determined by personal effort and merit: and social standing and advancement in
this system is determined by how well a person performs his or her social role.

Theoretical Perspective on Social of Stratification

Functionalism- This perspective examines how the different aspects of society contribute to ensure
its stability and continued function.
Conflict Theory- It takes a critical view of social stratification & considers society as benefitting only
a small segment. It a conflict theorist believe that stratification perpetuates inequality, and they draw
many of their ideas from the works of Karl Marx.
Symbolic Interactionism- It examines stratification from a microlevel perspective and attempts to
explain how people’s social standing affects their everyday interactions. For symbolic interactionist,
social stratification often leads people to interact with others within their own social class- people who
have the same background, interest, and way of life.

Social Mobility
It is an individuals or group to change their positions within a social stratification system. It is also
refers to how individuals progress from a lower social position to a higher social class, or even how
individuals lose their status and occupy a much lower social position in society.

Two Main types of Mobility

Upward Mobility
-It refers to an upward movement in social class.

Downward Mobility
 It refers to lowering of an individual’s social class.
Social Mobility based on the experience of different Generations
Intragenerational Mobility
 It focuses on the experience of people who belong to same generation.

Intergenerational Mobility
 It refers to the changes in social standing experienced by individuals belonging to different
generations.

Social Inequality

Social Inequality and Poverty

-This phenomenon exists every time individuals and institutions are categorized or differentiated into
classes or distinct groups, or socially constructed as disparate entities.

Types of Poverty

Absolute Poverty- refers to the lack of basic resources like food, clean water, safe housing and
access to health care needed to maintain a quality lifestyle. Relative Poverty- It applies to those who
may be able to obtain basic necessities but are still unable to maintain an average standard of living
compared to the rest of society. Subjective Poverty- is a type of poverty that is defined by how an
individual evaluates his or her actual income against his or her expectations.

Gender Inequality- It refers to the culturally-imposed characteristics that define masculinity and
Femineity. The gender is particularly important in determining the gender role of an individual, which
refers to specific tasks and behaviors expected to a person by virtue of his or her sex: and gender
identity is another important concept which refers to how a person identifies himself or herself as
belonging to a particular gender.

Ethnicity and Race Issues

Ethnicity- is the feeling of affinity or loyalty towards a particular population, cultural group, or
territorial area. Race- refers to the group of people who shares a common ancestry. Racism- refers
to a set of attitudes, beliefs and practices used to justify the superior treatment of one racial or ethnic
group and the inferior treatment of another racial ethnic group. Displacement and scapegoating- is
a psychological mechanisms associated with prejudice and discrimination. Prejudice- It involves
holding ―stereotypes‖ or preconceived views that are often based on faulty generations about
members of a race or particular ethnic or other groups. Discrimination- refers to actions or behavior of
members of a dominant social group that negatively impacts other members of society that do not
belong to a dominant group.

Other Minorities
 PWD
 The elderly
 Certain religious groups
 Communities living in isolated areas

Activity: Describe in words associated with Social Media, Political Conflict and Gender Inequality.
Write the pros and cons of the social inequality in a clean sheet of paper.
Activity:

Global Inequality

Global Stratification-
refers to the unequal distribution of wealth, power and prestige on a global basis, highlighting
patterns of social inequality and resulting in people having vastly different lifestyles and
opportunities both within and among the nations of the world.

Activity: Create a table of World Distribution of Wealth by country in the present year.

Country Wealth Distribution