Drilling Equipments

Drilling
g
Equipments
Drilling Equipments

Drilling Equipments

Two basic types of drilling rigs are used for

drilling wells: cable tool (percussion) and rotary.

There is just one basic cable tool rig, but there

are several variations of rotary rigs.

The following is a brief description of these rigs

Drilling Equipments

Cable Tool

This drilling method uses a heavy bit that is

repeatedly lifted and dropped that crushes and
breaks the formation.

With a cable tool rig, an experienced driller can

drill through any formation,
formation including large
crevices and caverns that can cause problems
with other drilling methods.

This method's main disadvantage is that it is

slow.

The lay of the cable imparts a slight turning

motion to the tools so the bit hits a new face
with each stroke.

Left lay cable is used so that the twisting action

tightens the tools screwed connections on each
upstroke.
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If the borehole is dry, water is added to form a

slurry that is bailed out.

Usually about 5 ft of well hole is drilled between

bailing.

In consolidated formations,
formations no casing is required
for drilling.

If the formation caves, 5 to 10 ft of hole is

drilled; then casing with a drive shoe is driven to
the bottom with driving clamps attached to the
tools.

Under these conditions, smaller casing is

telescoped inside and drilling continues with a
smaller
ll bit.
bi

A bentonite slurry, placed around the casing,

helps hold unconsolidated material in place and
lubricates the casing.
g

The bentonite also serves to seal leaks around

the casing because of artesian pressure or
differences in pressure in different aquifers.
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The advantages
g are:

 There is no potential for plugging producing

formations with drilling muds.

 Rigs cost less, are simpler to maintain, and

can be operated by one or two persons.
Transportation
p and setup
p are easy
y and less
water is required.

 Sampling and formation logging are simple.

There is little chance for
f contamination by
previously drilled zones, especially in
consolidated formations.

 Qualitative and quantitative data can be

obtained during drilling, including good flow
estimates, and temperature, static water
level, and water chemistry measurements.
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The disadvantages are:

 Depth and penetration rates are limited.

 Blowout preventers are not easily adapted.

adapted

 In unconsolidated formations, casing must be

driven as the hole progresses.

 There is a lack of experienced personnel.

Cable tool drilling is somewhat of an art and
the preponderance of rotary drilling means a
cable tool driller with wide experience may be
hard to find.

 The method is limited to vertical holes.

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Cable-Tool Rig
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Portable Cable-Tool Rig

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Rotary Drilling

The drill bit, usually a tricone roller, is rotated by

the hollow drill collar and drill pipe.

Torque is applied through the rotary table and

kelly.

Drilling fluid is circulated down the drill pipe and

nozzles of the bit where it cleans cuttings and
cools the bit and carries cuttings to the surface.

Weight on the bit is applied by the heavy drill

collar assembly.

The drill pipe is held in tension by the traveling

block.
Rigs with top head drive do not use a rotary table
and kelly, an hydraulic motor that travels up and
down the mast supplies torque directly to the
drill pipe.
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Drilling Contracts

 Operator
Oil Company

 Drilling Contractor
Company hired to drill the well

 Company Representative
Operating company person on the rig/site at all
times to supervise and monitor operations

 The Drilling Contractor

Tool Pusher
Responsible for the rigs overall operation and
adherence to the operators specifications.
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Driller
Is subordinate to only the tool pusher and is the
one person who operates the rig.
Also manages
g the day
y to day
y activities of the
derrickhand and floormen.

Derrickhand
Records the condition of the drilling mud, when
the drill pipe is being removed from or put into
the hole he handle the top of the pipe from a
small platform high in the derrick or mast.
mast

Floormen
Handle the bottom of the pipe on the rig floor
when pipe is being removed from or put into
the hole. Other times they repair and maintain
equipment on the rig.

Roustabouts:
Assist in the loading and unloading of equipment
and supplies that a truks brings to the rig.
Drilling Equipments

Rig Components
The four basic drilling functions are:
 Hoisting
 Rotating
g
 Circulating
 Well controlling

The derrick or mast, drawworks, blocks and the

hook accomplish hoisting functions.

The swivel, kelly-cum-rotary table or the top

drive system accomplishes rotating functions.

The mud pumps/mud pits, standpipe, return line

and the solids control equipment carry out
circulating functions.

Blowouts and kicks are controlled using

g the
blowout preventers, choke system and mud-gas
separator.
Drilling Equipments
Drilling Equipments

g System
Hoisting y

Function:

Used to lower or raise drill strings, casing string

and other subsurface equipment into or out of
hole.

Principal Components:

 Derrick and substructure

 Block and tackle
 Draw works

Functions of Derrick:

 Provides vertical height required to raise

sections of pipe.
 Rated according to their ability to withstand
compressive
p loads and ((wind loads))

Components of Block and Tackle:

 Crown block
 Travelling block
 Drilling line
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Drilling Equipments

Hoisting System
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Derrick or Mast

A derrick or mast is the steel structure that will

support the drill stem.

A standard derrick is a structure with four

supporting legs resting on a square base.

Derricks must be assembled piece by piece.

Because of this, masts have replaced derricks.
The mast or derrick is erected on a

substructure.
 Support the rig floor and the weight of the
whole drill stem or casing.
casing
 Provide space and support for rig floor
equipment (e.g. drawworks, driller’s console,
doghouse).
g )
 Provide space under the floor for the blowout
preventers
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Power System
Most rigs use diesel internal combustion
engines as prime movers.
 Mechanical
 Electrical (mostly in use today)

The diesel-electric system

y has an advantages
g
over the mechanical system:
 Elimination of heavy and complicated
compound and chain drives.
 Engines can be placed away from the rig
floor thereby reducing noise.
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Hoisting System

The Drawworks

The drawworks consists of a revolving drum

around which heavy steel cable (the drilling
line) is spooled.
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Traveling and Crown Blocks and Drilling

Line

The Traveling block, crown block and drilling line

support the load of the drill pipe in the derrick or
mast as it is being moved in or out of the hole.

C
Crown and
d crown block
bl k

Mast

Monkey
y Board

Traveling Block

Hook/Top drive unit

Elevators
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Traveling block

Hook

Gooseneck

Swivel

Elevators
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Rotary System
Main Parts:
1. Swivel
2
2. Kelly
3. Rotary Drive
4. Rotary Table
5. Drill Pipe
p
6. Drill Collar
 Swivel
Supports the weight of the drill string and
permits rotation.
 Kelly
Square or Hexagonal to be gripped easily.
Torque is transmitting through kelly bushings.
Kelly saver sub is used to prevent wear on the
kelly threads.
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 Slips

During making up a joint slips are used to

prevent drill string from falling in hole.

 Rotary Drive
Provides the power to turn the rotary table.

 Drill Pipe

 Drill Collar

Thick walled heavy steel pipe used to apply

weight to the bit.
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Swivel

Is attached to the Traveling

block.

The swivel has three main

functions:

 It supports the weight of the

drill stem.

 It allows the drill stem to

rotate.

 It p
provides a p
pressure-tight
g
passage way for the mud to be
pumped down inside the drill
stem.
Drilling Equipments

Kelly and Rotary Table

The kelly is a three, four or six-sided 40 foot

long pipe that is the upper part of the drill stem.

The kelly has two main functions:

 It serves as a passageway for the drilling

fluid on its way to the hole.

 It transmits the rotary movement to the

drill pipe and bit.
bit
Drilling Equipments

The kelly
y fits into a square
q or hexagonal
g
opening called the kelly bushing or drive
bushing.

This in turn fits into the master bushing or

rotary bushing, which is part of the rotary
table.

As the master bushing rotates, the kelly

rotates, the drill string and bit rotate.
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A motor drives the rotary table.

table
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Top Drive System

Drilling a well using a rotary table, kelly bushing
and a 45 ft kelly was the industry standard for
many
yyyears.

For many years, drillers extended the drill string

with the “making-a-single-connection” process.
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Components of the rotating system

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Miscellaneous Rig Floor Equipment

The following rig-floor tools allow for the

attachment and removal of drill pipe at rig
rig-floor
floor
level, for hoisting loads, minimize spillage and
protect the box and pins of drill stem parts:

• Slips
• Tongs
• Spinning Wrench
• Power Tongs
• Kelly Spinner
• Power Slips
• Air Hoist
• Lifting Subs
• Pipe Washer
• Mud
d Box
• Protectors
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Equipment required to handle heavy drill string safely

Drilling Equipments

g System
Circulating y

Components:

 Mud Pumps
 Mud Pits
 Mud Mixing Equipment
 Contaminants Removal Equipment

Pumps:

 Reciprocating Positive Displacement Piston

Pumps.

 Two-Cylinders - Duplex (Double Acting

F
Forward-Backward)
d B k d)

 Three-Cylinders - Triplex (Forward only Single

Acting)

Duplex Triplex

Heavy Light
Bulky More Compact
High Output Pressure Lower
Pulsation Without Pulsation
Require more Maint. Cheaper to Operate
Drilling Equipments

Advantages

 Ability to move high solid content fluids

 Ability
y to move large
g pparticles
 Ease to operation and maintenance
 Reliability
 Ability to operate over wide range of pressures
and flow rates by changing the diameters of the
pump liners and pistons.

Overall Pump Efficiency =Mechanical

Mechanical Efficiency x
Volumetric Efficiency
Em= Mechanical Efficiency ~ 90%
Ev= Volumetric Efficiency ~ 100%

Two Circulating pumps are installed on the rig.

• Shallow portion both are used.

• Deeper portion one is used.

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Circulating System
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Drill string

The drill string is made up:

Drill pipe
Heavy Weight drill pipe
Drill collar
Jars
Crossover sub
Shock sub
Bumper sub
Stabilizer
Bit sub

Bottom Hole Assembly

y
The bottom hole assembly or BHA is the entire
drill string less the drill pipe.

This
h would
ld include
l d the
h drill
d ll collars,
ll h
heavy weight
h
drill pipe, jars, subs, stabilizers and mud motors.
Drilling Equipments

Drill collars

They provide additional weight at the lower end

of the string to help keep the hole uniform and
straight.

Drill collars are used to:

 Provide weight to the bit for drilling

 Act as a pendulum
d l to keep
k the
h hole
h l straighth
 Maintain rigidity and keep the drill string in
tension
 Help support and stabilize the bit

Heavy Weight Drill Pipe

Heavy weight drill pipes are drill pipes with a

body weight that is 2 – 3 times greater than
standard drill pipe.

They are used as part of the BHA and are located

directly below the first stand of drill pipe.

Tubings

Tubings are special steel pipe that ranges from 1

1/ to 4 1/ in in diameter and comes in lengths of
4 2
about 30 ft.
Drilling Equipments

Stabilizers and Subs

The crossover sub is used to link different sizes

and types of pipe.

The shock sub is run behind the bit.

bit Its main
function is to absorb the impact of the bit
bouncing on hard formations.

The bumper sub has telescoping joint to help

maintain a constant weight-on-bit
h b (WOB).
( O )

A stabilizer is a sub with “blades”. It has two

functions:

 To keep the drill collars centered in the hole

 Maintain a full gauge hole

Bits

 Drag bits
 Diamond bits
 Polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) bits
Drilling Equipments

The mud pump takes in mud from the mud pits

and sends it out a discharge line to a standpipe.
The mud is pumped up the standpipe and into a
flexible, very strong, reinforced rubber hose called
the rotary hose or kelly hose.
The rotary hose is connected to the swivel .
The mud enters the swivel: goes down the kelly,
drill pipe and drill collars and exist at the bit.
It then does a sharp U-turn and heads back up the
hole in the annulus.
Finally the mud leaves the hole through a steel
pipe called the mud return line and falls over a
vibrating, screen like device called the shale
shaker.
If any fine silt or sand is being drilled, then
devices called desilters or desanders may be
added.
dd d Mud
M d cleaner
l th
then centrifuge
t if are used
d
Another auxiliary in the mud system is a device
called degasser.
Drilling Equipments

Well Controlling
Function:
Prevents the uncontrolled flow of formation fluids
from the wellbore.
wellbore

Kick:
Flow of formation fluids in the presence of drilling
fluid (blowout).

Uses:
 Detect the Kick
Close the well at the surface.
Circulate the well under pressure to remove
y
formation fluids and increase density.
Move drill string under pressure.
Divert flow away from rig personnel and
equipment.
Drilling Equipments

Kick Detection:
 Pit volume indicator
 Flow indicator
 Hole fill up indicator (during tripping)
 Count the pump strokes.

BOP (Blow Out Preventer)

Multiple BOP’S used in series: BOP Stack

Ram Preventers: Semi circular openings:

 Pipe Rams: Match diameter of pipe
 Blind Rams : Closes the hole, no pipe present.
 Shear Rams: Blind rams that shear the pipe.

Working press: 2000, 5000, 10000, 15000 psig.

Annular Preventers (Bag-type): Rubber Ring

BOP’S: Closed hydraulically or using screw-type

locking.
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Accumulators
High pressure hydraulic system used to close the
BOP.
 Fluid Capacity : 40, 80 120 gal.
 Max. Operating Pressure : 1500-3000 psig.
 Has a small pump independent of rig power.

Strip Pipe
Lower pipe with preventer closed. Must be able to
vary closing pressure using pressure regulating
system.
t

Drilling Spool
Placed between ram preventers
 Provide space for stripping
 Flow line attached to it.
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Kill Line: Conduit used to pump into the annulus.

annulus

Choke Line: Conduit used to release fluid

Diverter Line: From the annulus.

Drilling Spools: Must be large enough to allow

next casing to be put in place without removing
the BOP.
BOP

Casing Head: Attached to BOP, welded to the

first string of casing cemented in the well.

Control Panel: To operate the BOP stack.

Drilling Equipments

Kick Detection During Drilling Operation