FUNDAMENTAL OF MULTIMEDIA

TOPIC 5
FUNDAMENTAL OF MULTIMEDIA

5.1 Introduction to Multimedia

5.2 Mode of Multimedia Interactivity
5.3 Multimedia Software
5.4 Medium of Distribution

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5 5.1 Introduction to Multimedia

Learning Outcome
At the end of this topic,
students should be able to:

1. Define multimedia
2. Describe the elements of multimedia
3. State the applications of multimedia

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5.1 Introduction to Multimedia

“Multimedia is any combination of text, graphic art,

sound, animation, and video delivered by
computer or other electronic means.”
(Vaughan, 2011)

“Multimedia refers to any application that combines

text with graphics, animation, audio, video, and/or
virtual reality.”
(Shelly & Vermaat, 2012)

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5.1 Introduction to Multimedia

Multi + media

hardware or software
Various, many, used for
multiple communicating/deliver
information
➢ An interactive communication process or presentation of
information by using a combination of text, audio, graphic,
video and animation, OR

➢ A combination of different media via a computer system

for deliver information to the people
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5.1 Introduction to Multimedia

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5.1 Introduction to Multimedia

Text
TEXT

“Using text and symbols for communication and

delivers information that can have potent
meaning”
(Vaughan,2011)

Text is combination of alphabets, numbers and

symbol to form a sentence or word that is used to
avoid misunderstanding
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5.1 Introduction to Multimedia

➢ Can be developed using any text editor (such as
Notepad, WordPad)

Text
➢ However to give special effects to text, graphics software
is needed. (such as a Word Processing software)
➢ Can have different typeface, size, color and style,
background color to suit the professional requirement of
the multimedia software.
“A typeface is a family of graphic characters (font) that
usually includes many type sizes and styles.”
(Vaughan, 2011)

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5.1 Introduction to Multimedia

Font can be altered to create interesting effects

Text
➢

➢ Cases

➢ Serif vs. Sans Serif

➢ Choosing Text Fonts

➢ Hypertext

“The text more accessible and meaningful can then be

called hypertext; because the words, sections, and
thoughts are linked, the user can navigate through text
in a nonlinear way, quickly and intuitively.”
(Vaughan, 2011)

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5.1 Introduction to Multimedia

Effective multimedia program should consider :-

Text
1. The position of the text on the screen

2. Length of the message

3. Legibility of the text

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5.1 Introduction to Multimedia

GRAPHIC

“A graphic or graphical image is a digital

Graphic
representation of non-text information such as a
drawing, chart or photo”
(Shelly & Vermaat,2012)

➢ Graphic is a digital representation of images or

non-text information
➢ Purpose of graphic :-
a) help to develop an attractive application
b) help to illustrate ideas through still pictures
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5.1 Introduction to Multimedia

➢ Still images are generated by the computer in two ways:
as bitmaps (or paint graphics) and as vector (or just plain
“drawn”) graphics.

Graphic
➢ Bitmaps may also be called “raster” images. Likewise,
bitmap editors are sometimes called “painting” programs.
And vector editors are sometimes called “drawing”
programs.

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5.1 Introduction to Multimedia

Vector graphics
Bitmap images

Graphic
Bitmaps are used for photo-realistic drawn objects are used for lines, boxes,
images circles and polygons

other graphic shapes that can be

for complex drawings requiring fine detail
mathematically expressed in angles,
coordinates, and distances

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5.1 Introduction to Multimedia

“A bitmap is a simple matrix of the tiny
dots that form an image & are
displayed on a computer screen or

Graphic
printed.”
Bitmap
(Vaughan, 2011)
images
Real images that can be captured
from devices such as cameras or
scanners.

“A vector is a line that is described by

the location of its two endpoints.”
Vector (Vaughan, 2011)
graphics
Draw on the computer and only
required a small amount of memory

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5.1 Introduction to Multimedia

Which of these are bitmap and which are vector graphics.

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5.1 Introduction to Multimedia

Bitmap graphics are made up of colored pixels. Pixels are very small rectangle of
varying colors that once put together give you an image.

Bitmap Image, Enlarged

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5.1 Introduction to Multimedia

Vector graphics on the other hand are not constructed with pixels at all
(although they are displayed on your computer screen as pixels). They are
actually made-up of mathematical expressions and instructions that produce
lines, curves and filled shapes.

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5.1 Introduction to Multimedia

VIDEO

“Video consists of images displayed in motion.”

(Shelly & Vermaat, 2012)

➢ Video is the product of recording moving images by using

Video
a camera or video machine.
➢ Technology of electronically capturing, recording,
processing, storing, transmitting, & reconstructing a
sequence of still images representing scenes in motion.
➢ The purpose of video is to provides a powerful impact in
a multimedia program.

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5.1 Introduction to Multimedia

Why Digital Video?

Advantages Disadvantages

• video clips can be edited easily • these digital video files are large in
• the digital video files can be stored like size

Video
any other files in the computer and • transferring these files can take a
the quality of the video can still be long time especially when using the
maintained Internet.
• the video files can be transferred within
a computer network
• it allows editing in any part of the video

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5.1 Introduction to Multimedia

AUDIO

“Audio includes music, speech, or any other sound.”

(Shelly & Vermaat, 2012)

➢ Audio is use of speech, music and sound effects.

➢ The purpose of audio is to gives life to the static state of

Audio
multimedia.
➢ Several types of sound such as human voices, instrumental
notes, natural sound, speech, music, sound effects.
➢ Basic types of audio or sound: (1) analog and (1) digital audio.

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5.1 Introduction to Multimedia

Types of audio or sound
Digital Audio Analog Audio

• the digital sampling of the actual sound • the original sound signal.
used in multimedia. • we can record analog audio file.
• special audio editors like Audacity
can be use to convert analog audio
files into digital audio files.

Audio
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5.1 Introduction to Multimedia

ANIMATION
“By definition, animation is the act of making something come alive
or makes static presentations come alive.”
(Vaughan, 2011)

“Appearance of motion created by displaying a series of still

images in sequence.”
(Shelly & Vermaat, 2012)

➢ Animation is a process of making a static/still image look like it is

moving.

Animation
➢ Purpose of an animation :-
a) To make static presentations come alive
b) To create an examples for dangerous and costly events
➢ In multimedia, digital animation is used. 21
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5.1 Introduction to Multimedia

2 types of digital animation
• In 2-D space, the visual changes that bring an image
alive occur on the flat Cartesian x and y axes of the
screen.
• A blinking word, a color-cycling logo (where the colors of
2D
an image are rapidly altered according to a formula), or a
(2 Dimension)
button or tab that changes state on mouse rollover to let
a user know it is active are all examples of 2-D
animations.
(Vaughan, 2011)
• “In 3-D animation, software creates a virtual realm in

Animation
three dimensions, & changes (motion) are calculated
along all three axes (x, y, and z), allowing an image or
object that itself is created with a front, back, sides, top,
3D and bottom to move toward or away from the viewer, or,
(3 Dimension) in this virtual space of light sources and points of view,
allowing the viewer to wander around and get a look at
all the object’s parts from all angles.” (Vaughan, 2011)
• movements like spinning and flying across the screen
are some samples of animations. 22
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5.1 Introduction to Multimedia

2 types of digital animation

Animation
3D
2D
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5.1 Introduction to Multimedia

Applications of Multimedia

•Education
•Entertainment
•Public Places
•Business

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5.1 Introduction to Multimedia

Applications of Multimedia

Education

• Multimedia is used to produce computer-based training courses (popularly

called CBTs) and reference books like encyclopaedia.
• A CBT lets the user go through a series of presentations, text about a
particular topic and associated illustrations in various information formats.
•Other uses an application :
• Digital Libraries
• E-learning portal
• Courseware
• Learning Management System(LMS)
• Computer-Based Training (CBT)
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5.1 Introduction to Multimedia

Applications of Multimedia

Entertainment
Multimedia is heavily used in the entertainment industry,
especially to develop special effects in :
✓Games / Interactive Games
✓Movie
✓Video on demand – online

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MOVIE
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5.1 Introduction to Multimedia

Applications of Multimedia

Public Places

In shopping mall, hotels, railway stations, museums and grocery

stores, multimedia will become available at stand-alone terminals or
kiosks to provide information and help.
➢ Digital Billboard
➢ Information Kiosk
➢ Digital Display Media
➢ Digital Restaurant Menu
➢ Photo Print Kiosk
➢ Airport Digital Signage
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5.1 Introduction to Multimedia

Applications of Multimedia

Business
● Exciting presentations are used to grab and keep
attention in advertising (Sales / marketing
Presentation)
● Other use and application:
❑ Trade Show production
❑ Company Kiosk
❑Staff Training application

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5.2 Mode of Multimedia Interactivity

Learning Outcome
At the end of this topic,
students should be able to:

1. Differentiate between modes of interactivity

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5.2 Mode of Multimedia Interactivity

“When you allow an end user - also known as the viewer

of a multimedia project - to control what and when the
elements are delivered, it is called interactive
multimedia.”
(Vaughan, 2011)

➢ Interactivity refers to the way users interact with a

multimedia application or program.
➢ User can use input devices such as a keyboard, joystick,
mouse and touch screen to interact with the application
through the computer.
➢ Two major categories of interactivity in multimedia – linear
and non-linear interactivity.
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5.2 Mode of Multimedia Interactivity

1. Linear Interactivity
“Users navigate sequentially, from one frame or bite
of information to another.” (Vaughan, 2011)

➢ Does not allow the user to have control of the sequence

and progress of the multimedia contents.
➢ User interacts with the multimedia application without
controlling the progress of the content.
➢ User is a passive receiver of the multimedia content most
of the time.

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5.2 Mode of Multimedia Interactivity

1. Linear Interactivity
➢ Content is usually arranged in sequence :
Example: a movie - although a movie uses a
combination of audio, graphics and animations, the
user has no control over the sequence of events.

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Example of linear interactivity
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5.2 Mode of Multimedia Interactivity

2. Non-Linear Interactivity
“Users navigate freely through the content of the
project,
unbound by predetermined routes.” (Vaughan, 2011)

➢ Lets the user control the sequence and progress of the

multimedia content.
➢ Allows the user to interact with the content according to
what the user wants from the content.
➢ Two way communication.
➢ User can control the progress and sequence of the
multimedia content by using buttons or links(active user).
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5.2 Mode of Multimedia Interactivity

2. Non-Linear Interactivity

Example:
• Uses tools like hypertext to connect a word or a

phrase to another screen.

• An electronic book with links to another screen is
considered as having non-linear multimedia content.
• Hypermedia, tool is similar to hypertext; it connects to
different media elements such as audio and video.

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5.2 Mode of Multimedia Interactivity

2. Non-Linear Interactivity

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5.2 Mode of Multimedia Interactivity

Differentiate between Linear & Non-Linear Interactivity
Linear Interactive Non Linear Interactivity
Does not allow user to control the Allow the user to control with the
progress of the content content according to what the user
wants from the content

The user is a passive receiver of the Two way communication - User is an

multimedia content most of the time active user in handling and interacting
with the multimedia content.

The content usually arranged in The sequence of the multimedia

sequence content is arranged by using buttons or
links

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5.3 Multimedia Software

Learning Outcome
At the end of this topic,
students should be able to:

1. Differentiate among types of multimedia

authoring tools.
2. Explain types of editing software

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5.3 Multimedia Software

Authoring Tools

“Multimedia elements are typically sewn together into a

project using authoring tools. These software tools are
designed to manage individual multimedia elements and
provide user interaction.” (Vaughan, 2011)

“Authoring tools are used for designing interactivity and

the user interface, for presenting your project on screen,
and for assembling diverse multimedia elements into a
single, cohesive product.” (Vaughan, 2011)

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5.3 Multimedia Software

Authoring Tools

➢ Authoring tools is a program that helps you write

multimedia applications.
➢ Enable you to create a final application by linking together
objects such as a paragraph of text graphic or a video.

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5.3 Multimedia Software

Authoring Tools
Three basic metaphor / categories / types of authoring tools :
➢ Time-based authoring tools

➢ Page-based authoring tools

➢ Icon-based authoring tools

More metaphor of authoring tools:

1. Web page authoring tools
➢ Allow user to create Web pages
➢ Some application software include Web page programs

➢ Example : Adobe Dreamweaver, FrontPage, KompoZer

➢2. Theatrical authoring tools

➢ Multimedia elements – as cast members.

➢ Example : Adobe Director
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5.3 Multimedia Software

Authoring Tools
➢ Time-based authoring tools
➢ authoring systems where in elements and events are organized
along a timeline.

➢ Page-based authoring tools / Card –based authoring tools

➢ authoring systems where in the elements that organized as
pages of a book or stack of cards.

➢ Icon or object-based authoring tools

➢ authoring system where in multimedia elements and interaction
events are organized as objects in a structural framework or
process.

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5.3 Multimedia Software

5.3.1 Authoring Tools

➢ How authoring tools are classified ?

1. Way program organizes elements

2. Sequences events
3. Delivers

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5.3 Multimedia Software

Classified / Time-based tools Icon-based tools Page-based tools

feature
1. The multimedia 1. The multimedia 1. It provides a
elements elements (icons) facility for linking
(events) are are presented & objects to pages
presented & organized in or cards
Way program organized along a structural
organize 2. Each page or
time line framework card contains
multimedia (flowchart)
elements (events) 2. Each element many elements
arrange in 2. The icons & other
different layer elements should
be played in a
logical flow or
flowchart

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5.3 Multimedia Software

Classified / Time-based tools Icon-based tools Page-based tools

feature
1. The tools 1. Logical flow or 1. 1 screen = 1 card
coordinates: events visually by = 1 page
▪ The time each dragging icons
element is from an icon menu
Sequences played 2. Use visual
events ▪ The speed programming
approach to
▪ The length of
sequencing
time its remains
events
on the screen

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5.3 Multimedia Software

Classified / Time-based tools Icon-based tools Page-based tools

feature
1. Adobe Flash 1. Adobe Authorware 1. Impress
2. Adobe Director 2. Icon Author 2. Toolbook
3. Ktoon (Windows
platform)
Example of
3. HyperCard
software
(Macintosh
platform)
4. Microsoft office
Powerpoint

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5.3 Multimedia Software

Classified / Time-based tools Icon-based tools Page-based tools

feature
1. Support multi 1. Support multi 1. Easy to use
platform platform ▪ Provide
2. Good for create 2. Clear structure template
animation 3. Easy editing & ▪ Short
Advantages 3. Interactive menu updating development
time
2. Easy to
understand
metaphor

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5.3 Multimedia Software

Classified / Time-based tools Icon-based tools Page-based tools

feature
1. Steep learning 1. Difficult to learn 1. Some run only in
curve for advance 2. Expensive one platform
feature
2. Expensive
Disadvantages 3. Increase in file
size
4. Increase the
download time
when insert
sound & movie

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5.3 Multimedia Software

Time-based Authoring Tools

Interface of Adobe Flash 48

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5.3 Multimedia Software

Time-based Authoring Tools

Timeline

Layer : each layer for 1 Frame:

element multimedia

Interface of Adobe Flash

A simple presentation could contain three layers; layer one could
contain a picture of a blue sky, layer two could contain a picture of a
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mountain and layer three a picture of a mountain climber.
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5.3 Multimedia Software

Icon-based Authoring Tools

Sequencing

Framework:

Interface of Authorware Software 50

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5.3 Multimedia Software

Icon-based Authoring Tools

● Each part is represented an icon

(symbolic picture)

● Each icon does a specific task,

eg: play a sound

● Icons are then linked together to

form complete applications.

● Easily visualize the structure and

navigation of the final application.

Interface of Authorware Software 51

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5.3 Multimedia Software

Page-based Authoring Tools

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Interface of Impress
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5.3 Multimedia Software

Page-based Authoring Tools

Interface of Toolbook 53
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5.3 Multimedia Software

TERM used in multimedia

➢ Multimedia elements such as text, Still image, Special effect ,

animation, video and audio.

➢ Multimedia objects (OBJE) are files that contain e.g. images,

scanned documents, audio recordings, video clips.

➢ media objects such as buttons, text fields, and graphic object, Video,
Audio, Image, Application (like Flash object).

➢ An object is a helper program that provides access to specified data

or technologies.

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5.3 Multimedia Software

5.3.2 Editing Software

➢ Definition : software that is use to produce multimedia

elements.

➢ Types of editing software :

➢ Font editor

➢ Graphic editor

➢ Audio editor

➢ Video editor

➢ Animation editor

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5.3 Multimedia Software

1. Editing Software : Text Editor

➢ Text editor is used to edit plain text

Name of Software Format files

Microsoft Word .doc, .docx
OpenOffice Writer .odt
Notepad .txt
Wordpad .rtf

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5.3 Multimedia Software

1. Editing Software : Font Editor

➢ Special font editing tools can be used to make your own

type, so you can communicate an idea or graphic feeling
exactly.
➢ With these tools, professional typographers create distinct
text and display faces.
➢ Graphic designers, publishers, and ad agencies can design
instant variations of existing typefaces
Name of Software Format files

FontLab .vfb

Fontographer .fog

BitFonter 3.0 .bfb

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5.3 Multimedia Software

2. Editing Software : Graphic Editor

➢ Graphic editor can edit images, draw or illustrate pictures or

objects.
Name of Software Format files
GIMP 2.0 .xcf
Adobe Photoshop .psd
Corel Draw .cdr
Microsoft Paint .bmp

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5.3 Multimedia Software

3. Editing Software : Animation Editor
➢ Animation editors are used for producing 2D, 3D, special
effects and animation for the Web.
Name of Software Format files
3D Blender .blender
Adobe Flash .swf
3D Studio Max .max
Lightwave .dvs

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5.3 Multimedia Software

4. Editing Software : Audio Editor

➢ Audio editor is used for voice recording or producing music

and special sound effects.
Name of Software Format files
Audacity .aup
Sound Forge .wav
Wave Pad .dvs

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5.3 Multimedia Software

5. Editing Software : Video Editor
➢ Video editor is used to edit video.
Name of Software Format files
Windows Movie Maker .mswmm
Pitivi Video Editor .xptv
OpenShot Video Editor .osp
Adobe Premier .ptl
Final Cut Pro .fcp

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5.4 Medium of Distribution

Learning Outcome

At the end of this topic,

students should be able to:

1. Differentiate medium of distribution

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•Medium of distribution:
•CD-ROM
•DVD-ROM
•BD-ROM
•Flash Drive
•The Internet
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5.4 Medium of Distribution

1. CD-ROM

➢ Compact disc that contains data accessible to but not written

by a computer for data storage and music playback
➢ Popularity used to distribute computer software

2.DVD-ROM

➢ Digital video disc or digital versatile disc

➢ Higher storage capacity than compact disc while having the
same dimensions

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5.4 Medium of Distribution

3. BD-ROM

➢ Optical disc storage medium design to supersede the

DVD format

4. Flash Drives

➢ Storage device that typically uses flash memory to store

data, instructions and information

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5.4 Medium of Distribution

5. The Internet

➢ Combination of multimedia technology and Internet

technology
➢ Make the process of distributing information through the
Internet more interesting and effective to the user
➢ Downloading a video file could take a long time as it is
large
➢ Quality of a multimedia program received will still depend on
the Internet facilities that the user has

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REFERENCES

Shelly, G.B., & Vermaat, M. (2012). Discovering computers:

Your interactive guide to the digital world. Boston, MA:
Course Technology/ Cengage Learning.

Vaughan, T. (2011). Multimedia: Making it work. New York:

McGraw-Hill.

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