1.

Introduction
➢ Summary of Lecture-01
Lecture-02 2. Codes and standards
➢ Definitions & some facts

3. Design Standards
4. Pressure Vessel Related Standards
➢ ASME Code Sec. VIII
5. Examples
➢ Equipment, Materials, and Part Dimensions

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Learning Outcomes
Emphasis
Course Outcomes Total
Very high High Medium Low At the end of this lecture, you should be able to
Design pressure vessels using ASME
CLO1 standards and emphasis on safety and
resource sustainability.
65.0 65.0
– Describe why codes and standards are essential in chemical equipment design
Use readily available software (e.g.
CLO2 Excel) to carryout design calculations and 10.0 10.0 – Describe the standards relevant to equipment design specification
material selections
– Explain the contents of ASME Code, Sec. VIII.
Practice leadership, cooperation, and 10.0
CLO3 10.0
accountability in a teamwork setting.
– Describe the items standardized in the field of engineering.
Produce a standard technical report for a 15.0
CLO4 15.0
chemical equipment design.
0.0 – Describe equipment categories and associated specification forms.
Total 65.0 0 15 20 100.0

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 Vessels

Pumps Pipes, fittings and valves

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• Design of chemical equipment: refers to the systematic sizing, selection, creation, or

optimization of machinery or tool required for a particular chemical process. It adheres to
international codes and standards.

• Design specification (DS): refers to a set of requirements that outlines the technical and
functional parameters for the design and construction of chemical equipment.

• The design of a chemical equipment may follow Engineering Design Process: [1] conceptual
Design, [2] Embodiment Design, and [3] Detail Design.

• Detail Design: refers to the preparation of all the documentation needed for fabrication or
purchasing of the equipment.

• Types of design: original, adaptive, selection, redesign, industrial etc.

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• In the context of chemical equipment design, the terms ‘codes’, ‘standards’, and ‘specifications’ are
used to define and guide the processes, methodologies, and practices in the effective design of a
chemical equipment. While these terms are often used interchangeably, they have distinct meanings
and purposes. Below is a breakdown of each in the context of chemical equipment design:
Typical items standardized in the field of engineering:
➢ Code: refers to a set of mandatory rules or laws that must be followed in certain
jurisdictions or industries. It often has the force of law, and non-compliance may result in
legal consequences. In the context of chemical equipment design, a ‘code’ provides
• sizes and wall thicknesses of piping,
overarching guidelines that govern safety, performance, and regulatory requirements.
➢ Standard: refers to a technical document that outlines established practices, methods, or • specifications of the compositions of alloys,
criteria that should be followed to achieve a desired level of performance or safety. Unlike
codes, standards are typically voluntary, although they may be adopted by regulators or
become industry norms. Standards help in ensuring consistency and reliability in the final • stipulation of the safety factors applied to strengths of
design of a chemical equipment.
construction materials,
➢ Specification: refers to a detailed and precise description of the required characteristics,
features, and performance criteria for a particular system or component. Specifications
provide clear instructions on how the chemical equipment should be designed, often tailored • testing procedures for many kinds of materials, and so on.
to specific project requirements. They are more project-specific and customizable than
codes or standards.

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• Codes and standards are

➢ essential parts of engineering design Standards
➢ sources for constraints in the search for possible solutions for a problem, and
➢ make the best practices available to everyone, thereby ensuring efficiency
➢ sources for design method and data.
and safety, and
• Design drawings should conform to accepted drawing conventions, preferably those laid
➢ promote interchangeability and compatibility.
down by the national standards.

• In engineering practices, codes and standards cover engineering aspects such as: ➢ play an important role in reducing the cost of design and of products.
➢ Materials: properties and compositions.
➢ Testing procedures: performance, compositions, quality. With respect to interchangeability and compatibility, anyone who has traveled widely in other

➢ Preferred sizes: diameter, thickness, cross-section (e.g. SCH40 for pipes) countries will understand the compatibility problems with connecting plugs and electrical voltage

➢ Methods: design, inspection, fabrication. and frequency when trying to use small appliances.

➢ Codes of practice: plant operation and safety.

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 • American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME):
➢ VIII, Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels • Performance codes are stated in terms of the specific requirement that is
expected to be achieved. The method to achieve the result is not specified.
• American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
➢ Rules for testing materials • Prescriptive or specification codes state the requirements in terms of
• American Welding Society (AWS) specific details and leave no discretion to the designer.
Voluntary
• British Standards Institution (BSI) agreement • A form of code is government regulations. These are issued by agencies
• The principal ones of interest to chemical engineers are: among (federal or state) to spell out the details for the implementation of vaguely written
users and laws.
➢ American National Standards Institute (ANSI), producers.
➢ American Petroleum Institute (API),
➢ Example: OSHA regulations developed by the U.S. Department of Labor to
➢ American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM), and
implement the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA).
➢ American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) pressure vessels)

The International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) coordinates the publication of international standards.

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use of a standardized component size

Select a centrifugal pump for use in a refinery. The specification will have data such as • A code is a collection of laws and rules that assists a government agency in
meeting its obligation to protect the general welfare by preventing damage to
pressure head, fluid property (e.g. density, viscosity, maximum temperature), flow rate, and property or injury or loss of life to persons.
power requirement.
• A standard is a generally agreed-upon set of procedures, criteria, dimensions,
materials, or parts.
Solution:
➢ Engineering standards may describe the dimensions and sizes of small parts
• Select a standard range of centrifugal pumps. API 610-2021 can be consulted. like screws and bearings, the minimum properties of materials, or an agreed-
upon procedure to measure a property like fracture toughness.
Justification:
➢ The terms standards and specifications are sometimes used interchangeably.
• if a standard range of centrifugal pumps is specified the pump dimensions will be The distinction is that standards refer to generalized situations, while
specifications refer to specialized situations.
known, and this facilitates the design of the foundations plates, pipe connections
and the selection of the drive motors: standard electric motors would be used.

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 • Design standards fall into three categories: performance, test methods, and codes of practice.
Codes Standard

• tell the engineer what to do and when • tell the engineer how to do it and are usually regarded as • Performance standards: there are published performance standards for many products.
and under what circumstances to do it recommendations that do not have the force of law.
➢ Example: seat belts, lumber, and auto crash safety.
• are legal requirements, as in the • standards are often prepared by individual companies for
building code or the fire code. their own proprietary use. • Test method standards: set forth methods for measuring properties such as yield strength,

• often incorporate national standards into • in-house standards are often used by the company thermal conductivity, or electrical resistivity. Most of these are developed for and published by the
them by reference, and in this way, purchasing department when outsourcing. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). Another important set of testing standards
standards become legally enforceable. for products are developed by the Underwriters Laboratories (UL).
• There are two broad forms of codes: • industry consensus standards*: sponsored through an
• Codes of practice: give detailed design methods for repetitive technical problems such as
performance codes*** and industry trade association, such as the American Institute of
the design of piping, heat exchangers, and pressure vessels. Many of these are developed by the
prescriptive codes**. Steel Construction (AISC) or the Door and Hardware Institute
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code), the
* Industry standards of this type are usually submitted to the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) for a formal review process, approval, American Nuclear Society, and the Society of Automotive Engineers.
and publication. A similar function is played by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in Geneva, Switzerland.
** state the requirements in terms of specific details and leave no discretion to the designer.
*** state specific requirement that is expected to be achieved.

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• standards play an important role in reducing the cost of design and of products.

Standard components Design standards

• The use of standard components and • The use of design standards saves the designer, when
materials leads to cost reduction in involved in original design work, from spending time
many ways. on finding solutions to a multitude of recurring
identical problems

• designs based on standards provide a firm basis for negotiation and better understanding between
the buyer and seller of a product. Failure to incorporate up-to-date standards in a design may lead to
difficulties with product liability.

• In much of new product design only 20 percent of the parts are new, about 40 percent are existing parts
used with minor modification, while the other 40 percent are existing parts reused without modification.

• The price that is paid with standards is that they can limit the freedom to incorporate new
technology in the design.

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Standards commonly used in the manufacture of pressure vessels include:

• ASME Section VIII Div. (1): Rules for Construction of Unfired Pressure Vessels.
➢ list of permissible materials of construction
• In the context of chemical equipment design, a specification ➢ alternative rules for nozzle reinforcement

describes how a system should work and is usually is much more • ASME Section VIII Div. (2): Alternative Rules for Construction of Unfired Pressure Vessels

specific and detailed than a standard, but sometimes it is difficult to ➢ inspection and testing

differentiate between documents that are called standards and • ASME Section VIII Div. (3): Alternative Rules for Construction of High-Pressure Vessels
➢ material requirement
those called specifications.
➢ design requirement
➢ fabrication requirement
➢ inspection and testing requirement

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 ASME Code, Sec. VIII, Division 3: High Pressure P. Vessels
ASME Code, Sec. VIII, Division 1: Basic Coverage
Basic Coverage • This Division of Section VIII provides requirements applicable to the design, fabrication, inspection,
• This Division of Section VIII provides requirements applicable to the design, fabrication, testing, and certification of pressure vessels operating at either internal or external pressures
inspection, testing, and certification of pressure vessels operating at either internal or external generally above 10,000 psi.
pressures exceeding 15 psig. • Such vessels may be fired or unfired. This pressure may be obtained from an external source, a
• Such pressure vessels may be fired or unfired. Specific requirements apply to several classes of process reaction, by the application of heat from a direct or indirect source, or any combination
material used in pressure vessel construction, and also to fabrication methods such as welding, thereof.
forging and brazing. • Division 3 rules cover vessels intended for a specific service and installed in a fixed location or
• It contains mandatory and nonmandatory appendices detailing supplementary design criteria, relocated from work site to work site between pressurizations.
nondestructive examination and inspection acceptance standards. Rules pertaining to the use of the • The operation and maintenance control is retained during the useful life of the vessel by the user
U, UM and UV Code symbol stamps are also included. who prepares or causes to be prepared the design specifications.
Contents • Division 3 does not establish maximum pressure limits for either Section VIII, Divisions 1 or 2, nor
Scope & Service Restrictions; General Requirements; Requirements for Fabrication by Welding, minimum pressure limits for this Division. Rules pertaining to the use of the UV3 Code symbol
Forging, or Brazing; Requirements Pertaining to Classes of Materials for Carbon & Low Alloy Steel; stamps are also included.
Nonferrous Materials; High Alloy Steel; Cast Iron; Clad & Lined Vessels; Cast Ductile Iron Vessels; Contents
Ferritic Steels with Tensile Properties Enhanced by Heat Treatment; Layered Construction; High
Stresses at Low Temperatures. General Requirements; Material Requirements; Design Requirements; Fabrication Requirements;
Pressure Relief Devices; Examination Requirements; Testing; Marking; Stamping; Reports & Records.

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ASME Code, Sec. VIII, Division 2: Alternative Rules

Basic Coverage
ASME BPV Code Sec. VIII Divisions
• This Division of Section VIII provides requirements applicable to the design, fabrication, inspection,
testing, and certification of pressure vessels operating at either internal or external pressures exceeding
15 psig. Such vessels may be fired or unfired. Division 1 Division 2
• This pressure may be obtained from an external source or by the application of heat from a direct or • Rigorous analysis of local thermal and • Requires more analysis than Div. 1, and
indirect source, or any combination thereof.
fatigue stresses not required more inspection, but allows thinner walled
• These rules provide an alternative to the minimum requirements for pressure vessels under Division 1
rules. In comparison the Division 1, Division 2 requirements on materials, design, and nondestructive vessels
• Safety factor of 3.5 against tensile failure
examination are more rigorous; however, higher design stress intensity values are permitted.
and 1.25 for 100,000-hour creep rapture • Safety factor of 3.0 against tensile failure
• Division 2 rules cover only vessels to be installed in a fixed location for a specific service where operation
and maintenance control is retained during the useful life of the vessel by the user who prepares or
• Limited to design pressures below 3000 psi • Limited to design temperatures less than
causes to be prepared the design specifications.
(but usually costs more than Div. 2 above 900 F (outside creep range)
• These rules may also apply to human occupancy pressure vessels typically in the diving industry. Rules
pertaining to the use of the U2 and UV Code symbol stamps are also included. about 15000 psi)
• More economical for high pressure vessels,
Contents but fewer fabricators available
General Requirements; Material Requirements; Design Requirements; Fabrication Requirements; Pressure
Relief Devices; Inspection in Radiography; Testing; Marking; Stamping; Reports & Records.

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Vessels Specifically Excluded by ASME BPV Code Sec. VIII Div. 1 Examples on piping and fittings:
• Vessels within the scope of other sections of the BPV code. For example, power boilers (Sec. 1)
fiber-reinforced plastic vessels (Sec. X) and transport tanks (Sec. XIII).
• Fired process tubular heaters.
• Pressure containers that are integral parts of rotating or reciprocating devises such as pumps,
compressors, turbines or engines.
• Piping systems (which are covered by ASME B31.3 – see Chapter 5).
• Piping components and accessories such as valves, strainers, in-line mixers and spargers.
• Vessels containing water at less than 300 psi (2 MPa) and less than 210 F (99C).
• Hot water storage tanks heated by steam with heat rate less than 0.2 MMBTU/hr (58.6 kW), water
temperature less than 210 F (99F) and volume less than 120 gal (450 liters).
• Vessels having internal pressure less than 15 psi (100 kPa) or greater than 300 psi (20 MPa).
• Vessels of internal diameter or height less than 6 inches (152 mm).
• Pressure vessels for human occupancy.

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Other Related Codes

Storage tanks are usually not designed to BPV Code
• API Standard 620, Large low pressure storage tanks, Pressure 0.5 to 15 psig.
• API Standard 650, Welded storage tanks, Pressure up to 0.5 psig.
Fittings are covered by other ASME Codes
• ASME B16.5, Pipe flanges and flange fittings
• ASME B16.9, Factory-made wrought buttwelding fittings
• ASME B16.11, Forged fittings, socket welding and threaded
• ASME B16.47, Large diameter steel flanges NPS26 Through NPS60
Piping is covered by a different ASME code
• ASME B16.3, Process piping
Heat exchangers have additional codes set by TEMA
• Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association (TEMA)

• ASME Heads code for pressure vessel heads

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 Codes and Standards of Direct Bearing
Equipment fall under two categories: (1) proprietary, and (2) custom-designed.
on Chemical Process Design
• Proprietary equipment:

➢ designed by the manufacturer to meet performance specifications made by the user;

these specifications may be regarded as the process design of the equipment. This
category includes equipment with moving parts such as pumps, compressors, and drivers
as well as cooling towers, dryers, filters, mixers, agitators, piping equipment, and valves,
and even the structural aspects of heat exchangers, furnaces, and other equipment.

➢ standard specification forms are available for most proprietary kinds of equipment and for
summarizing the details of all kinds of equipment.

➢ provided “off the shelf ’’ in limited sizes and capacities.

• Custom design:

➢ needed for many aspects of chemical reactors, most vessels, multistage separators such
as fractionators, and other special equipment not amenable to complete standardization.
Example: vessels

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• Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association (TEMA)

Richard Turton, Joseph A. Shaeiwitz,”Chemical Process Equipment Design,” Pearson Education, Inc, 2017

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• Compressors:
• Fittings:
• Pumps:

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Remark:
• Valves: • Correct conversion rules must be applied when there are differences in the test conditions
specified by the standard and those required by the site or end-user specifications. Specific
examples include gas turbine and compressors.
Customer
needs and
Database for Standard codes
Design Specification
Equipment or Part

Engineers job: Engineers job:

• Learn the test conditions for • Clarify the expected cite/ field
the standard equipment operating conditions

Conversion exercise

Selection

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 Select a gas turbine to drive a compressor that will supply natural gas to a storage vessel in a
petrochemical plant. Specification of the gas turbine is as follows:
e.g.
• Site condition: Typical weather condition in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
• The support for a
pressure vessel needs
• Power required: 10 MW steel. The material can
be AISI 1035 - CD.
• Fuel: Natural gas

Solution: Properties:
• Climate: tropical climate with temperature (25 to 25), RH (75% to 90%), 0 to 10 m above sea level. • Tensile strength = 550 MPa
• Ideal choices for the gas turbine: Siemens SGT-300 or SGT-400 (capacity: 5MW to 30 MW at ISO • Yield strength = 460 MPa
condition). ISO condition: sea level (1 atm.), 15C and RH = 60%
• Hence, proper conversions are required to reconcile the two data. This kinds of things happen in
chemical equipment design.

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Thank You!

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