SOME BASIC CONCEPT OF CHEMISTRY

Chemistry Study of matter

Applicati In Agriculture and Food: chemical fertilizers such as urea, calcium phosphate,
on of sodium nitrate, ammonium phosphate etc. protect the crops from insects and
chemistry harmful bacteria, by the use ‘ of certain effective insecticides, fungicides and
pesticides. preservatives has helped to preserve food products like jam, butter,
squashes etc. for longer periods.
Health and Sanitation: life-saving drugs such as Cisplatin and taxol have been
found to be very effective for cancer therapy and AZT (Azidothymidine) is used
for AIDS victims. Disinfectants such as phenol are used to kill the micro-
organisms present in drains, toilet, floors. A low concentration of chlorine i.e.,
0.2 to 0.4 parts per million (ppm) is used ’ for sterilization of water to make it
fit for drinking purposes.
Application in Industry: It has played an important role in developing many
industrially ^ manufactured fertilizers, alkalis, acids, salts, dyes, polymers,
drugs, soaps, detergents, metal alloys and other inorganic and organic
chemicals
Chemical in food:-Artificial Sweetening agent Sucralose,Suger free,
Preservation of food:-Oil,NaCl(Mutten),BHT,BHA
Matter Anything which has mass and occupies space is called matter.
Classificati There are two ways of classifying
on of the matter: (A) Physical (B)
matter Chemical classification
Physical classification :-
1.Solids: Matter having definite
volume and definite shape.The
particles are held very close to
each other in an orderly fashion
and there is not much freedom of
movement..
2. Liquids: Matter having definite
volume but not definite
shape.The particles are close to
each other but can move around.
3. Gases:The particles are far
apart as compared to those
present in solid or liquid states.
Their movement is easy and fast.
Chemical Classification:-
Pure substances: A single substance (or matter) which cannot be separated by
simple physical methods. (i) Elements (ii) Compounds
Elements: An element consists of only one type of particles. These particles
may be atoms or molecules.
For example, sodium, copper, silver, hydrogen, oxygen etc.
Compounds: pure substance containing two or more elements combined
together in a fixed proportion by weight and can be decomposed into these
elements by suitable chemical methods.
(i)Inorganic Compounds: These are compounds which are obtained from non-
living sources such as rocks and minerals. Examples are: Common salt,
marble, gypsum, washing soda etc.
(ii) Organic Compounds :-Compounds which are present in plants and animals.
All the organic compounds have been found to contain carbon as their essential
constituent. For example, carbohydrates, proteins, oils, fats etc.

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 SOME BASIC CONCEPT OF CHEMISTRY
Mixtures: The combination of two or more elements or compounds which are
not chemically combined together and may also be present in any proportion,
is called mixture. A few examples of mixtures are: milk, sea water, petrol, lime
water, paint glass, cement, wood etc.
Types of mixtures: (i) Homogeneous mixtures: Mixture having a uniform
composition throughout and there are no visible boundaries of separation
between the constituents.
For example: A mixture of sugar solution in water
(ii) Heterogeneous mixtures: Mixture which does not have uniform
composition throughout and has visible boundaries of separation between the
various constituents. The different constituents of a heterogeneous mixture can
be seen even with naked eye.
For example: When iron filings and sulphur powder are mixed together, the
mixture formed
Difference BASIS FOR
between COMPOUND MIXTURE
COMPARISON
Mixture
Meaning Compound refers to a Mixture implies the
and
substance formed by intermingling of two or more
Compoun
combining two or more substances into one physically.
d
elements chemically.
Nature Homogeneous Homogeneous or Heterogeneous
Composition Fixed Variable
Substance Pure Impure
Properties Constituents lose their original Constituents keep their original
property. property.
New New substance is formed. No new substance is formed.
substance
Separation By chemical or electro- By physical methods.
chemical methods.
Melting and Defined Not defined
boiling point

Measurem SEVEN BASIC PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND THEIR S.I. UNITS

ent of Physical Quantity Symbo S.I. Unit Symbo
physical l l
properties
Length metre m
Mass m kilogr kg
am
Time t secon s
d
Electric current I amper A
e
Temperature T kelvin K
Luminous intensity Iu candel cd
a
Amount of the substance n mole mol

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 SOME BASIC CONCEPT OF CHEMISTRY
Prefix Symbol Multiplication Factor Example
deci d 10-1 1 decimetre (dm) = 10-1 m
centi c 10-2 1 centimetre (cm) = 10-2 m
milli m 10-3 1 millimetre (mm) = 10-3 m
micro 10-6 1 micrometre ( m) = 10-6 m
nano n 10-9 1 nanometre (nm) = 10-9 m
pico p 10-12 1 picometre (pm) = 10-12 m
1 femtometre (fm) = 10-15 m
femto f 10-15
1 attometre (am) = 10-18 m
atto a 10-18
1 dekametre(dam) = 101 m
deca da 101 1 hectometre (hm) = 102 m
hecto h 102 1 kilometre (km) = 103 m
kilo k 103 1 megamerte(Mm) = 106 m
mega M 106 1 gigametre (Gm) = 109 m
giga G 109 1 teramerte ( Tm) = 1012 m
tera T 1012 1 petametre (Pm) = 1015 m
peta P 1015 1 exametre (Em) = 1018 m
exa E 1018
1 litre (1L) = 1 dm3 = 1000 cm3
and 1 millilitre (1mL) = 1 cm3 = 1cc
SOME IMPORTANT UNIT CONVERSIONS
1. Length : 1 mile=1760 yards 1 yard=3 feet 1 foot=12 inches
1 inch=2.54 cm 1A =10-10m or 10-8 cm
2. Mass :1 Ton =1000 kg 1 Quintal =100 kg 1 kg=2.205 Pounds (lb)
1 kg=1000 g 1 gram =1000 milli gram
1 amu=1.67 x 10-24 g
3. Volume :1 L=1 dm3 = 10-3 m3 = 103 cm3 = 103 mL = 103 cc
1 mL =1 cm3 = 10-6 m3 =1 cc
4. Energy :1 calorie =4.184 joules = 4.2 joule 1 joule=107 ergs
1 litre atmosphere (L-atm) =101.3 joule
1 electron volt (eV) =1.602 x 10-19 joule
5. Pressure : 1 atmosphere (atm)=760 torr
= 760 mm of Hg
= 76 cm of Hg
= 1.01325 x 105 pascal (Pa)
= 1.01325 x 105 N/m2
6. Temperature : °C + 273.15 = K ; 5/9 (F-32) =0C
Temperat
ure

Illustration 9. Which one of the following forms part of seven basic SI units :
(1) Joule (2) Candela (3) Newton (4)
Pascal

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 SOME BASIC CONCEPT OF CHEMISTRY
Solution Ans. (2)
Illustration 10 Convert 2 litre atmosphere into erg
solution 2 litre atmosphere = 2x 101.3 joule = 2x 101.3x 107 erg. =
202.6x10 erg.
7

{1litre atmosphere 101.3J}

Illustration 11 Convert 2 atm into cm of Hg.
Solution 2 atm = 2 x 76 cm of Hg = 152 cm of Hg
{1 atmosphere = 76 cm of Hg}
Illustration 12 Convert 20 dm3 into mL.
Solution 20 dm3 = 20 L = 20 x 1000 mL = 2 x 104 mL
1 dm3 = 1 L = 1000 mL
Illustration 13 Convert 59 F into °C.
Solution 15 0C
Density: amount of mass per unit volume.SI Unit-Kg/m3
• Representation of number in the form N x 10n where n is an exponent having
Scientific positive or negative values and N can vary between 1 to 10
Notation For Example:-232.508 can be written as 2.32508 x 102 in scientific notation
Calculatio Add (4.5 x 10 4) + (1.75 x 105) = 22X104
n Subtract (8.87 × 108) – (9.3 × 107) = = (8.87 × 101 × 107) – (9.3 × 107)= (88.7 × 107) – (9.3 × 107)
involving =79.4X107
multiplicat Multiplication= (5.7X106) X(4.2X105)=23.94X1011
ion and
Division= (5.7X106) ÷ (4.2X103) =1.357X103
division
Significant All non-zero digits are significant. For example, in 285 cm, there are three
Figures significant figures and in 0.25 mL, there are two significant figures.
Zeros preceding to first non-zero digit are not significant. Such zeros indicates
the position of decimal point. For example, 0.03 has one significant figure and
0.0052 has two significant figures.
Zeros between two non-zero digits are significant. Thus, 2.005 has four
significant figures.
Zeros at the end or right of a number are significant provided they are on the
right side of the decimal point. For example, 0.200 g has three significant
figures.
Counting numbers of objects. For example, 2 balls or 20 eggs have infinite
significant figures as these are exact numbers and can be represented by
writing infinite number of zeros after placing a decimal.
i.e., 2 = 2.000000 or 20 = 20.000000
significant no in scientific notationExample Three (6.02 x 1023) or at most four
(6.022 x 1023) significant figures
significant no in 100 is 1 but in 100. are 3
Addition/S 3.52+2.3+6.24 23.4730- Multiplication of Division of
ubstration =12.06 12.11=11.3630 Numbers: 2.2120 Numbers:
/Divison/ The final result The final result x 0.011 = 4.2211÷3.76 =
Multiplicat has two decimal has four decimal 0.024332 1.12263 The
ion places but the places. But it has According to the correct answer =
answer has to be to be reported rule the final 1.12 because 3.76
reported only up only up to two result = 0.024 has 3 significant
to one decimal decimal places, In the figure
place, i.e., the i.e., the answer multiplication or
would be 11.36. division, the final
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 SOME BASIC CONCEPT OF CHEMISTRY
answer would be result should be
12.0. reported up to
the same number
of significant
Laws of The combination of elements to form compounds is governed by the following
Chemical five basic laws.
Combinati (i) Law of Conservation of Mass (ii) Law of Definite Proportions (iii) Law of
ons Multiple Proportions
(iv) Law of Gaseous Volume (Gay Lussa’s Law) (v) Avogadro’s Law
Law of (French chemist, A. Lavoisier) The law states: In all physical and chemical
Conservat changes, the total mass of the reactants is equal to that of the products. In
ion of other words, matter can neither be created nor destroyed.
Mass CaCO3 --> CaO + CO2
(100 gm) (56 gm) (44gm)
Exception:- Nuclear reaction (Small mass of reactant convert into energy)
Law of A pure chemical compound always consists of the same elements combined
Definite together in a fixed proportion by weight.For example, Carbon dioxide may be
Proportion formed in a number of ways but the ration of Carbon and Oxygen is always
s remian 3:8
(a)By burning of Coke Air:- C(s) + O2(g) ---> CO2(g)
(b)By decomposition of lime stone:- CaCO3 -→CaO + CO2
(c)By the action of dil HCl on washing soda:-Na2CO3 +2HCl→2NaCl+H2O+ CO2
Exception:-When molecule contain isotope of element C12O2 C14O2
Law of If two elements combine to form two or more compounds, the weight of one of
Multiple the elements which combines with a fixed weight of the other in these
Proportion compounds, bears simple whole number ratio by weight.For Example
s H2 + O2 →H2O and H2 + O2 → H2O2
Hydrogen react with oxygen to form water and Hydrogen peroxide,here the
mass of oxygen which combine with fixed mass of hydrogen(2g) bear a simple
whole no. ratio 16:32 or 1:2
Gay The law states that, under similar conditions of temperature and pressure,
Lussac’s whenever gases combine, they do so in volumes which bear simple whole
Law of number ratio with each other and also with the gaseous products.
Gaseous (a) Combination between hydrogen and chlorine:
Volumes (b) H2(g) + Cl2(g) →2HCl(g)
1 volume 1 volume 2 volume (Ratio =1:1:2 )
(b) Combination between nitrogen and hydrogen:
N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g)
1 volume 3 volume 2 volume (Ratio =1:3:2 )
Avogadro’ Equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure
s Law: should contain equal number of molecules. V1=volume of one gas
V2 =Volume of second gas
n1=No. of mole of one gas n2 No. of moles of second gas
Dalton’s 1. Matter consists of indivisible atoms.
Atomic 2. All the atoms of a given element have identical properties including identical
Theory mass. Atoms of different elements differ in mass.
3. Compounds are formed when atoms of different elements combine in a fixed
ratio.
4. Chemical reactions involve reorganisation of atoms. These are neither
created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.
Mole
(i) A mole is the amount of a substance that contains as many entities (atoms, molecules or
Concept
other particles) as there are atoms in exactly 12g of the carbon - 12 isotope.

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 SOME BASIC CONCEPT OF CHEMISTRY
In order to determine this number precisely, the mass of a carbon-12 atom was
determined by a mass spectrometer and found to be equal to 1.992648 x 10-23g
Knowing that 1 mole of carbon weighs 12g, the number of atoms in it is equal to
:12 g/1.992648X10-23 =6.022X1023 atom
Moles=No of particle /NA(Avogadro No.)

Moles =Mass of substance/Gram atomic mass

Moles = Volume of gas/22.4 (at 1 atm pressure

and 273K temperature)

Moles = Volume of gas/22.7 (At 1 bar pressure

and 273K temperature)
If pressure and temperature is not given at NTP
Or STP Mole=PV/RT
amu Mass exactly equal to one-twelfth of the mass of one carbon - 12 atom. 1 amu
= 1.66056×10–24 g
Average It is the weighted average of atomic masses of naturally occurring isotopes of
Atomic an element.
Mass

Gram When numerical value of atomic mass of an element is expressed in grams

Atomic then the value becomes gram atomic mass.
Mas gram atomic mass = mass of 1 gram atom = mass of 1 mole atom
= mass of NA atoms = mass of 6.023 x 1023 atoms.
Ex. gram atomic mass of oxygen = mass of 1 g atom of oxygen = mass of 1 mol
atom of oxygen.
Molecular The number which indicates how many times the mass of one molecule of a
Mass substance is heavier in comparison to 1/12th part of the mass of an atom of
C12.It is the sum of atomic masses of the elements present in a molecule.
(CH4) = (12.011 u) + 4 (1.008 u) = 16.043 u.
Actual The mass of one atom or one molecule of a substance is called as actual
Mass mass.
Ex.(i)Actual mass of O2 = 32 amu = 32 x 1.67 x 10-24 g Actual mass
(ii)Actual mass of H2O = (2 + 16) amu = 18 x1.67 x10-24g = 2.99 x
10-23 g
Formula It is the sum of the average atomic masses of each atom represented in the
Mass chemical formula and is expressed in atomic mass units. The formula mass of a
covalent compound is also called the molecular mass.
Percentag It is the ratio of the amount of each element to the total amount of individual
e elements present in the compound multiplied by 100.For example Percentage
compositi composition of element present in Na2SO4
on

Empirical Empirical Formula: -It is the simplest whole number ratio of various atoms
Formula present in a compound
for Molecular Formula: - he exact number of different types of atoms present in a
Molecular molecule of a compound.
Formula Ex. Molecular Formula H2O2 CH4 C2H6 C2H4O2
2:2 1:4 2:6 2:4:2

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 SOME BASIC CONCEPT OF CHEMISTRY
1:1 1:4 1:3 1:2:1
Empirical Formula HO CH4 CH3 CH2O

In a compound x is 75.8% and y is 24.2% by weight present. If atomic weight

of x and y are 24 and 16 respectively. Then calculate the empirical formula of
the compound.
%
Elements % Atomic weight Simplest ratio Ratio
Atomic weight
75.8/25 =3.1 3.1/1.5=2
x 75.8% 24 2
24.2/16=1.5 1.5/ 1. 5= 1
y 24.2% 16 1
Formula of compound =X2Y
Limiting The reactant, which gets consumed first, limits the amount of product formed.
Reagent ✓ In a reaction A + B2 -→ AB2 Identify the limiting reagent, if any, in the
following reaction mixtures.if we take 300 atoms of A + 200 molecules of B
then find out the limiting reagent.
Precision It refers to the closeness of various measurements for the same quantity and
and Accuracy refers to the closeness of various
accuracy measurementswith true value.
The measurment of student A are precise as they True value for a result is
are close to each other but are not accurate 2.00 g
The measurment of student B are not precise as
they are not close to each other but are accurate
The measurment of student C are precise as they
are close to each other and als accurate

Mass
percent:
Mole :-It is the ratio of number of moles of a particular component to the total
Fraction number of moles of the solution.

Molarity the number of moles of the solute in 1 litre of the solution.

Molarity Dilution formula M1V1=M2V2

for When two acid are mixed M1V1+M2V2 =M3V3
dilution When two base are mixed M1V1+M2V2 =M3V3
When acid and base are mixed M1V1-M2V2 =M3V3
Stoichiom
etry and
One mole of CH4 (g) reacts with two moles of O2 (g) to give one mole of CO2
Stoichiom
(g) and two moles of H2O(g)
etric
One molecule of CH4 (g) reacts with 2 molecules of O2 (g) to give one molecule
calculatio
of CO2 (g) and 2 molecules of H2O(g)
ns 22.7 L of CH4(g) reacts with 45.4 L of O2 (g)to give 22.7 L of CO2 (g) and 45.4
L of H2O(g)
16 g of CH4 (g) reacts with 2×32 g of O2(g) to give 44 g of CO2(g) and 2×18 g
of H2O (g).
. THE END

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 SOME BASIC CONCEPT OF CHEMISTRY
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION
ASSERTION AND REASON TYPE QUESTION

Directions for Q. No.1-5

A If both Assertion & Reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.

B If both Assertion & Reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the
assertion.

C If Assertion is true statement but Reason is false.

D If both Assertion and Reason are false statements.

1. Assertion : A solution of table salt in a glass of water is homogeneous

Reason : A solution having same composition throughout is heterogeneous

2. Assertion : The molecular weight of oxygen is 32 amu.

Reason : The atomic weight of oxygen is 16 amu 3.

3.Assertion : No of moles of H2 in 0.224 L of hydrogen is 0.01 mole.

Reason : 22.4 L of H2 at STP contain 6.023 × 1023 moles.

4. Assertion : Atomic mass of Na is 23.

Reason : An atom of sodium is 23 times heavier than 1/12th mass of C-12 isotope.

5. Assertion : Number of atoms of He in 60 u of He is 15.

Reason : Atomic weight of He is 4 u.

ONE WORD ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. What is the SI unit of density?

2. What is the SI unit of molarity?

3. Calculate the number of atoms in 32 u of He. [Ans. : 8]

4. What is the volume of 17 g of NH3 gas at STP? [Ans. : 223.4 L]

5. How many molecules of SO2 are present in 11.2 L at STP? [Ans. : 3.011×1023]

6. Which has more number of atoms ? 1.0 g Na or 1.0 g Mg [Ans. : 1.0 g Na] Some Basic
Concepts of Chemistry 11

7. How any oxygen atoms are present in 16 g of ozone (O3)? [Ans. : 2.007 ×1023]

8. Calculate the number of molecules present in 22.0 g of CO2. [Ans. : 3.011×1023]

9. A substance has molecular formula C6H12O6. What is its empirical formula.

10. Empirical formula of a compound X (Molar mass = 78 mol-1) is CH. Write its molecular
formula.
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 SOME BASIC CONCEPT OF CHEMISTRY
1-MARK QUESTIONS

1. Name two chemical compounds used in treatment of cancer.

2. What is AZT ? Mention its use in medical science.

3. Classify following as pure substances and mixtures : air, glucose, gold, sodium and milk. 4.
Which measurement is more precise 4.0g or 4.00g ? [Ans. 4.00 g]

5. How many significant figures are there in (i) 3.070 and (ii) 0.0025 ? [Ans. (i) 4 (ii) 2]

6. Express the following in the scientific notation : (i) 0.0048 (ii) 234,000

7. If ten volumes of dihydrogen gas react with five volumes of dioxygen gas, how much volume
of water vapour would be produced ? [Ans. 10 volumes]

8. Define unified mass (u).

9. Define molar volume of a gas.

10. At STP, what will be the volume of 6.022 × l023 molecules of H2 ? [Ans. 22.4L]

11. 1L of a gas at STP weighs 1.97g. What is molecular mass ? [Ans. 44.128 g mol–1]

12. Write the relationship between empirical formula and molecular formula.

13. Which is more informative ? Empirical formula or Molecular formula.

14. How are 0.5 mol Na2CO3 and 0.5 M Na2CO3 different from each other ?

15. Why molality is preferred over molarity of a solution ?

16. Define molarity of a solution.

17. What is the effect of temperature on molarity of solution ?

18. What is limiting reactant in a reaction ?

QUESTION FOR PRACTICE

1. Classify following substances as element, compounds and mixtures : water, tea,
silver, steel, carbon dioxide and platinum.

2. The body temperature of a normal healthy person is 37°C. Calculate its value in°F.

3. At what temperature will both the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales read the same
value?

4. Convert 5L into m3.

5. What does the following prefixes stand for : (a) pico (b) nano (c) micro (d) deci

6. How many significant figures are present in the following : (i) 4.00005 (ii) 0.004

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 SOME BASIC CONCEPT OF CHEMISTRY
7. Convert ‘450 pm’ into SI unit and write the answer in scientific notation upto 2
significant figures. [Ans. 4.5 × 10–10 m]

8. Hydrogen peroxide and water contain 5.93% and 11.2 % of hydrogen respectively.
Show that the data illustrate law of multiple proportions.

9. The density ( in g mL–1) of a 3.60 M sulphuric acid solution that is 29% H2SO4 (
Molar mass = 98 g mol-1) by mass will be ....... [Ans. 1.21 g/mL]

10 The cost of table salt ( NaCl ) is Rs. 10 per Kg. calculate its cost per mole. ( Molar
mass of NaCl is 58.5 gmol-1) [Ans. 0.58 Rs]

11 Calculate the mole fraction of the solute in a 1.00 molal aqueous solution. [Ans.
0.0177] Some

12 Dissolving 120 g of urea ( Molar mass of urea = 60 g mol-1 ) in 1000 of water

gave a solution of density 1.15 g/mL. Calculate the molarity of the solution. [Ans.
2.05 M]

13 Calculate the percentage of N in urea. (Molar mass of urea = 60 g mol-1) [Ans.

46.66]

14 25 ml of 3.0 M HCl are mixed with 75 mL 0f 4.0 M HCl. If the volumes are additive,
the molarity of the final mixture will be. [Ans. 3.75 M]

15 How many atoms and molecules are present in 124 gm of phosphorus (P4) [Ans.
Atoms = 4 NA & Molecules = NA]

16 45.4 L of dinitrogen reacted with 22.7 L of dioxygen and 45.4 L of nitrous oxide
was formed. The reaction is given below : 2N2 (g) + O2 (g)-→ 2N2O (g) Which law is
being obeyed in this experiment? Write the statement of the law.

17 Give one example each of a molecule in which empirical formula and molecular
formula is (i) Same (ii) Different.

18 Calculate the number of moles in the following masses : (i) 7.85g of Fe; (ii) 7.9mg
of Ca

19 Calculate the percent of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in ethanol (C2H5OH) [Ans.
52.14%, 13.13%, 34.73%]

20 How much copper can be obtained from 100 g of CuSO4 ? [Ans. 39.8g]

21 Calculate the amount of water (g) produced by the combustion of 16 g of

methane. [Ans. 36g]

22 How many moles of methane are required to produce 22 g CO2 (g) after
combustion? [Ans. 0.5 mol]

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 SOME BASIC CONCEPT OF CHEMISTRY
23 A solution is prepared by adding 2 g of a substance A to 18 g of water. Calculate
the mass per cent of the solute. [Ans. 10%]

24 Calculate molarity of water if its density is 1.00 g mL-1. [Ans. 55.56 M]

25 Calculate the molarity of NaOH in the solution prepared by dissolving its 4 g in

enough water to form 250 mL of the solution. [Ans. 0.4 M]

26 The density of 3 M solution of NaCl is 1.25 g mL-1. Calculate molality of the

solution. [Ans. 2.8m]

27 NH3 gas can be prepared by Haber’s process as, N2(g) + 3H2 (g) → 2NH3(g). At a
particular moment concentration of all the species is 2 moles; calculate the
concentration of N2 and H2 taken initially. [Ans. 3 mole, 5 moles]

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