Lesson 6: Clientele and Audiences in revolve it positively.

Conflicts are
Counseling everywhere and they are not always that
easy to avoid. These professionals provide
Who are the clientele and audiences in ways to manage conflict constructively.
counseling?
4. Human resources personnel
Individuals and groups of people who  Human resources personnel provide the
receive service from various counseling needs common to all workplaces and they
professions constitute the clientele and audience. are employed in almost all workplaces to'
These individuals and groups vary in their needs deal with various employee needs that
and context where they avail of counseling cover aspects of remunerations, social
services. services, compensations, conflict
resolution, and discipline. There is a wide
Characteristics of the Clientele and range of services that employment
Audiences of Counseling provides for the work force, which are not
directly related to their technical work.
The clientele and audiences of counseling They are designed to keep workers happy
are normal people. They are not in need of and cared for as humans. They form part
clinical or mental help. They may be the youth in of human resource management.
need of guidance at critical moments of their
growth, anyone in need of assistance in realizing
a change in behavior or attitude, or simply 5. Marriage counselors
seeking to achieve a goal. What the audience  They provide the need for conflict,
normally calls for in counseling is application or resolution skills to parties, couples, and
development of social skills, effective children to deal with various stresses and
communication, spiritual direction, decision- issues that threaten their unity or peaceful
making, and career choices. Sometimes, people coexistence. Sometimes, their work is to
need to cope with crisis. Other clientele and reconcile couples, while at other times,
audiences of counseling may be people in need of they work to help them part ways in the
premarital and marital counseling, grief and loss best way possible through available legal
(divorce, death, or amputation), domestic instruments such as separation, divorce,
violence and other types of abuse, or coping with or annulment.
terminal illness, death, and dying.
6. Drug abuse and rehabilitation counselors
Needs of Various Types of Clientele and  These professionals meet the need to help
Audiences of Counseling people overcome their problems or
mitigate some of the most negative
The needs vary for each type of clientele effects of drug abuse. Their goal is to
and audience of counseling. The following are the facilitate client rehabilitation.
roles of counselors matched with the need of
their clientele and audiences: 7. Bereavement counselors
 Bereavement counselors respond to the
1. School guidance and counselors need to be helped to go through loss, such
 These professionals provide the need for as death in the family, in a way that will
personal guidance by helping students help prevent depression and other
seek more options and find better and unhealthy ways of dealing or coping with
more appropriate ones in dealing with loss such as committing suicide or giving
situations of stress or simply decision- up on life. Through them, clients are
making. This may include career options. empowered to experience recovery or
Sometimes, they bridge between family some form of healing that will help them
and the school in resolving conflicts that cope well with such human tragedies.
affect students and their families to the
extent of becoming a threat to student
development and learning. 8. Abused children caretakers and
rehabilitation in government and NGO
settings
2. Job-hunting coaches  Counselors meet the need to facilitate
 Counselors provide avenues for people to processing and restoration of abused
find necessary information and get children through recognition and
employment that is suitable to them. The implementation of existing laws and
services offered may include technical recovery procedures in coordination with
aspects of how to prepare a curriculum relevant units.
vitae (CV) or a resume, how to speak to
employers, and how to present and
conduct oneself before employers. These The Individual as Client of Counseling
can even cover such details as how to
walk and how to groom oneself to meet The individual who needs to be helped to
expectations of prospective employers. manage well a life-changing situation or personal
problem or crisis and other support needs may
3. Conflict management providers undergo counseling as an individual. This is the
 These professionals provide the need for common type of counseling: the individualized
principles and theory-based approaches to type. The individual needs capacitation to be able
deal with conflict and deescalate it, if not to manage well their unique circumstances,
which may be very difficult to endure alone.
Problems like alcoholism, loss of job, divorce,
imprisonment, and rehabilitation can be a cause
of shame and embarrassment. Without acquiring
enough strength and ability to go through such
life experience, people are vulnerable and may
come out worse; even while simply going through
natural life transitions like retirement and
growing old.

The Group and Organization as Client of

Counseling

Groups exist in communities,

organizations, students in schools, teachers in
school, and departments in workplaces, and such
an entity can undergo group counseling to meet
counseling needs on that level. The needs can
range from desire to reduce conflict or manage it,
become more productive as a team or work
better together. Some of the group processes and
procedures resemble those that are applied to
individuals. However, some are very unique to
group and organizational context.

The Community as Client of Counseling

When people experience something

collectively, which may be socially troubling and
constitute the danger of blocking their collective
capacity to move on, counseling is necessary to
be undertaken on a community level. In post-
apartheid South Africa, a truth and reconciliation
commission were sought to help restoration of
the South African communities. Likewise, in the
post-genocide Ruanda, a similar approach was
done to help restore trust and confidence in
communities that were brutally disrupted by civil
war and mass killing.
Lesson 7: Settings, Processes, Methods,
and Tools in Counselling

The Six Stages of Counselling Process

Stage Four: Intervention and Problem
Counselling Process Solving

There are six stages of the counselling Guidelines:

process, namely, relationship building, A. The counsellor has to provide a mapping of the
assessment and diagnosis, formulation of the different approaches offered.
counselling goals, intervention and problem
solving, termination and follow-up, and research B. Describe the role of the counsellor and client
and evaluation. for each procedure.

C. Identify possible risks and benefits that may

Stage One: Relationship Building
come.

This is the heart of counselling process D. Estimate the time and cost of each procedure.
because it provides the force and foundation for
Kafner and Busemeyer identified the six-stage
the counselling to succeed. This stage involves:
model for problem solving:

o establishing rapport 1. Problem detection

o promote acceptance of the client as a person 2. Problem definition
with worth 3. Identification of alternative solutions
o establishing genuine interaction 4. Decision-making
o promote direct mutual communication 5. Execution
o helping clients understand themselves 6. Verification
o helping client focus and
o slowly promote counselling relevant Stage Five: Termination and Follow-up
communication, from the client.
The essential goal in counselling is to
witness a client progress on his/her own without
the assistance of the counsellor.

There are four components of termination

which were identified by Quintan and Holahan:
1. Discussion of the end of counselling
2. Review of the course of counselling
3. Closure of the counsellor-client relationship
4. Discussion of the client’s future and post-
counselling plan

Stage Six: Research and Evaluation

This stage can be undertaken at any point

in the counselling stage. Research and evaluation
Stage Two: Assessment and Diagnosis are fundamental part of the evaluation. Results of
the research provide a scientific appreciation of
It is one of the most crucial stages of
the counselling situation.
counselling process. This serves as the window
for the counsellor to have a thorough
Methods in Counselling
appreciation of the client’s condition. It entails
analysis of the root causes of problems. The
CLASSIC THEORIES
data that will be gathered in diagnosis will be
utilized in the formulation of goals.
The psychological theories developed by
Stage Three: Formulation of Counselling Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, and Carl Jung are
Goals considered as the classic schools for the reason
that they primed the underpinning of clinical
Goals are important as it sets the direction
practice.
of the counselling process.
a. FREUD’S PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY
o It shall serve as the parameter of work and
the client-counsellor relationship. The approach of Freud in counselling and
o Counselling goals may be treated as a psychotherapy is popularly known as
process goal or outcome goal. psychoanalysis which is an analysis of the mind.
o The client and counsellor must agree on the Its objective is to restructure the personality by
counselling goals. resolution of intra-psychic conflict, which focuses
in the internal forces such as unconscious Second Phase: PERFORMING ANALYSIS AND
processes. It focuses on personal adjustment ASSESSMENT
through reorganization of internal forces within  Lifestyle Analysis
the person to help him/her become aware of the  Dream analysis may be used to conduct
unconscious aspect of his/her personality. It lifestyle analysis
focuses on personal adjustment through
reorganization of internal forces within the person Third Phase: PROMOTING INSIGHT
to help him/her become aware of the unconscious  Insight Process
aspect of his/her personality.
Fourth Phase: RE-ORIENTATION
Psychoanalysis has three goals:
 Spitting in the Client’s Soup
1. to help clients gain insights about
 The push-button techniques
themselves
 Catching oneself
2. to help clients work unstuck issues
 Acting as-if
3. to help clients cope with the stresses of the
 Task setting and commitment
society.

The following techniques may be used: c. JUNG’S ANALYTIC PSYCHOLOGY

1. FREE ASSOCIATION- a method to
The counselling and psychology approach
encourage the patient to discuss
of Jung is referred to as psychotherapy. His
whatever comes to his mind in order to
approach highlights the task of the unconscious
release suppressed emotions.
processes in “psychological functioning.”
2. DREAM ANALYSIS- a method to explore
The approach applies dreams and other
unconscious process using
procedures to determine the unconscious
dream.
processes to utilize the result to boost the
3. CONFRONTATION AND CLARIFICATION- a functioning of personality and to enhance
form of feedback mental health and wellness.
procedure for patients to become aware of
what is happening to EXPERIENTIAL THEORIES

him/her and to determine areas for further It falls under the affective theories which
analysis. are concerned about generating impact on the
emotions of clients to effect change.
4. INTERPRETATION- a process of giving
The well-known experiential theorists
insights to patients about their
include Roger and Perl.
inner conflicts which can be reflected in
resistance, transference, and other
a. Roger’s Person-Centered Counselling
processes.
It has been described as the “if-then” approach.

b. ADLER’S INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY

The following conditions were formulated
The approach of Adler in counselling and
by Rogers:
psychotherapy focuses on the role of cognition is
1. Counsellor Congruence
psychological functioning. Its objective is to
2. Empathic Understanding
gain an understanding of the clients and assess
3. Unconditional Positive Regard
why clients behave and think in certain ways.
b. Perl’s Gestalt Therapy
Adlerian counselling focuses on four goals:
1. establishment and maintenance of egalitarian It focuses on the here and now. It refers to
relationship the dialogue between the therapist and the client
2. analysis of client’s lifestyle wherein the client experiences from the inside
3. interpretation of client’s lifestyle in a way that what the therapist observes from the outside.
promotes insights The goal of the approach is awareness on
4. reorientation and re-education of the client the environment, of responsibility for choices, of
with accompanying behaviour change. self, and self-acceptance

Adlerian techniques can be explained in Gestalt’s technique includes the following:

four phases of Adlerian Psychotherapy: 1. ASSUMING RESPONSIBILITY- rephrase the
statement and add “I take responsibility for it”.
First Phase: ESTABLISHING THE RELATIONSHIP 2. USING PERSONAL PRONOUNS- take personal
 Use of listening skills responsibility by saying “I or me “instead of “us
 Winning respect and offering hope or us”
 Encouragement 3. NOW I AM AWARE- assists the clients to get in
touch with himself/herself.
4. THE EMPTY CHAIR TECHNIQUE- helps client 3. SCRIPT ANALYSIS- looks into the “type of life
work through conflicting parts of personality. script the client has developed and how it can be
re-written.”
COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL THEORIES 4. ANALYSIS OF GAMES- comprise of determining
“what games the clients play and how
a. ELLIS RATIONAL EMOTIVE BEHAVIOR
the games interfere with interpersonal
THERAPY
functioning.”
REBT highlights the role of cognitions on
emotions with assertion that persons can be best
appreciated in terms of internal cognitive
dialogue or self-talk. It views the emotional
disorder is associated with cognitive processes
that are not rational.

REBT TECHNIQUES:

1. COGNITIVE
 reforming ideas that are reasonable and
irrational.
 focus on defeating cognitions.
2. EMOTIVE TECHNIQUES
 focus on the client’s affective or emotional
domain.

BEHAVIORAL TECHNIQUES
Focus on the full array of behavioural
methods such as assertiveness training,
relaxation therapy, self-management, self-
monitoring, and homework assignments.

b. BECK’S COGNITIVE THERAPY

TECHNIQUES:

1. DECATASTROPHIZING-referred to as “what if”.

2. REDEFINING-rearticulating an obstacle to
something that may be useful.
3. DECENTERING-This will help the client
apprehend that they are not the
“center of attention”.
4. BEHAVIORAL TECHNIQUES – this method
applies a broad selection of methods to assist
clients obtaining ‘essential skills, relaxing
preparing for difficult situations, and exposing
them to feared, preparing for difficult situations,
and exposing them to feared
situations”.

c. BERNE’S TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS

Refers to examining and dissecting
transactions between people.

The fundamental goal is for the client to

be “autonomous, self-aware, spontaneous and
have the capacity for intimacy.”

TECHNIQUES:

1. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS- assists clients to be

conscious of their “three ego”.
2. TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS- assists clients to
“learn to communicate with complementary
transactions.”
  Religious groups

Counselors in Schools

Counsellors in schools has grown rapidly.

According to Gibson and Mitchell (2003),
Lesson 8: The Needs Of Individuals, Groups,
counselors are recognized especially in the
Organizations, And Communities preventive interventions and developmental
(Counseling) stage. There are elementary school counselors,
junior high school counselors, secondary school
Settings, Processes, Methods, and Tools in
counselors, counselors in vocational schools,
Counseling
counselors in higher education, and counselors in
community and junior colleges. The counseling
Read: Settings in Counselling service in the schools is usually located under the
student affairs program. It is under the
Counseling and Its Work settings supervision of the Dean of Students Affairs

Counselors in the Government

Counselors in the Community Setting
Counselors are also present in various
agencies of government or institutions supported It refers to employment in community,
by the government that are into social welfare, agency, and other non-school professional
health, and education. Relevant agencies or situations. Counselors can be found in
institutions include public schools, public social community and mental health agencies,
welfare agencies such as that for the youth, employment and rehabilitation agencies,
children, and the aging. correctional settings, and marriage and family
practice. (Gibson and Mitchell,2003
Counseling settings vary widely but the
processes, methods, and tools used by
counselors are very similar. Counseling
professionals in government setting work with
various government agencies that have
counseling services such as:

 Social welfare
 Correctional department
 The court system
 Child and women affairs services
 Schools
 Military
 Police
 Mental and foster homes
 Rehabilitation center

Counsellors in the Private Sector

This refers to counsellors who decided to

do full time work as private practitioners or
engage in part – time private practice while
employed by community agencies. This is
feasible if the counselor’s expertise and
specialization matches or relevant to an adequate
client population in the geographic area. (Gibson
and Mitchell,2003)

In the private sector, counselors range

from independent providers of services or work
for NGOs, or specialized for profit centers and
organization that render a variety of counselling
services.

Counselors in Civil Society

The context of civil society is generally

charities or non-profit and issue-based centers or
organizations such as:

 For abused women

 Abandoned children and elderly
 Veterans
 Teachers
 Professionals