GRADE 12

ENGLISH FAL

Active and Passive

Reported Speech

Textual Editing

ACTIVE & PASSIVE VOICE MADE EASY

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What is the Active Voice?

• The SUBJECT of the sentence does the ACTION/WORK to an OBJECT.

• The subject is in front of the verb.

e.g.: The girl eats the cookies.

SUBJECT VERB OBJECT

What is the passive voice

• The OBJECT becomes the SUBJECT and has the ACTION

done to it.
• The subject comes after the verb.

e.g.: The cookies are eaten by the girl .

OBJECT VERB SUBJECT

Easy steps to change a sentence from the active to the passive voice

1. Identify the:
SUBJECT + VERB + OBJECT

2. Swop the position of the subject and the object.

(move the object to the beginning of the sentence)

3. Change the VERB to the passive form.

[REMEMBER: the form of the verb change BUT NOT THE TENSE!]

4. Add the SUBJECT after “by ….”

(ask by whom or by what?)

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Verb Changes

Active Form of the Verb Passive form of the verb

• shall/should/will/would/ • … + be +III column of the

can/could/may/might/ + VERB verb
must/need to

• has / have / had + VERB • … + been + III column of

(perfect tense) the verb

• -verb ending in -ING • … + being + III column of

(continuous tense) the verb

• Simple present • am / is / are + III column of

the verb

• Simple Past • was / were + III column of

the verb

DO NOT CHANGE THE TENSE!!!

PRONOUNS IN THE PASSIVE VOICE

Pronouns change from the subject form to the object form.

AllTHEY will win all the trophies.

the trophies will be won by THEM.

TheHEblue
boarded the blue train.
train was boarded by HIM.
‘

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WHEN THE DOER(SUBJECT) IS NOT MENTIONED

( in the Passive)

OurWEemployees
take care of our employees.
are taken care of. (by us)

 The doer is NOT mentioned because it is understood and would be

clumsy to do so.

 This is true if the doer is a pronoun.

ATHEY will soon make a decision.

decision will soon be made. (by them)

EXERCISES

• Identify the voice of each sentence.

• Change each sentence into the opposite voice.

1. Sizwe will read the book by Tuesday.

2. They took the throne.
3. He was taking all the food from the fridge.
4. The money had been stolen by the thieves.
5. The car is driven by us.
6. Charles is not being warned by them.
7. He designed scenery and wrote a play.
8. The old man’s bony face was painted by Picasso.
9. The designer has driven the car.
10. My mother bakes delicious chocolate cakes.
11. The explorer was discovering new territory.
12. His men regarded him as a friend and a father.
13. It is said that earth is being destroyed by man.
14. Wayde van Niekerk broke the record in the 200m.
15. The experienced waiter will assist the novice for one month.
16. By the end of the month the exam will have been written by all the students.
17. The pasient was being saved by the doctor.
18. The shop may repossess an article.
19. Save your money.
20. The traveller’s diary mentions a large number of black rhinos.

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DIRECT AND INDIRECT (REPORTED) SPEECH

What is DIRECT SPEECH?

• Uses the exact words of the speaker.

• It is indicated by the use of inverted commas.
• A new paragraph or line is used for each new speaker.

What is INDIRECT SPEECH?

• It is when you are reporting the direct words of a person to someone else.
• Many changes occur when a sentence is converted from DIRECT to INDIRECT
speech.
• Indirect speech is also called REPORTED speech.

Lucy says, “She is eating my cookies.”

vs
Lucy says that she is eating her cookies.

REMEMBER THAT YOU CAN REPORT SOMEONE’S

DIRECT WORDS IMMEDIATELY OR YOU CAN REPORT IT
AT A LATER TIME (WHEN TIME HAS PASSED).

THIS WILL DETERMINE HOW THE VERBS WILL BE

CHANGED!

Changes that should be made:

1. If you are reporting IMMEDIATELY

✓ The introductory verb is in the present tense, e.g. says, asks, wants to know,
shouts, etc.

✓ Then make the following changes:

a) Punctuation
Remove all inverted commas, question marks, exclamation marks and capital letters
(except that of names).
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b) Pronouns
Example:
They change but must still keep their meaning.
1. John says,
C) Verbs “I am
Keep the verbs in the same tense – only change to correct concord. hungry
now.”

• John says
2. If you are reporting AT A LATER TIME that he is
✓ The introductory verb is in the past tense, e.g. said, asked, hungry now.
wanted to know, shouted, etc.

✓ Then make the following changes:

a) Punctuation
Remove all inverted commas, question marks, exclamation marks
and capital letters (except that of names).
Example:
b) Pronouns
They change but must still keep their meaning. 1. John said,
“I am
C) Verbs hungry
➢ Change all the verbs into the past tense. now.”
➢ BUT if the verb is already in the past tense, take
• John said
it a step further back into the past by adding
that he was
had +column 3 of the original verb. hungry
(Change into the past perfect tense) then.

d) Possible adverbs of time and place 2. John said,

• here = there “I was
• this = that hungry
• now = then yesterday.”
• today = that day
• John said
yesterday = previous day / day before
that he had
• day before yesterday = two days ago been
• tomorrow = next / following day hungry the
• day after tomorrow = in two days’ time day before.
• ago = before

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How to report a command:

The teacher orders, “Children, be quiet!”

‘
Becomes: The teacher orders the children to keep/ be quiet.
OR: The teacher orders that the children must be quiet.

Exercises

A: Change the following sentences into INDIRECT speech:

1. Phuti asked Calvin, “Do you believe in ghosts?”

2. “Michael has a doctor’s appointment today,” said Thandi.
3. “We practised in the rain yesterday,” said Margot.
4. “Amy, where were you yesterday?” asked Alex.
5. Michael said, “Tomorrow I shall explore the wilderness.”
6. “My boyfriend is thinking of going on an expedition to the North Pole next year,”
Sylvia told her friend.
7. He warned, “Stop this self-destructive behaviour.”
8. Dr Bradshaw said, “I operated on the patient yesterday. It was a difficult operation,
but the patient will recover.”
9. The traffic officer said, “You have violated the traffic rules by not stopping.”
10. “I visited my granny two weeks ago,” says the little boy.
11. Sally says, “My mother is going to town tomorrow.”
12. Mr Marais said, “Our daughter has been chosen for the Free State team.”
13. Alan told John, “I bought this new cricket bat last week.”
14. David asks, “Are you going to the party, John?”
15. The girl said, “My best friend was in hospital yesterday. I am worried about her. The
doctor wants to operate on her tomorrow.”
16. The granny asked Steve, “How are you doing?”
17. The police officer said, “The thief was arrested for stealing laptops. The judge will
send him to prison.”
18. Jason says, “I am going to watch a DVD this evening.”
19. The teacher asked, “Have you done your homework, Joseph?”
20. The coach said, “We are going to beat them this year, just like we did last year.”

B: Change the following sentences into DIRECT speech:

21. He said that he had to wash the dog the following day.
22. Ntombi asked her mother what they would have for supper that evening.
23. Grace said that Marco was a clown that day.
24. Musa asked if they had homework for the following day.
25. She asked when they would have time to study for that test.
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TEXTUAL EDITING

What is textual editing?

Errors have been made in a piece of writing

(sentence / paragraph / article, etc.) and
you have to identify the errors and correct
them.

For what type of errors will you have to be on the lookout for?

1. TENSE ERRORS
e.g. A present tense verb was used in a past tense sentence and vice versa.

Yesterday at 12:00 the man is looking for his lost dog.

was

2. CONCORD ERRORS
e.g. A singular verb is used with a plural subject.

The man and his wife was planning a holiday.

Were

3. WORDS EASILY CONFUSED AND / HOMOPONES

e.g. The man aloud his daughter to go too the party.
allowed to

4. PUNCTUATION
• Apostrophes (Was an apostrophe omitted? Was it used in the correct place?)
e.g. The boys bat broke when he hit the bal.
boy’s

• Capital letters
e.g. The meeting was attended by president Obama.
President

• Question marks
e.g. What did you do
?
• Quotation marks / Inverted Commas / Punctuation of direct speech
e.g. The teacher asked what are you doing?
The teacher asked, “What are you doing?”
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• Incorrect word (preposition / article / quantifier / pronoun)

e.g. He is a honest person.
an

Mr Botha congratulated him with his birthday.

on

One has to do your best.

one’s

• Word order
e.g. Me and my friend are going to enter the competition.
My friend and I

• Spelling
e.g. John recieved the highest marks for the test.
Received

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EXERCISE 1

Read the following sentences which have been numbered for your convenience.
Then, edit according to the questions below.

1. I took public transport to the theatre at the centre of town to watch the final two
films.

2. As expected the film Tsotsi was the best of the two, and won the award quiet
convinsing.

3. At the beginning there were fourty three entries.

4. After I see the film, I looked up the word “tsotsi” in the dictionary.

5. One of the definitions are very interesting, namely “A flashily dressed black thug.”

6. I hav’nt seen any other South African film which has done so well.

1 In sentence 1, a preposition has been used incorrectly. Replace the incorrect

preposition with the correct one. (1)

2 Sentence 2 contains three errors. For each of the following write only the relevant
correct answer:
2.1 Correct an example of incorrect degree of comparison.
2.2 Correct an adjective used as an adverb.
2.3 Correct a spelling error. (3)

3 In sentence 3 there is a spelling error, as well as a missing punctuation mark.

Rewrite the sentence correctly and underline the corrected section. (2)

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4 Sentence 4 contains an example of incorrect tense. Write down only the

corrected verb. (1)

5 There is a lack of concord (agreement of subject and verb in number) in

sentence 5. Write down only the correct verb. (1)

6 “hav’nt” in sentence 6 is obviously incorrect. Rewrite the contraction correctly.

(2)
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Exercise 2

TRUE GRIT

1 Mandy Latimore was a daredevil whom lived for the thrill of extreme sports. The 19-
year-old nurse spend every spare moment snorkelling, parachuting and motocross
racing.

2 But nothing equaled her passion of flying, instilled at the impression age of 6, when
she first peirced the clouds in her fathers Tiger Moth. From that moment she dreamt
that she, too, would steer a plane through the skies.

3 Being the daredevil that she was, Mandy wanted to take her ambitious and intrepid
step further and aspired to wing-walk – to stand on the wing of a plane as it careered
across the sky.

4 But one misplaced step would shatter those dreams. One evening, as she was
walking in the Magaliesberg, she slipped on a rock while trying to photograph the
sunset, fell four meters, dislocated her spine and lost the use of her legs forever.

5 It was when she left the hospital that the harsh reality of her situation really set in.
“As a young woman in a wheelchair I was a social outcast. People looked at me with
pity and no one wanted to date me. “

2.1 Identify the two errors in paragraph one. Write down the error and the correction
next to it. (2)
2.2 Rewrite the underlined sentence in the passage, correcting five errors in it.
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Underline the corrections you have made. (5)

2.3 Correct the errors in the following sentences:

From that moment she dreamt that she, to, would steer a plane threw the
skies . (2)

2.4 Correct the spelling error in paragraph 4. (1)

2.5 Give the correct form of the words in brackets:

Mandy’s spine (dislocate) twenty-five years ago. (2)

2.6 Combine the following sentences using ‘not only…but also’:

Mandy dislocated her spine.

She was paralysed forever. (2)

2.7 Give the correct form of the word in brackets

Mandy and her best friend were good at physical activities; however, of the two,
Mandy was the (good). (1)
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Textual Editing Exercise 3

Correct the error(s) in the following sentences:

We had being waiting for over an hour.

Only nineteen of our students past last year.
3 Timothy ate a apple after lunch.
4 Thabo asked will you have time to help me with my essay
5 The majority of the car’s in South Africa use unleaded petrol.
6 Our school’s principle is encouraging the teachers to give extra
lessons.
7 It is not yet clear whose responsible for the enormous accident.
8 The dog liked the food so much that it licked it’s bowl clean.
9 What where you doing in the tavern yesterday?
10 It has been warm the hole day.
11 John is really gonna be pleased when he gets this news!
12 Winter school is being attended by matrix from over thirty different

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schools.
24 Some of the overseas soccer teams are staying by coastal towns
such as George.
25 I have chips with alot of tomato sauce whenever I eat fish or
hamburgers.
26 My father he will be starting work in Durban at the beginning of 2018.
27 Modern soccer balls are made of plastics instead of leather.
28 After Susan finished collecting all the data, she wrote the assignment.
29 Attendance at winter school is limitted to the grade twelves living in
the area.
30 South Africas crime rate is not a serious concern for most tourists.
31 “This is the best steak I’ve ever had”, said Timothy as he took another
massive bite.
32 Visitors to this country is predominantly interested in the following;
the beutiful weather, the abundant wildlife, the pristine beaches, and
the affordable food and drink.

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Visual Literacy
Advertisements
Advertising is a message designed to promote a product / service / idea.
These messages are shown to the public via the media by means of newspapers,
magazines, radio, television, billboards, flyers, etc.

Target Market
• This is the group of people that an advertisement is trying to reach.
• It may be divided into age, gender, social status and activities.
e.g.: teens, computer geeks, stay-at-home mothers, jetsetters, corporates, etc.

AIDA Principle
A successful advertisement adheres to the AIDA Principle of advertising:
 Attention – grab the attention of the consumer
 Interest – arouse and maintain the consumer’s interest
 Desire – create a desire to own the advertised product
 Action – manipulate the consumer into taking action

ATTENTION
Attention can be attracted by:
 Image / Picture
 Font (type of lettering)
 Bold font
 Bigger font
 Different types of fonts
 Clever use of language
 Attractive layout
 Posing a question
 Catchy headlines

INTEREST
The advert must keep the reader’s interest – wants to read on.
How?
✓ Give more information
✓ Outline diagrams
✓ Statistics
✓ Punchy headlines / captions
✓ Rhetorical questions
✓ Puns, Alliteration
✓ Slogans
✓ Repetition, Exaggeration
✓ Emotive language
✓ Opinions stated as facts
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DESIRE
Advertisers also appeal to basic human desires or needs and hint that desires/needs
will be met if their product is purchased.

Desire / need How it shows itself

sex appeal to attract the opposite sex

success to obtain wealth, status, fame

mother love to care for the family unit

easy living to have comfort in everyday living

exclusivity to be different

security to be safe

health to have a sound, healthy body

beauty to be good-looking, youthful

modernity to have the latest/newest

ACTION
Advertisers need to ensure that the consumer acts in response to the advert.
 ‘Buy one get one free’
 Limited stocks
 Limited term offers
 Money back guarantees
 Easy payment plans
 Discounts
 Free gifts
 ‘Bargain of the century’
 Clearance sales
 Reduced prices
 Order immediately and ….

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Info on an Advertisement
 Logo
➢ Picture / graphic used as an identifying symbol
➢ Acts as signature for a brand
 Slogan
➢ Short, memorable phrase that is immediately associated with a brand

Exercise

Study the following advertisements and

1. Identify the following in each:
1.1 Target market
1.2 Logo
1.3 Slogan

2. Discuss the effectiveness of each of the following advertisements according to the

AIDA principles of advertising:

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Advertisement 1

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Advertisment 2

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Visual Literacy
Cartoons
What is a cartoon?
• A cartoon is usually a humorous drawn picture/pictures of a situation, well-known
personality or story.
• Cartoons are used to express ideas or to draw attention to a situation or a well-
known personality.
• They can be used to highlight a current social or political issue / to entertain.

Analysing a Cartoon
• Study the cartoon by
– reading it
– looking at what is in the background / identifying the setting
– studying the body language and facial expressions of the characters and any
other lines
– studying the words
 Are words printed in bold?
 What punctuation marks have been used?
• Do the body language, facial expressions, punctuation, words printed in bold
reinforce or contribute to the message of the cartoon?
• Structure
– Frames
– Speech Bubbles
– Thought Bubbles

Evaluate
• What is the purpose of the cartoon?
• What point is the cartoon artist trying to make?
• Is the cartoon funny? Explain.

Structure
• Frames
• Speech Bubbles
• Thought Bubbles

Speech Bubbles Thought bubble

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Facial expressions

The human face is extremely expressive, able to express countless emotions without
saying a word. Facial expressions are universal. The facial expressions for happiness,
sadness, anger, surprise, fear, and disgust are the same across cultures.

Examples of facial expressions:

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Analyse the following cartoon:

• Discuss the setting of the cartoon
• Describe the two characters
• What do you notice about the characters’ body language and facial
expressions?
• Explain the punch line of the cartoon – the humnour?

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Practise!

1. Refer to frame 1.
How does the reader know that Hägar is tired after a hard day’s work?
Refer to ONE visual and ONE verbal clue in your answer. (2)

2. Refer to frame 3.
Is Snert excited to go and fetch Hägar’s slippers? Prove your answer
by stating TWO points. (2)

3. Refer to frame 7.
Explain the meaning of the speech bubble with “Z” in it. (2)

4. Hägar is a stereotype of a typical man. Do you agree with this statement?

Explain your answer. (2)

5 Is this cartoon funny? Explain your answer. (2)

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