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October 25 Lecture Notes

The document explains cycle notation for permutations, introduced by Cauchy, and illustrates how to express permutations as products of disjoint cycles. It discusses properties such as the commutativity of disjoint cycles, how to find inverses, and the order of a cycle, providing examples for clarity. Additionally, it prompts the reader to find orbits, inverses, and orders for given permutations.

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Ava Mae Timbal
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5 views

October 25 Lecture Notes

The document explains cycle notation for permutations, introduced by Cauchy, and illustrates how to express permutations as products of disjoint cycles. It discusses properties such as the commutativity of disjoint cycles, how to find inverses, and the order of a cycle, providing examples for clarity. Additionally, it prompts the reader to find orbits, inverses, and orders for given permutations.

Uploaded by

Ava Mae Timbal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Cycle Notation. There is another notation commonly used to specify permutations.

It is called cycle
notation and was first introduced by the great French mathematician Cauchy.

ORBIT
Ex.: 1.) 𝛼 = 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2 1 4 6 5 3 7

= ( 1 2) ( 3 4 6) (5) (7)
Cycle decomposition = (1 2) ( 3 4 6)
disjoint ↓ ↓
orbit orbit

Note: integers not included are understood to be fixed

2.) 𝛽 = 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
3 5 1 2 4 7 6

= ( 1 3) ( 2 5 4) (6 7)

3.) 𝜕 = 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
5 1 2 3 4 6 7

= ( 1 5 4 3 2)

Note: 1. Every element of Sn can be written as a product of disjoint cycles.


2. Disjoint cycles commute. That is, if  𝜏 ∈ Sn are disjoint cycles, then  𝜏 = 𝜏 

Ex. Let , 𝜏 ∈ S7 be given by


 = (1 4 3)
𝜏 = (2 5 6)

Show: S7 = {1, 2, 3, … ,7}


𝜏=𝜏
 𝜏 (1) =  (1) = 4
𝜏  (1) = 𝜏 (1) = 4

 𝜏(2) = (5) = 5
𝜏 (2) = 𝜏(2) = 5
:
:

INVERSE

If we write  = 1 2,.., m
Then the inverse is
-1 = (m)-1….( 1)-1
Example. 𝜏 = (i1, i2,…, ik)
𝜏-1 = (i1, ik , ik-1, ….i2)

 ∈ S12
 = (1 4 7 12) (3 9 2 5)
()-1 = (1 12 7 4) (3 5 2 9)
= (3 5 2 9) (1 12 7 4)

ORDER OF A CYCLE
The order of a k-cycle is k. That is, the order of a cycle is simply the length of the cycle.
|| = lcm (k1,….., km)

Example:  ∈ S15
 = (1 4 7 3 9) (5 8) (6 12 10)

|| = lcm (5, 2, 3)


= 30
 to equal the identity
30

Find all the orbits, inverse, and order

1.) 1 2 3 4 5 6
5 1 3 6 2 4

2.) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2 3 5 1 4 6 8 7

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