Chapter III

Methodology

This chapter deals with the essential elements of the research

process. It discusses the methodology of the study. The component of
such are the research design, the research locale, sampling procedure,
research instrument, data collection, plan for data analysis, validation
strategies, and ethical consideration are hereby presented.

Research Design

The study used a qualitative research design using

phenomenological analysis. This research design reflects what Creswell
(2018) calls a personal experience story and is characterized by gathering
data through the collection of stories, reporting individual experiences,
and discussing the meaning of those experiences (Creswell, 2018, p. 504).
It is a popular research method for presenting the experiences of
individuals (Creswell, 2012), and is particularly suitable for the current
study because it can provide a macro-analytic picture of students
experience challenges in the continuity of learning in all its complexities
and richness (Bell, 2002, p. 209).

Through this nature of research study, the researcher will gain an in-
depth and thorough understanding of the difficulties, issues, and
challenges in the continuity of learning primarily by telling their
difficulties, issues, and challenges. This can be done through employing
semi-structured interview to the respondents of the study. Responses of
the respondents will be transcribed and a major theme will be identified
after looking into the relationships of the responses of the participants.
Validation will also be added to check the analysis of students challenges
in the continuity of learning.
Research Locale

The study will be conducted in one of the Senior High School in the
Municipality of Lantapan. The Municipality of Lantapan is used to be a
barrio of Malaybalay City until its creation by a virtue of Republic Act No.
4787 enacted on June 18, 1968 as a separate municipality. Lantapan,
officially Municipality of Lantapan, and is a first class municipality in the
province of Bukidnon, Philippines. Likewise, it is in the heart of the
barangay Poblacion where the Lantapan Senior High School Campus
located.

To make it more specific, Lantapan Senior High School is situated at

Zone – 3 Poblacion, Lantapan, Bukidnon adjacent to the Lantapan Central
Elementary School. Approximately the school owns two hectares, and it
has 2 three-story building, 2 laboratories, and 1 two-story building. The
school started to operate last school year 2017 – 2018 and present. It
offers academic tracks (General Academic Strand; Humanities and Social
Science, Accountancy, Business, and Management; and Science,
Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics), and Technical-Vocational and
Livelihood Tracks (Home Economics specializing Cookery, Bread and
Pastry, and Food and Beverages Services; Shielded Metal Arc Welding;
and Agri-Crop Production).

Thus, the Senior High School department is managed by a head

teacher with thirty-five (35) dedicated and committed senior high school
teachers. Lantapan National High School – Senior High School is the
chosen area of the study since it is one of the largest schools in Bukidnon
which offers a Complete Enhanced Basic Education Curriculum, the K to
12 Program.

[insert Map]

Sampling Procedure

To determine the accurate participant of the study, sampling

method will be utilized by the researcher. The researcher will be
employing purposive sampling where researcher will be purposively
identifying the sample participants that best fits to the set criteria. In
choosing the sample, the participants must have the following criteria
namely;
  enrolled SHS-Learner in Lantapan Senior High School
 must be Humanities and Social Science enrolled learners
 identified and validated by teacher as learners with difficulties in
reading

Research Instrument

The study will utilize written interview as one of the methods used in
data collection strategies. In written interview, the researchers will
construct a structured questionnaire, pilot tested and validated by the
panel of expert for its content validity.

The written structured interview questionnaire will be used in

gathering data about the [insert your research study]. The said
questionnaire is composed of 10 items and an open – ended questions.

Data Collection

To gather the necessary data for the study, the researcher will
secure permission requesting for approval to conduct the study from the
Head Teacher of Lantapan National High School – Senior High School.

Upon approval from the Head Teacher, the researcher will ask
permission from the respondents in conducting and purpose of the study.
Each of the respondents will be given a consent letter signed by the
researchers in which it invites them to become one of the participants of
the study. They will be informed of the intent of the study and will be
assured of the confidentiality of their possible responses as well as their
identities.

During the interview, motive questions will be asked regarding the

respondents [insert research study]. The researcher will take down notes
of the responses and at the same time the researcher will ask permission
from the respondents to allow them to record the responses using audio
recording devise for the purpose of not to miss important details narrated
by the respondents.
 In conducting the interview, the respondents of the study and the
researchers will have an interview in just one sitting. During the interview,
the respondents are allowed to express themselves in vernacular or any
language that they are comfortable with in expressing their [insert your
research study].

The data that will be gathered after the interview will then be
transcribed. The themes and sub-themes will be identified based on the
respondents’ common answers to each question. All the identified themes
and subthemes will be described comprehensively.

Plan for Data Analysis

Data on the [insert research study] will be gathered through semi-

structured interviews through open-ended questionnaires. These include
coding or identifying concepts from raw data through multiple coding
processes, and categorizing or linking codes to create a unit or category.
The researchers will compare the data to be extracted and coded
important statement that pertains to the participants’ experiences;
identifying patterns or repeated units from categories. The researchers
will then identify common responses of the participants, and will create a
theme that represents a similar pattern (Creswell, 2007).

Then afterwards, the researcher will be looking for relations

between similar codes and combine them to make a category that can be
built as grand themes. Identifying grand themes provides the complexity
of a story and adds depth to the insight about understanding individual
[insert research study] in conducting the said research.

After the grand themes will be created from the semi-structured

interview and open-ended questionnaire, subthemes will be identified
through commonalities of their responses. Additionally, in each sub-
theme, specific themes are also identified. It will be analyzed and will be
given meaning thoroughly. The responses of the participants will be
utilized to substantiate the explanations to ensure that findings will be
managed to concretize the results.
 Furthermore, the researchers will also be creating a codebook on
the experiences of students in the continuity of learning as a basis for
getting the information needed in the study. Codebook includes
definitions of themes and sub-themes that will be used as references for
coding narrative text. The themes which will be expressed by the
respondents (these are called in vivo codes) or those that were
constructed or inferred by the researcher (Macqueen, 2018).

In conducting this type of analysis, the following will be considered;

Familiarization. The researcher undergoes a thorough overview of

all the data collected before the start of analyzing the individual items
through transcribing the answers of the respondents via reading through
text and taking initial notes and generally looking through the data to get
familiar with it.

Coding. The researcher will highlight sections of text or phrases

from the gathered data and come up with shorthand labels or codes to
describe their content after which the researcher then collates together all
the data into groups identified by code. In this manner, the researcher can
make a condensed overview of the main points and common meanings
that recur throughout the data.

Generating themes. In this step, the researcher identifies patterns

among them, and start coming up with themes by combining several
codes from the gathered data.

Reviewing themes. The researchers then review the themes from

the codes of the gathered data for its usefulness and accuracy.

Defining and naming themes. The researcher will define themes by

formulating and figuring out the theme of what it is all about.

Writing up. In this step, the researchers write up the analysis of data

Validation Strategies

In this study the use of triangulation, thick-rich description and

member checking will be employed. As stated by Gabalez and Olana
(2021) in a qualitative study, validation strategies are important factors to
make the result of the study reliable and empirical. Furthermore, they
mentioned that Creswell (2013) suggested that in conducting qualitative
research, it must undergo at least two validation procedure.

Triangulation. Patton (1999) explained that triangulation is

important to develop a comprehensive understanding of a case in a
qualitative research through the convergence of information from
different sources. In this study, the research utilized methodological
triangulation. These data gathering methods cross-checked the themes
generated out of the responses of the participants and to establish the
credibility and validity of the findings of the study. The researcher will
elicit common answers from the transcripts of the interview (Gabalez and
Olana, 2021).

Thick-Rich Description. In this study, the research utilized

participants’ verbatim/own words in the findings section, the details of
their responses and emotion, if possible, to widen the perspective of the
reader [insert research study] (Denzin, 1989; Creswell, 2007 as cited by
Gabalez and Olana,2021).

Member-Checking. The researcher conducts a member check

through post interviews and analysis for verification. The researcher
utilizes follow-up questions for clarification purposes as members check
strategies to confirm the information in transcripts of the study (Neuman,
2006 as cited by Gabalez and Olana, 2021).

Ethical Considerations

The researchers will secure a consent letter from the school

principal about the study to be conducted in the institution, in addition,
the researchers also secured certificate of consent to all the respondents
of the study. The researchers will also assure respondents confidentiality.