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Matrices Introduction

This document provides an introduction to matrices, defining what they are and explaining various types such as vectors, square matrices, and diagonal matrices. It discusses the properties of these matrices, including equality conditions and special types like upper and lower triangular matrices. Key terms related to matrix theory are also outlined for better understanding.

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lewissikanyika35
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5 views

Matrices Introduction

This document provides an introduction to matrices, defining what they are and explaining various types such as vectors, square matrices, and diagonal matrices. It discusses the properties of these matrices, including equality conditions and special types like upper and lower triangular matrices. Key terms related to matrix theory are also outlined for better understanding.

Uploaded by

lewissikanyika35
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CS 351 – NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

Introduction

After reading this chapter, you should be able to

define what a matrix is.


identify special types of matrices, and
identify when two matrices are equal.

What does a matrix look like?


Matrices are everywhere. If you have used a spreadsheet such as Excel or
written numbers in a table, you have used a matrix. Matrices make
presentation of numbers clearer and make calculations easier to program.
Look at the matrix below about the sale of tires in a store – given by
quarter and make of tires.

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

If one wants to know how many Copper tires were sold in Quarter 4, we go
along the row Copper and column Q4 and find that it is 27.

So what is a matrix?
A matrix is a rectangular array of elements. The elements can be symbolic
expressions or/and numbers. Matrix is denoted by
Row of has elements and is

and column of has elements and is

Each matrix has rows and columns and this defines the size of the matrix.
If a matrix has rows and columns, the size of the matrix is denoted
by . The matrix may also be denoted by to show that is
a matrix with rows and columns.

Each entry in the matrix is called the entry or element of the matrix and is
denoted by where is the row number and is the column number of
the element.

The matrix for the tire sales example could be denoted by the matrix [A] as

There are 3 rows and 4 columns, so the size of the matrix is . In the
above matrix, .

What are the special types of matrices?


Vector: A vector is a matrix that has only one row or one column. There
are two types of vectors – row vectors and column vectors.

Row Vector:
If a matrix has one row, it is called a row vector and
is the dimension of the row vector.

Example 1
Give an example of a row vector.
Solution

is an example of a row vector of dimension 5.


Column vector:
If a matrix has one column, it is called a column vector

and is the dimension of the vector.

Example 2
Give an example of a column vector.
Solution

is an example of a column vector of dimension 3.

Submatrix:
If some row(s) or/and column(s) of a matrix are deleted (no rows or
columns may be deleted), the remaining matrix is called a submatrix of
.

Example 3
Find some of the submatrices of the matrix

Solution

are some of the submatrices of . Can you find other submatrices of ?

Square matrix:
If the number of rows of a matrix is equal to the number of columns of
a matrix , that is, , then is called a square matrix. The entries
are called the diagonal elements of a square matrix.
Sometimes the diagonal of the matrix is also called the principal or main of
the matrix.
Example 4
Give an example of a square matrix.
Solution

is a square matrix as it has the same number of rows and columns, that is,
3. The diagonal elements of are .

Upper triangular matrix:


A matrix for which for all is called an upper triangular
matrix. That is, all the elements below the diagonal entries are zero.

Example 5
Give an example of an upper triangular matrix.
Solution

is an upper triangular matrix.

Lower triangular matrix:


A matrix for which for all is called a lower triangular
matrix. That is, all the elements above the diagonal entries are zero.

Example 6
Give an example of a lower triangular matrix.
Solution

is a lower triangular matrix.

Diagonal matrix:
A square matrix with all non-diagonal elements equal to zero is called a
diagonal matrix, that is, only the diagonal entries of the square matrix can
be non-zero, ( ).
Example 7
Give examples of a diagonal matrix.
Solution

is a diagonal matrix.
Any or all the diagonal entries of a diagonal matrix can be zero. For
example

is also a diagonal matrix.

Identity matrix:
A diagonal matrix with all diagonal elements equal to 1 is called an identity
matrix, ( for all and for all ).

Example 8
Give an example of an identity matrix.
Solution

is an identity matrix.

Zero matrix:
A matrix whose all entries are zero is called a zero matrix, ( for all
and ).

Example 9
Give examples of a zero matrix.
Solution
are all examples of a zero matrix.

Tridiagonal matrices:
A tridiagonal matrix is a square matrix in which all elements not on the
following are zero - the major diagonal, the diagonal above the major
diagonal, and the diagonal below the major diagonal.

Example 10
Give an example of a tridiagonal matrix.
Solution

is a tridiagonal matrix.

Do non-square matrices have diagonal entries?


Yes, for a matrix , the diagonal entries are
where .

Example 11
What are the diagonal entries of

Solution
The diagonal elements of are

Diagonally Dominant Matrix:


A square matrix is a diagonally dominant matrix if
for and
for at least one ,
that is, for each row, the absolute value of the diagonal element is greater
than or equal to the sum of the absolute values of the rest of the elements of
that row, and that the inequality is strictly greater than for at least one
row. Diagonally dominant matrices are important in ensuring convergence
in iterative schemes of solving simultaneous linear equations.

Example 12
Give examples of diagonally dominant matrices and not diagonally
dominant matrices.
Solution

is a diagonally dominant matrix as

and for at least one row, that is Rows 1 and 3 in this case, the inequality is a
strictly greater than inequality.

is a diagonally dominant matrix as

The inequalities are satisfied for all rows and it is satisfied strictly greater
than for at least one row (in this case it is Row 3).

is not diagonally dominant as


When are two matrices considered to be equal?
Two matrices [A] and [B] are equal if the size of [A] and [B] is the same
(number of rows and columns of [A] are same as that of [B]) and for
all i and j.

Example 13
What would make

to be equal to

Solution
The two matrices and could be equal if and .

Key Terms:
Matrix
Vector
Submatrix
Square matrix
Equal matrices
Zero matrix
Identity matrix
Diagonal matrix
Upper triangular matrix
Lower triangular matrix
Tri-diagonal matrix
Diagonally dominant matrix

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