Abu Bakr Siddique (RA) during the life of Prophet (SAW)

Introduction
Abu Bakr ‘Abdullah ibn Uthman Abi Quhafah at-Taymi al-Qurashi. His pre-Islamic name was Abdul Ka’bah.
After embracing Islam, he was called ‘Abdullah’. o His love for camels earned him the nickname (kunya)
"Abu Bakr", the father of the camel's calf. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬gave him the title ‘Ateeq (the freed one), saying,
“You are ‘Ateeq (freed) from hell-fire.” o His father’s name was Uthman and was known as Abu Quhafa.
His mother’s name was Salma and was known as Umm-ul-Khair. o He was born in Makkah in 573AD. He
belongs to Banu Taym a Branch of Quraish. His lineage meets with Prophet (SAW) six generation back at
Murrah bin Ka’b.

Pre-Islamic life
Abu Bakr was a person well-liked and known for his admirable virtues during the Age of Ignorance. He
had the duty of overseeing the payment of blood money and compensation in Mecca. He was born into a
reasonably well-off family and established himself as a successful trader. He was involved in the textile
and clothing trades; his wealth was forty thousand Dirhams, when he accepted Islam and he spent most
of it for Islam.

Personality Traits
As a prominent Meccan, he was famous for his knowledge of genealogy and narration. He was known
to be obliging and upright in nature. Even before accepting Islam never prostrated to idols.

Entrance to Islam
He was first free adult male, outside the family of Prophet (SAW) to embrace Islam. The Quran describes
his acceptance as “And he who comes with the truth (Prophet) and he who confirms it those are
righteous.” (As-Zumar - 39:33) o Prophet (SAW) said about his acceptance as “I never invited anyone to
Islam except that they were hesitant to embrace it, except Abu Bakr.”

Relationship with Prophet (SAW)

Abu Bakr was two years younger than the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬. They reportedly knew each other when the Prophet
‫ ﷺ‬was married to his first wife Khadijah, and Abu Bakr was their neighbor. After Khadijah’s death, Abu
Bakr (RA) gave his daughter Aisha (RA) in marriage to the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬. This was before migration, and the
consummation of the marriage happened after migration to Madinah.

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Abu Bakr was the first to his faith to the Prophet after Khadija. After accepting Islam, he devoted his life
and wealth to preach Islam.

Invited People to Islam

Many influential Makkans accepted Islam due to his invitation including Uthman ibn Affan (RA), Talha
(RA), Zubair (RA), Abdur Rahman bin Auf (RA), Abu Ubaidah (RA) Saad bin Abu Waqas (RA).

Freeing Slaves
He protected the helpless and slaves who were subject to torture by the idolaters, and he used his wealth
to buy and free persecuted slaves including Bilal ibn Rabah, Ammar bin Yasir, Zinneerah. He used to help
poor and needy by spending generously on them. Prophet (SAW) said, “The most compassionate member
of my people towards my people is Abu Bakr (RA)”

First Open Call to Islam

The first public address inviting people to offer allegiance to Muhammad (SAW) was delivered by Abu Bakr.
In a fit of fury, the young men of the Quraysh tribe rushed at Abu Bakr and beat him till he lost
consciousness. Following this incident, Abu Bakr's mother converted to Islam. Abu Bakr was persecuted
many times by the Quraysh. Abu Bakr (RA) stood by Prophet (SAW) side during all such hardships. He was
the first companion to openly invite people to Islam.

First to Believe in Night Journey

First person to testify the Messenger (SAW)’s event of Miraj (ascension to the heavens) and was given the
title of ‘al Siddique’ for immediate belief of the journey.

Accompanied Prophet (SAW) During Migration

According to Aisha's narration, Abu Bakr, who had remained at the Prophet's side for thirteen years in
Mecca, began to cry with joy when he received the command the Prophet (SAW) to emigrate and learned
that they would migrate together. Both stayed in the Cave of Thawr for 3 days. Abu Bakr entered the cave
first ensured safety of Prophet (SAW). This event is mentioned in the Qur’an: “…he being the second of
two (or one of the two) when they were in the cave...’’ (at-Taubah 9:40) The whole family of Abu Bakr
(RA) was a great support during this journey. Abdullah ibn Abi Bakr (RA) brought news of Quraysh and his
daughter Asma bint Abu bakr (RA) provided fresh provisions in the cave. His servant Amr ibn Fuhairah (RA)
used to come with fresh milk and erase footsteps of Asma & Abdullah.

Abu Bakr (RA) continued his services to Islam in Madinah. He paid for the piece of land for the mosque
(masjid-e-Nabvi) and participated in construction too. He rendered invaluable services in all the battles
and expeditions in Madinah.

Participation In Battles
Battle of Badr
He was in charge of the right wing of the troops and fought against his own son Abdur Rehman who was
polytheist at the time and embraced Islam on the Day of Hudaibiyah treaty.

Battle of Uhad
He negated the rumor of the Prophet’s (SAW) death and acted as a shield to save him during the battle.
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 Battle of Hunain
He remained firm and called the scattered Muslims to come back and fight as they fled the battle field,
when enemy showered them with arrows.
Tabuk Expedition.
Abu Bakr (RA) brought all his wealth to help the Muslims and set an example of generosity.

Services of Abu Bakr (RA) Near the Demise of Prophet (SAW)

Abu Bakr as Amir-ul-Hajj

In 631 AD, Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬sent from Medina a delegation of three hundred Muslims to perform the Hajj
according to the new Islamic way and appointed Abu Bakr as the leader of the delegation.
Led the Daily Prayers
Abu Bakr was instructed by Prophet (SAW) to led the prayer, when the Prophet (SAW) could not due to
illness in his last days.

Role of Abu Bakr (RA) after Prophet’s Demise.

When Prophet Mohammed died, many Muslims refused to accept the truth of his death out of
devastation including Umar (RA). o Despite being overwhelmed by grief, Abu Bakr addressed the people,
He recited the verses from Quran, ‘Mohammad is not but a messenger: (other) messengers have passed
on before him. So, if he was to die or be killed, would you turn back on your heels?’ (Al-Imran 3:144)
and said, “Whoever worshipped Mohammed, then Mohammed is dead, but whoever worshipped God,
then God is Ever-living and shall never die.” Abu Bakr (RA) continued to perform meritorious services for
Islam even after the death of the Holy Prophet (SAW). He was unanimously elected the first Caliph of
Islam. Abu Bakr died on 22nd Jumada- al- Akhira at the age of 63.

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 Umar ibn Al Khattab (RA) during the life of Prophet (SAW)

Introduction

Umar ibn Al Khattab (RA) was born in 13th year of Elephant 583 AD, about 40 years before Hijrah. His
father’s name was ‘Al-Khattab’ and mother was ‘Hantamah bint Hashim’. His kunyah was Abu Hafs. o He
belongs to the Banu Adi clan, from the Quraysh tribe. He was 13 Years younger than Prophet (SAW). He was
given the title of ‘Al-Farooq’ One who distinguishes between right and wrong.

Pre-Islamic life
Umar (RA) was tall, well built, a fine soldier and well-educated man known for his fierce demeanor and
wrestling skills. He was the spokesperson of Quraysh because of his high oratory skills. In early period of
Islam, Umar pronounced his hatred for Islam openly and took part in the abuse and torture of many of the
weaker converts to Islam.

Personality Traits
Umar was known as a man of strength. His posture and bearing denoted strength and his voice was loud
and commanding. He was among the few Makkans who can read and write.

Entrance to Islam in 6th Year of Prophethood

Supplication of Prophet (SAW)
Traditional accounts revealed that Prophet Muhammad (SAW) on one occasion raised his hands in
supplication and begged Allah to strengthen Islam by whomever of the two, ‘Umar ibn al Khattab or
Amr bin Hisham (Abu Jahl)’, He loved most. To the enemies of Islam and to the companions of Prophet
Muhammad Umar embracing Islam was an unthinkable notion and a surprise for both Prophet’s
companions and enemies of Islam.

Umar (RA)’s Acceptance of Islam

Umar converted to Islam in 616, one year after the Migration to Abyssinia.
When a small group of Muslims migrated, Umar became worried about the future unity of the Quraish and
decided to have Muhammad assassinated. Deciding to kill the Prophet Muhammad (SAW), Umar girthed his
sword and set out to kill him. However, when he learned that his sister and her husband had entered the
new religion, he went to them. After some arguments, he himself asked to read what his sister was reading
and when the verses of surah Taha were recited before him, he got impressed and embraced Islam in the 6th
year of the Prophet’s apostleship.

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 Madani Period
Participated in all Battles
Battle of Badr:
He shared a camel with Abu Bakr and Abdul Raham ibn Awf. He killed his uncle named al-Aas ibn
Hisham. He suggested to kill prisoners of Qurish.

Battle of Uhad:
He was among those who encircled Prophet (SAW) to protect him from Quraish. He responded to Abu
Sufyan’s claim. “It is not equal: Our dead ones are in Paradise and your dead ones are in Hellfire.”

Battle of Trench:
He participated in digging the trench around Madinah.
Tabuk Expedition:
He was part of the Muslim army that contested the Battle of Tabuk and he was reported to have given
half of his wealth for the preparation of this expedition.

Battle of Hunain:
He stood firmly by Prophet (SAW) under great danger.

Siege toTaif:
He persuaded Muslims to accept Prophet (SAW)’s decision to return without fighting when the Prophet
(SAW) ordered.

Pledge of Ridwan
He took the pledge of Rizwan at the hand of prophet (SAW). He was unhappy about the terms of the
Treaty of Hudaibiya and showed his dejection, for what he later always repented. Prophet (SAW)
said: “The most rigorous regarding Allah’s affair is Umar.” (Ahmad)

Conquest of Makkah
When Abu Sufyan was taken as prisoner as he was spying on Muslims, Umar (RA) asked Prophet (SAW)
to kill him. Prophet (SAW) appointed him as deputy in witnessing the acceptance of Islam by the
women.

Revelation of the Quran Agreeing with His Opinion

There are many places wherein the opinion of Umar (RA) conformed to revelation in the Holy Quran. He
suggested ‘station (Maqam) of Ibrahim as a place of prayer to prophet (SAW), later Allah (SWT) revealed
the verse,’ “And the Maqaam of Ibrahim a prayer place.” (Baqarah 124) The verse was revealed in
regards to the mothers of the believers and how they should remain in veils. Considering Umar (RA)
point of view Allah (SWT) commanded in Quran. “And when you ask them anything of use, ask them
from behind a curtain.” [Surah 33, Verse 53].

Death of Prophet (SAW) and role of Umar (RA)

Umar (RA) was so upset that he wasn’t ready to believe the death of Prophet (SAW). Abu Bak(RA) was
able to calm him down by reciting the verse (3:144). He was the First person to pledge loyalty to Abu
Bakr (RA) and then supported him throughout his caliphate period. He was selected as second Caliph and
was assassinated by Persian slave Abu Lulu at the age of 63.

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 Uthman bin Affan (RA) during the life of Prophet (SAW)
Introduction
Uthman ibn ‘Affan (RA) was from Bani Umayyah, a powerful clan of the Quraish tribe. He was born
six years after the birth of Prophet Mohammad (SAW). His father was ‘Affan, and his mother Arwa
bint Kurayz. His kunyah was Abu ‘Amr, or Abu ‘Abdillah.
Pre-Islamic life
Before accepting Islam, he abstained from corrupt practices like drinking and gambling etc.
Personality Traits
He was modest, honest and upright since his childhood. Holy Prophet said, “Should I not show
modesty to one whom even the Angels show modesty.” (Sahih Muslim 2401)

Entrance to Islam
He was one of the first converts.
On his return from Syria, he had stopped to rest, when a caller called, “O sleeping ones! Wake up, for
Ahmad has emerged in Makkah.” Reaching Makkah, he heard of Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬through Abu Bakr (RA)
who invited him to Islam. Thus, he decided to convert to Islam whereupon Abu Bakr (RA) took him to
Prophet (SAW) to whom he declared his faith, and also narrated what he had heard on his way back from
Syria.
He Experienced Persecution
His uncle captured him and said he wouldn't free him until he left the new faith he had accepted.
Uthman (RA) swore not to renounce his religion. Noticing his firmness his uncle released him.

Relationship with Prophet (SAW)

After his conversion to Islam, Prophet Muhammad (SAW) married off his daughter Ruqayyah to him.
When Ruqayya (RA) died, he married her sister Umm Kulthum (RA). Therefore, he earned the title of Zul
Noorain means The Possessor of the two lights as he married two daughters of Prophet (SAW).

Migrations
He migrated to Abyssinia with Ruqayyah (RA). They were among the first group who migrated. He
remained there for six years and established business later returned to Makkah. He also migrated
to Madinah with Ruqayyah. He stayed with Abu Talha ibn Thabit (RA). After a short while, he
purchased a house of his own and moved there. As he was a rich man and brought all his wealth
to Madinah, he didn't need any financial support from his Ansari brothers.

Service to Islam
Uthman (RA) accompanied Prophet (SAW) in various battles against Quraish except in Badr.
He didn't take part in Badr because of his wife's illness.
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During this battle his wife Ruqayyah (RA), who is also the daughter of Prophet PBUH, fell ill. So,
following Prophet (SAW)'s orders he stayed back. Ruqayyah (RA) passed away during this time before
the battle was over.
He acted as the Prophet (SAW)'s Ambassador to Quraish.
He accompanied Prophet (SAW) in journey towards Hudaibiyah in 6 A.H. He was sent to Makkah for
negotiation with Quraish but due to delay in his return a rumor of his murder was spread. Hearing
the news Prophet (SAW) took pledge in order to release him if he was alive or to avenge his blood if
he was dead. This is known as pledge of Ridwan.

Participation & Role in Battles:

He took part in conquest of Khyber, and Conquest of Makkah.
At the time of conquest of Makkah, his foster brother Abdullah bin Saad was not granted forgiveness
by Prophet (SAW). Later, on his appeal Hazrat Abdullah bin Saad (RA) was forgiven by Prophet (SAW).
Following the conquest of Makkah his entire family converted and he rejoined his family. He also
took part in Battle of Hunain followed by the siege of Taif. The conquests of Makkah and Taif had
great importance for him, as he had considerable properties in both cities. He Contributed his Wealth
to pay for Expeditions Particularly Tabuk. He prepared two hundred saddled camels to travel to
Syria. He presented them all with two hundred ounces (of gold) as charity. Then he brought once
hundred saddled camels. He also brought a thousand dinars (gold coins) and cast them all into the
lap of Allah's Messenger who turned them over and said: "From this day on nothing will harm
Uthman regardless of what he does". (Tirmidhi) Uthman (RA) gave till his charity reached nine
hundred camels and a hundred horses, besides the money he paid. He accompanied Muslim army
under Prophet (SAW) in this expedition. During this, his wife Umm-e-Kulthum died in Madinah.

Due to his generosity, he was entitled as Ghani (the generous)

He bought a well ’Bir Ruma’ which was owned by a Jew for twenty thousand dirham and allowed
Muslims to use it for free. He purchased the surrounding plot for extension of Masjid-e-Nabwi. During
the famine in Madinah, he donated immense food supplies for the residents despite having offers
with large bids from merchandisers.

He was one of the Ten blessed companions

Donating the well ‘Bir Ruma’ was the very first act of charity in the history of Islam too. Upon this,
Hazrat Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬congratulated him (R.A) on attaining the Pleasure of Allah SWT and gave him
the glad tidings of Jannah (Paradise) in the hereafter.

He had Honour of being the scribe of Divine Revelation.

Due to his great command over the Arabic language and out of the ordinary style of writing, he (R.A)
was chosen by the Messenger ‫ ﷺ‬of Allah SWT to have the nobility of being one of the scribes of the
Holy Revelations. Hazrat Usman (R.A) was not only a huge intellectual on the subject of Quranic
Revelations and the chronological order of the Chapters and Verse of Quran but also was its Hafiz.

Role after the Demise of Prophet (SAW)

He also enjoyed a place of prominence during the caliphates of first two Caliphs and served as a
member of Advisory Council. (Majlis e Shoora). He was also empowered to vote for Umar (RA)'s
successor. He also became the third caliph and preserve the Holy Quran bringing people to a single
recital process, for which he is called “Jami’ul-Qur’an”.

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 ‘Ali Ibn Abu Talib (RA) during the life of Prophet (SAW)’

Introduction
His full name is Ali ibn Abi Talib ibn Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim.
He came from the most respectable clan of Quraish tribe, the clan of Banu Hashim, and he was the
cousin of the Prophet Muhammad (SAW). His father Abu Talib was a chief of Banu Hashim tribe and he
was the custodian of the Kaaba. Abu Talib was uncle of the Prophet Muhammad (SAW). His mother was
Fatima bint Asad. ‘Ali had two kunyahs. He was called Abu al-Hasan, as well as Abu at-Turab.

Pre-Islamic life
He was close to Holy Prophet (SAW) since childhood.
After marriage to Khadija the Prophet (SAW) brought Ali (RA) at his house to relieve his uncle. He gained
the special opportunity to be in the company of Prophet (SAW) so developed his great love for him since
childhood.
Personality Traits
Ali (RA) is known for his courageous personality, noble character, simplicity, and for being wise, a symbol
of justice and fairness.

Entrance to Islam
He became one of the first Muslims.
He found the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and his wife praying. On inquiry, the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬told him about Tawhid and called
him to Islam, explaining that it is religion chosen by Allah. Being a child, he was reluctant to decide without
consulting his father. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬asked him to not disclose this matter to his father. However, the next
day, he went to the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and announced his Islam. He was the first child to accept Islam, aged 10
years old.

He showed his courage before his tribe Banu Hashim.

In a feast where Prophet Mohammad (SAW) invited Banu Hashim towards the monotheistic faith, it was Ali
(RA) who stood up thrice to admit his support courageously for Prophet (SAW). He took the Prophet (SAW)'s
place on his bed at the time of migration, the Hijra. Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬appointed him to sleep in his place in order
to return all the items Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬had been holding in trust to their owners. With his courageous support
Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬was able to fool the Quraishites who thought the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬was at home till morning. He was
then taken by Quraish who persecuted him to inquire about Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and Abu Bakr (RA).

He was one of the Ten blessed companions

He was one of the Ten blessed companions who was given the glad tidings of paradise by Prophet (SAW).
Relationship with Prophet (SAW)
He married the Prophet (SAW)'s daughter Fatima (RA).

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After two years of migration to Madinah, be married the Prophet (SAW)'s youngest daughter Fatima (RA).
He went to ask for her hand but couldn't express it. Prophet (SAW) at his side noticed his wish and accepted
Ali (RA)’s proposal for Fatima (RA). In following two years i.e., 3 AH and 4 AH, Hasan and Hussain were born
respectively.

Migration
He migrated to Madinah after Prophet (SAW). After he was set free by Quraish, he began his journey to
Yathrib and met Mohammad (SAW) and others at Quba. There they built a mosque named Masjid-e-Quba.
He was paired with Prophet (SAW) in the bond of brotherhood. When emigrants and helpers were paired
by Prophet Mohammad (SAW), he took Ali (RA) as his brother. The Prophet said: "You are my brother in
this world and the next.” He also once said to ‘Ali, "You are from me, and I am from you," Sahih Bukhari

Participation & Role in Battles:

Ali Ibn Abi Talib (RA) was one of the foremost warriors of Muslim community. He would very often offer to
engage in one-on-one duels before the main battle started, which only the bravest would dare to do. During
battle of Badr, he shared a camel with Prophet (SAW), he led the scouts to discover enemy's movement,
and be was chosen to carry the Muslim banner into the fighting where he killed many from Quraish. He also
engaged in the duel with Walid ibn Utbah and killed him. In the Battle of Uhad, he held Muslim’s banner
and defended Holy Prophet (SAW) during the chaos especially when Khalid (RA)'s cavalry attacked Prophet
(SAW)'s camp from the rear. He also participated in the duels against Quraish along with Hamza (RA) and
others to kill 6 members of the family of Abu Talha, who all tried to uphold the banner of the Mushrikeen.
In the battle of Trench, he defended the mount of Sila and killed Amr bin Abd Wud in a single contest. He
was among the leaders in the siege against Bani Qurayzah. He showed his Distinctive Efforts at Khyber. The
Prophet Mohammad (SAW) supplicated for his eyes, gave him the banner and instructions to fight. He killed
the Jewish leader Marhab in a one-on-one fight.

During conquest of Makkah, he was present in the Muslim army. At the Muslim entry into Makkah, he once
again carried the Muslim banner.

At conquest of Hunain, he defended Prophet Mohammad (SAW). He also participated in Siege of Taif and
was sent as a commander of Muslim forces in expeditions to Fadak and Yemen. During the expedition to
Tabuk, he was left behind to take care of Prophet (SAW)'s family. He went to complain Prophet (SAW) that
he was not going with the fighting men, the Prophet (SAW) said: The Prophet (SAW) said, "Will you not be
pleased that you will be to me like Haroon was to Musa? Except that there will be no prophet after me."

He also played a vital role as a scribe.

He wrote the treaty of Hudaibiyah and was one of the witnesses of it. He was among very few people of
Makkah who could read and write. He also memorized many traditions and used to pen them down. He
was sent by Prophet (SAW) to read the verses in Makkah. During the pilgrimage led by Abu Bakr (RA) in 9
A.H, he was sent by Holy Prophet (SAW) to read out the new rule, reveled verses about the prohibition of
pagans to enter in Makkah.
He Accompanied Prophet in Farewell pilgrimage.
When the Prophet Muhammad (SAW) was returning to Madinah, he gave a short speech at the place given
name as Ghadir Khumm, which illustrates Prophet (SAW)'s high regard for Ali (RA). Prophet (SAW) took his
hand and declared "Of whomsoever I am friend; this Ali is also his friend. O Allah! Be the supporter of
whoever supports Ali and the enemy of whoever opposes him."
He Fulfilled Funeral Rights of the Prophet (SAW).
He lowered down the Prophet (SAW)'s body in grave inside Aisha (RA)'s apartment.
Role after Demise of Prophet (SAW)
He did give allegiance to all three caliphs who preceded him. He himself was elected as the 4th caliph
among the Rightly Guided Caliphs.
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 ‘Abu Bakr Siddique (RA) during the life of Prophet (SAW)’
Past Paper Questions and Marking Scheme

Part ‘a’ (10 Marks Question)

Students are required to recall, select and present relevant facts from the main elements of
the faith and history of Islam in part ‘A’.

1. Write about the role played by Abu Bakr during the period between the first
revelation and the death of the Prophet (SAW). [10]
2. Describe an account of main activities of Abu Bakr as-Siddique (RA) during the life
time of Prophet (SAW). [10]
Examiner Report:

Most candidates who chose this question answered it well. Most knew a lot of information
about Abu Bakr and wrote lots of relevant information about his life during the Prophet’s
lifetime.
What generally prevented candidates from reaching the highest level was the tendency to
write a list of events without giving the details of those events, for example saying that Abu
Bakr went with the Prophet on the hijra without giving many details about the journey and the
stay in the cave of Thawr.

Past Paper Questions and Marking Scheme

Part ‘b’ (4 Marks Question)

1. What lessons can Muslims learn from Abu Bakr’s conduct in this period, and
how are these lessons relevant now?
Examiner Report:
This was answered satisfactorily, with most candidates giving general answers about
maintaining a strong faith, being steadfast, spreading Islam and helping others.
There were some good answers where candidates gave thoughtful examples, such as
saying that Muslims should never hesitate to spend money to help the cause of Islam,
therefore they can donate money to the education and support of Muslim scholars.
Marking Scheme:
Candidates could write about stories of friendship and loyalty, or about belief and strong faith, or
other points mentioned about his life, but as well as mentioning them they should give concrete
examples of how these could be applied in people’s lives, so e.g., showing how Muslims can be
loyal to their friends, or how Muslims could give their wealth to benefit the Muslim community in
times of need.

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 2.How can Muslims use the example of Abu Bakr in showing loyalty to their friends
and colleagues? May/June 2018
Examiner Report:
This was fairly well answered with candidates being able to give some examples of ways in
which they could be loyal to their friends and colleagues. Some examples are that friends
should not lose their temper with one another, that they should aid them when they are in
difficulty, or that they should offer to share their belongings with their friends especially if they
are not able to afford to buy things for themselves.
Marking Scheme:
Candidates can offer various examples, some of which could be:
Offering help and support to your friends when they need it, even if you do not get something back in
return, rather doing it just to make them happy.
Be honest with them, and do not try to hide things from them. Help them when they need help with a
project or work. Being there to support them when they are in a time of difficulty. Supporting them
when others are hurting/making fun of them, and not remaining silent. If you see them going astray
you can guide them back.
These are not the only answers that can be credited but candidates must offer evaluation. Evaluation
is in the way the example is put into action.

3. What was the significance of Abu Bakr (RA) in the life of Prophet (SAW)?

Marking Scheme:
Candidates could mention that
o It’s narrated in a hadith, ‘’If the eman of Abu Bakr was put on one side of the scale and the
eman of this entire Ummah on the other, Abu Bakr’s eman would have outweighed’’.
(Trimidhi)
o He was closest companion and adviser of the Prophet (SAW).
o He shared many of the characteristics of the Prophet (SAW) i.e., honesty, trustworthy.
o He believed in the Prophet (SAW) when told him about revelation without hesitancy.
o He was the first adult to accept Islam and the first public speaker for Islam.
o He was chosen as the one to accompany Prophet (SAW). While migration to Madinah.
o He was father of Ayesha (RA) the beloved wife of Prophet (SAW).
o During every battle, he remained close to the Prophet (SAW).
o Abu Bakr will be the first person to enter Paradise after the Prophets of the Allah.
o He spent entire life in service of Islam and always tried to be a better Muslim. May Allah give us
all the desire to know and get inspiration from him.

4. Abu Bakr used his wealth to help others. How can Muslims follow his example today?
2020 – May/June - 11

Marking Scheme:
He extensively contributed his wealth in support of Muhammad's work and among Muhammad's
closest companions.
Candidates can use various examples to show how they can help others with their wealth.
Some could be, paying for a water well for those who do not have access to water, donating
money to someone needing medicine/hospital treatment, giving money to look after orphans.
Relevant answers should be credited and better answers will be able to say why it would be
beneficial to use their wealth for that reason.

Note: Points mentioned in marking scheme for part ‘b’ are given as reference. Candidates
are required to include their own point of view and elaborate them for higher mark.

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 Umar (RA) during the life of Prophet (SAW)
Past Paper Questions and Marking Scheme
Part ‘a’ (10 Marks Question)

Past Paper Questions and Marking Scheme

1. Write about the role of ‘Umar in the lifetime of the Prophet. [10]
2. Describe an account of main activities of Umar (RA) during the life time of Prophet.
[10]
Examiner Report:

Most candidates knew the main outline of 'Umar's life and wrote a good chronology of events.
The best answers wrote in detail about him confronting his sister and his own conversion, his
openness in worship which gave the Muslims strength, his emigration, that he did not emigrate in
secret, as well as giving details about the battles that he fought in. They also wrote about his initial
disapproval of the Treaty of Hudaybiyah and his grief at the Prophet's death.
Excellent answers elaborated on the events mentioned above, as well as giving details about his
life before he became Muslim and gave relevant quotations from his life.

Part ‘b’ (4 Marks Question)

Students are required to demonstrate understanding of their significance in the teachings of

Islam and in the lives of Muslims in part ‘B’

Note: Points mentioned in marking scheme for part ‘b’ are given as reference. Candidates
are required to include their own point of view and elaborate them for higher mark.

1.Why was ‘Umar’s conversion important for the early Muslims? [4] May/June 2013

Examiner Report:
Candidates answered this question well, explaining that ‘Umar’s strength helped Muslims to
pray openly and gave the new community of Muslims a boost in troubled times.

Marking Scheme:
Answers here should reflect upon the character of ‘Umar, and give reasons as to why his actions
were important. Candidates could write about his staunch character and that people feared him,
which meant that his conversion was a boost for the morale of the Muslims. His openness meant
that he was not willing to pray in hiding, and so Muslims could now pray openly. His temper and
physical strength gave protection to the vulnerable Muslims as no-one dared challenge him.

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2. What lessons can Muslims learn from ‘Umar’s conversion? [4] May/June 2015

Examiner Report:
Many candidates wrote good answers about 'Umar's conversion allowing Muslims to
understand that even those who seem to be the fiercest opponents of Islam can still change
and so Muslims should never lose hope in people and should pray for them.

Marking Scheme:
Candidates could say that ‘Umar had a very staunch character and was open about his idolatry and
opposition to Islam. Yet his conversion meant that the Qur’an was able to affect someone who on the
outside looked like an enemy of Islam, therefore Muslims should still try to convey the good in Islam
to non-Muslims even if they seem against it. His conversion meant Muslims had someone to stand
up and defend them, and he was not afraid of letting people know about his new faith, so Muslims
should also try to be open about their faith and not hide it. Candidates can offer other answers but
should try to give an explanation or details to get higher marks.

3. Why was ‘Umar’s conversion important for the early Muslims? [4] May/June 2013

Examiner Report:
Candidates answered this question well, explaining that ‘Umar’s strength helped Muslims to
pray openly and gave the new community of Muslims a boost in troubled times.

Marking Scheme:
Answers here should reflect upon the character of ‘Umar, and give reasons as to why his actions
were important. Candidates could write about his staunch character and that people feared him,
which meant that his conversion was a boost for the morale of the Muslims. His openness meant
that he was not willing to pray in hiding, and so Muslims could now pray openly. His temper and
physical strength gave protection to the vulnerable Muslims as no-one dared challenge him.

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1. Write about the lives of ‘Uthman and ‘Ali during the lifetime of the Prophet (pbuh). [10]
Oct/Nov 2019
2. Give an account of the lives of ‘Uthman and ‘Ali during the lifetime of the Prophet. [10]
Oct/Nov 2016
3. Describe the main events in the life of Ali Ibn Abu Talib during the life of Prophet. [10]

4. Describe the main events in the life of Uthman bin Affan during the life of Prophet. [10]

Examiner Report:
This question was the least popular. Those who did well demonstrated extensive knowledge about
‘Uthman and ‘Ali, starting from their early lives, conversions to Islam, life in Makkah, followed by
details of their migration to Medina, roles played by them in social and military spheres along with
their relationship with the Prophet (pbuh), quoting the Prophet’s words praising both of them on
several occasions. They specifically pointed out the role played by ‘Ali in several wars and at the
time of the Prophet’s death and ‘Uthman’s financial contributions to early Islamic society.

On the contrary, those who did not do well either talked about ‘Uthman and ‘Ali’s marriages to the
Prophet’s daughters only, or narrated events from the lives of these personalities as Caliphs,
outside ‘the lifetime of the Prophet (pbuh), which were not relevant to this question.

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Q. Write about the lives of ‘Uthman and ‘Ali during the lifetime of the Prophet (pbuh).
[10]

Marking Scheme: Use the AO1 Mark Grid A comprehensive answer will provide an account of
some key events from both companions’ lives, with a balance between the information provided
for each companion. Candidates may include some of the following points. All other relevant
points must be credited.

‘Uthman ibn Affan: • he accepted Islam through Abu Bakr. He was wealthy in Makka, but still
tortured by his relatives after conversion, and was amongst those who migrated to Abyssinia. •
He married the Prophet’s daughter Ruqayyah. Ruqayyah fell ill before the Battle of Badr and so
he was excused from participating; she died while the Prophet (pbuh) was at battle. • ‘Uthman
later married the Prophet’s other daughter, Umm Kulthum, and was given the name ‘possessor
of the two lights’. • He went to Makka as the Prophet’s emissary to allow the Muslims to perform
the pilgrimage, and was detained by the Makkans; this led to the signing of the Treaty of
Hudaybiyya. • He took part in the battle of Uhud and at Tabuk ‘Uthman supplied the army with
nine hundred and forty camels, and sixty horses. He also brought ten thousand dinars to equip
the army. • He bought a well and donated it to be used by the rich, poor and travellers. • He was
considered to be the most shy/modest among the Muslims.

‘Ali ibn Abi Talib: • the Prophet’s cousin, he went to live with the Prophet (pbuh) at a young
age to alleviate the hardship on his father. • He was one of the first to accept the message of
Islam at the age of ten. • When the Prophet (pbuh) started open preaching, he called his
clansmen to Islam and it was only Ali who stepped forward to support him. The Quraysh laughed
at ‘Ali being made an amir that they should obey. • He stood by the Prophet (pbuh) during the
persecutions and the boycott in Makka. • He was entrusted with the Quraysh’s belongings to be
returned to them when the Prophet (pbuh) migrated to Madina, and he met the Prophet (pbuh)
and Abu Bakr at Quba. • In Madina ‘Ali was made the brother of the Prophet (pbuh). He married
the Prophet’s daughter Fatima and they had four children. • ‘Ali was a prominent fighter in all
the battles (except Tabuk), commanding the Muslim army at Khaybar. • He was one of the
scribes of the Prophet (pbuh), writing down the Qur’an as well as the Treaty of Hudaybiyya. •
‘Ali rode next to the Prophet (pbuh) on the final pilgrimage. ‘Ali and Abbas washed the body of
the Prophet (pbuh) when he died.

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 Past Paper Questions and Marking Scheme
Part ‘b’ (4 Marks Question)

Students are required to demonstrate understanding of their significance in the teachings of

Islam and in the lives of Muslims in part ‘b

1.‘Uthman was known to be generous with his wealth. ’How can Muslims now apply the
trait of generosity? [4] Oct/Nov 2016
Marking Scheme:
Candidates can give a number of answers but they should try to give examples of how Muslims can use
their wealth for good.
They could for example say that Muslims who have money should ensure they spend their wealth for
good/betterment of their community: they can give to mosques to expand them, or hospitals or provide
healthcare for those who can’t afford it.
They could provide the basic necessities for people, like ‘Uthman provided the water well for free. Even
if they do not have much money, Muslims can be generous with what they have by giving a meal to
someone else, or giving some of their clothes to those in more need. Generosity does not have to be
about money, but can be giving advice, time or support.

2. What lessons can be learned from ‘Uthman’s life before he became Caliph? [4]
Marking Scheme:

Use the AO2 Marking Grid Candidates may include some of the following information. All other
relevant information must be credited. A descriptive note on the qualities of ‘Uthman is not
required here. A few lessons can be given, or elaboration can be written about on how to imitate
them in one’s own life. It can teach people about patience and steadfastness as ‘Uthman kept
his faith, despite the persecutions he faced. ‘
Uthman did not despair after his wives passed away, so patience and not losing hope are
important in times of tragedy. Migration is something that can be done for reasons of faith and
security. Migrating twice shows the spirit of sacrifice. The generosity of ‘Uthman in providing for
fellow believers and Islam is something that can be emulated by being generous to others, not
just with wealth but by giving time and support to others.

3. From ‘Ali’s early life, what lessons can young people learn about their role in the
community? [4] Oct/Nov 2019
Examiner Report:
Most of the candidates misinterpreted this question and either talked about good things people
should do in general or gave general comments about ‘Ali’s life such as, that we should be brave
in our life. Candidates who answered more successfully were able to say that age should not be
a barrier in how one stands up and serves in the community.
Marking Scheme:
Lessons could be that they should not shy away from the truth and that their age does not mean
they cannot make right and mature decisions.
They should follow the guidance of trustworthy people but know that they also can have the
strength to play an important role in the community even at a young age. They should look to keep
themselves in good company to be able to make the right decisions.
If a young person is able to lead the community because he is knowledgeable, whether it be in
prayer or guiding others, then he should not be prevented from doing so due to his age. Young
people can also be role models for others. Candidates can offer other lessons and valid answers
should be credited.
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