Module 5 : Mobility Management

CE-TE-MC
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Computer Engineering,
SIES Graduate School of Technology
Topics To Be Covered
• Introduction
• IP Mobility
• Optimization
• IPv6
• Macro Mobility : MIPv6, FMIPv6,
• Micro Mobility: CellularIP, HAWAII, HMIPv6,

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Basic Issues in Mobility Management
Impact of Naming and Addressing on Mobility Management
Location Management
Packet Delivery to Mobile Destinations
Handoffs
Roaming

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Types of Mobility
Terminal mobility
User mobility
Service mobility

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Basic Mobility Management Requirements
Support all forms of mobility
Support mobility for all types of applications
Support mobility across heterogeneous radio systems
Support session (service) continuity
Global roaming

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Basic Functional Components
Location management
Packet delivery to mobiles
Handoff and roaming
Network Access Control
1. Authentication
2. Authorization
3. Accounting

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Location Management
Location Update Strategies
Location Discovery (Paging)
Interactions between Location Update and Paging

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Location Update Strategies
When a mobile should perform location updates?
• every time the mobile changes its network attachment points
• group network attachment points into location areas and only keeps track of which
location area each mobile is likely in when the user and the network have no traffic to send to
each other
A network may use multiple types of location areas simultaneously.
 The location areas used in a radio access network can be different from the location areas
used for location management in the core network.

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Location Update
• Time-based update
• Movement-based update
• Distance-based update
• Parameter-based update
also referred to as profile-based update
• Implicit update
• Probabilistic update

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Movement-based vs. distance- based location update strategies

Time Based Movement Based Distance based

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Location Discovery (Paging)
• A network performs paging by sending one or multiple paging messages to a paging area where the
mobile is likely to be located.
• Upon receiving a paging message, a mobile needs to update its precise current location with the
network.

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Packet Delivery to Mobile Destinations
Direct Delivery
1. may route packets along the most direct paths
2. need to know whether destination is a mobile or fixed host
3. require every originator to implement protocols for determining a destination’s location
Relayed Delivery
1. mobility anchor points could become traffic and performance bottlenecks

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Handoffs
Handoffs in an IP-based wireless
network may occur at different protocol layers.
Handoffs at each protocol layer may occur in different scopes
Handoffs can be hard or soft.

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Layers of Handoff
Physical layer
Logical link layer
IP layer
Mobility at different protocol layers can be managed by different protocols.
Mobility management at the IP layer may be independent of mobility management at the lower
protocol layers.

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Scopes of Handoff
Intra-subnet handoff
Inter-subnet handoff
Inter-router handoff

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Roaming
Roaming is the process whereby a user moves into a visited domain
Home domain: maintain a service subscription account
Visited domain: does not have an account of a user moves into this domain

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Capabilities to Support Roaming
Network access control for visiting mobiles
Roaming Agreement between the mobile’s home domain and the visited domains
Session continuity while a user crosses domain boundaries

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Mobility Management in IP Networks
• Naming and Addressing of IP Terminals
• Mobile IPv4
• MIPv4 Regional Registration
• Mobile IPv6
• Cellular IP
• HAWAII

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Naming and Addressing of IP Terminals
IP address
new IP address for new subnet
multiple network interfaces with different IP addresses
Network Access Identifier (NAI)
username@realm

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Mobile IPv4
• Agent Discovery
• Movement Detection
• Leaving the Home Network
• Entering and Staying in a Visited Network
• Returning to the Home Network
• Mobile-Home Authentication Extension
• Vendor/Organization Specific Extensions to Mobile IP Messages
• Reverse Tunneling
• Limitations of MIPv4
• MIPv4 Route Optimization

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MIPv4 Regional Registration
• Long handoff delay in basic MIPv4: a mobile has to register with its HA every time it changes its
CoA
• MIPv4 Regional Registration: allow a mobile to register its new CoA locally with its visited network
domain
Each network domain consists of two or more hierarchical levels of foreign agents
Gateway Foreign Agent (GFA)

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Registration
• MIP registration: move to a new GFA
• Regional registration: move between FAs connected to a same GFA
• Regional Registration Request: sent by a mobile to a GFA via the FA to initiate regional
registration.
• Regional Registration Reply: sent by a GFA to a mobile in response to a Regional Registration
Request

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Mobile IPv6
• Movement Detection
• Sending Packets Directly to Mobile’s Care-of Address
• Sending Packets While Away From Home
• Formats of Binding Update and Binding Acknowledgement Messages
• Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 Registration

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Movement Detection
IPv6 Neighbor Discovery
 Router Advertisement
carry, among other information, the IPv6 addresses of the router and network prefixes that can be
used by mobiles to configure their care-of addresses
• Neighbor Solicitation

Any other means available to supplement the capabilities provided by IPv6 Neighbor Discovery

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Sending Packets Directly to Mobile’s Care-of Address
MIPv6 routing header: used by an IPv6 source node to list one or more nodes that should
process the IPv6 packet
The change of CoA is transparent to the upper layer protocols and applications.
• CN uses the mobile’s CoA as the destination address.
• Mobile’s home address is carried in a routing header.
When the mobile receives the packet:
• replace the IPv6 destination address in the IPv6 header with the mobile’s home address
• decrement the Segments Left field in the routing header by one (i.e., the Segments Left will
become 0, indicating that the mobile’s home address is the final destination of the packet)

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Sending Packets While Away From Home
Mobile node may use its current CoA as the source IPv6 address in order to pass the access
routers without having to use reverse tunneling
use IPv6 Destination Options Header
a Home Address Option will be carried inside an IPv6 Destination Option header
HA will
• drop the packet if it does not have a binding entry in its
binding cache for the home address carried in the Home Address Option; otherwise
 replace the source IPv6 address with the home address carried in the Home Address Option

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Formats of Binding Update and Binding Acknowledgement Messages
Mobility Header: defined by MIPv6 to carry BU and BA
The BU or BA message is carried in the
Message Data field of the Mobility Header.

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Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 Registration
Forwarding from the previous care-of address
Local home agent

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Macro Mobility
MIPV6
FMIPV6

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MIPV6

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Mobile IPv6
• Similar concepts as in MIPv4, but no FA
Mobiles use only co-located care-of addresses.
Standard IPv6 Neighbor Discovery can be used to help mobiles to detect movement
• Binding: association between a mobile’s home address and its care-of address
Binding Update
Binding Acknowledgment
Authentication of BU and BA messages is achieved using IPsec

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Mobile IPv6 Packet Delivery
Bi-directional tunneling mode
 A correspondent host does not have to use Mobile IPv6.
• Route optimization mode
• Route optimization is designed to be an integral part of MIPv6.

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MIPv6 bi-directional tunneling mode of operation

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MIPv6 route optimization

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MIPv6 protocol

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Micro Mobility
• The micro mobility term means the mobile node's movements inside a network. In contrast, the
macro mobility means movement between different subnetworks.
• The mobile nodes may change their point of connection to the Internet very frequently. The
change of an access point during active data transmission or reception is called a handoff.
• The solution for micro mobility problem is non-trivial and it is not possible to say which solution
would be the best for all situations. The following list presents criteria that can be used to compare
and classify the proposed solutions.
• Signaling load: How much signaling traffic is needed between home and visited networks
compared to the standard Mobile IP?
1. How many packets are lost during handoff?Signaling delay: How quickly the handoffs can be
performed?
2. How quickly the mobile node is able to receive IP packets to its new location?
3. Does this technology require special support from the mobile node?
4. It would be great benefit if the mobile node could use the micro mobility solution without being
aware of it
5. .Does this technology require changes in the home agent or in the correspondent node. It
would be a disadvantage if the home agents or the correspondent nodes should have some
kind of support for all the possible micro mobility solutions.
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Difference between Macro Mobility and Micro Mobility

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Micro Mobility
• Cellular IP
• HAWAII
• Hierarchical Mobile IPv6

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Cellular IP
• Designed to support fast handoff in a wireless network of limited size, for example, a network
within the same administrative domain
• Reduce handoff latency by eliminating the need for a mobile to change its IP address while
moving inside a Cellular IP network
• Use host-specific routing
routing and packet forwarding based on the full IP address
maintain a host-specific downlink route for forwarding packets to each individual mobile, rather
than maintaining a route for each IP address prefix as with regular IP routing protocols

Types of Handover
Hard handover
Semi-soft handover

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Cellular IP

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 HAWAII
Similar to Cellular IP, HAWAII (Handoff- Aware Wireless Access Internet Infrastructure) is
designed to support fast handoff and paging inside a wireless network under a single administrative
domain.
 reduce handoff latency
 use host-specific routing

HAWAII and Cellular IP differ in routing and mobility management implementations.

1. No HA is involved when MN is in home domain where MN is identified by its IP address
2. When MN moves to HAWAII domain (foreign domain) , it obtains co-located COA (step 1)
3. and registers with HA (step 2)
4. This CCoA remains unchanged as long as MN in foreign domain (therefore no need to notify
HA unless MN moves to new domain)
5. MN sends registration request to new BS (step 3)
6. the BS intercepts registration request and sends out hand-off update message, which
reconfigures all routers on the paths from the old and new BS to the so-called crossover router
(step 4)
7. The BS then sends a registration reply to MN as if it were the FA

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HAWAII
Basic Architecture of HAWAII

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 Hierarchical mobile IPV6 : Basic Architecture
• Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 is an extension of Mobile IPv6, aimed at reducing the amount of
signalling overload and speeding up handovers in cases when the Mobile Node (MN) is located far
away from its Home Agent and Correspondent Nodes.
• HMIP utilizes a hierarchy of distinct routers in visited networks called Mobility Anchor Points
(MAP) . The deployment of MAP concept will further reduce the signalling load over the air
interface produced by Mobile IPv6.
• The MN has two kinds of care-of addresses: the Regional Care-of Address (RCoA) and the On-
link Care-of Address (LCoA). MN obtains the RCoA from the MAP of the visited network, which
remains unchanged as long as the MN is roaming within the given domain.
• The LCoA identifies the current position of the terminal, and if it changes within the logical
domain, it must update it only to the MAP (it sends a Binding Update).
• The Home Agent and Correspondent Nodes are not aware of this change, the visible care-of
address (RCoA) remains the same for them while the MN keeps changing its point of attachment
inside the visited domain
• The MAP captures the messages sent to the MN’s RCoA, and forwards them to the MN’s LCoA
using local routing mechanism.
• ting mechanism. As a result of this, the amount of signalling messages leaving the domain is
reduced significantly, and so is the resulting delay 45
Hierarchical mobile IPV6 : Basic Architecture

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Thank You!
([email protected])

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