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Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine
2013 Edition | Editors: Marc D. Gellman, J. Rick Turner
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Moderators/Moderating Factors
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Pamela S. King

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_971
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Moderators/Moderating Factors
How to cite

“Mono” or Mononucleosis

Monokines
Definition
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A moderator variable is a qualitative (e.g., gender, SES) or quantitative (e.g., amount of social
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids
support) variable that affects the direction and/or strength of the relationship between an
independent or predictor variable and a dependent or criterion variable. In research, in order to infer
that a variable is a moderating variable, there must be a significant statistical interaction between the
predictor and the moderator (i.e. p < .05).

Description

Conceptual Meaning
A moderator variable affects the relationship between a predictor variable (X) and an outcome
variable (Y). Moderator variables commonly affect the strength of the relationship between X and Y.
For example, social support is thought to function as a moderator of the relationship between stress
and negative health outcomes: in the presence of low social support, there is a strong relationship
between stress and negative health outcomes; in the presence of high social support, however, the
association between...

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References and Readings

Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions.
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Google Scholar

Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social
psychological research: Conceptual, strategic and statistical considerations. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173–1182.
PubMed Google Scholar

Bauer, D. J., & Curran, P. J. (2005). Probing interactions in fixed and multilevel regression:
Inferential and graphical techniques. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 40, 373–400.
Google Scholar

Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2003). Applied multiple regression/correlation
analysis for the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Google Scholar

Holmbeck, G. N. (1997). Toward terminological, conceptual, and statistical clarity in the study of
mediators and moderators: Examples from the child-clinicial and pediatric psychology
literatures. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65(4), 599–610.
PubMed Google Scholar

Holmbeck, G. N. (2002). Post hoc probing of significant moderational and mediational effects in
studies of pediatric populations. Journal of Pedaitric Psychology, 27(1), 87–96.
Google Scholar

McClelland, G. H., & Judd, C. M. (1993). Statistical difficulties of detecting interactions and
moderator effects. Psychological Bulletin, 114(2), 376–390.
PubMed Google Scholar

Online utilities to probe interaction effects (e.g., testing the significance of simple slopes),
Probing interactions in multiple linear regression, latent curve analysis, and hierarchical
linear modeling. Retrieved from http://www.quantpsy.org/interact/index.html

Copyright information

© Springer Science+Business Media, New York 2013

How to cite

Cite this entry as:

King P.S. (2013) Moderators/Moderating Factors. In: Gellman M.D., Turner J.R. (eds) Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine.
Springer, New York, NY

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DOI Publisher Name Print ISBN

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419- Springer, New York, NY 978-1-4419-1004-2
1005-9

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978-1-4419-1005-9 Medicine

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