7.

2: INVERSE TRANSFORMS AND TRANSFORMS OF DERIVATIVES

Quiz 2 Section 4.7 and 5.1 ; On 6 th May, 2024.

Warmup Exercises:

4 6 1 4 6 1
(𝑖 ) 𝐿−1 { + 5 − } = 𝐿−1 { } + 𝐿−1 { 5 } − 𝐿−1 { }
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠+8 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠+8

1 1 1
= 4 𝐿−1 { } + 6 𝐿−1 { 5 } − 𝐿−1 { }
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠+8
1 6 4! 1
= 4 𝐿−1 { } + 𝐿−1 { 4+1 } − 𝐿−1 { }
𝑠 4! 𝑠 𝑠 − (−8)
6 4 1
= 4 (1) + 𝑡 − 𝑒 −8𝑡 = 4 + 𝑡 4 − 𝑒 −8𝑡
24 4
 1 1 1 1 1 1
(𝑖𝑖 ) 𝐿−1 { } = 𝐿−1 { } = 𝐿−1 { } = 𝐿−1 2
4𝑠 2+3 3 4 3 4
4 (𝑠 2 + ) 𝑠2 + 3
4 4 𝑠 + (√ )
2
{ 4 }

1 1 √3 1 √3 1 3
4 √4 4
= 𝐿−1 2 = 𝐿−1 2 = sin (√ 𝑡)
4 3 3 4 √3 3 2 √3 4
√ 𝑠 2 + (√4) 𝑠 2 + (√4)
4
{ } { }

𝑠+1 𝑠 1
(𝑖𝑖𝑖 ) 𝐿−1 { } = 𝐿−1 { 2 + }
𝑠2 + 2 𝑠 + 2 𝑠2 + 2

𝑠 1
= 𝐿−1 { 2+ 2}
𝑠 2 + (√2) 𝑠 2 + (√2)

𝑠 1 −1 √2 1
= 𝐿−1 { 2} + 𝐿 { 2 } = cos(√2 𝑡) + sin(√2 𝑡)
𝑠 2 + (√2) √2 𝑠 2 + (√2) √2

𝑠 2 + 6𝑠 + 9
(𝑖𝑣) 𝐿−1 { } =?
(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 − 2)(𝑠 + 4)

Solution: (𝑖𝑣) Guideline

Set
𝑠 2 + 6𝑠 + 9 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
= + + .
(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 − 2)(𝑠 + 4) 𝑠−1 𝑠−2 𝑠+4

Then,

𝑠 2 + 6𝑠 + 9 = 𝐴(𝑠 − 2)(𝑠 + 4) + 𝐵(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 + 4) + 𝐶 (𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 − 2) … … … (1)

16 25 1
𝐴=− , 𝐵= and C= .
5 6 30
16 25 1
𝑠 2+6𝑠+9 −
5 6 30
So, (𝑠−1)(𝑠−2)(𝑠+4)
= + +
𝑠−1 𝑠−2 𝑠+4

16 25 1
𝑠 2 + 6𝑠 + 9 − 5
𝐿−1 { −1
} =𝐿 { + 6 + 30 }
(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 − 2)(𝑠 + 4) 𝑠−1 𝑠−2 𝑠+4

16 −1 1 25 −1 1 1 −1 1
=− 𝐿 { } + 𝐿 { }+ 𝐿 { }
5 𝑠−1 6 𝑠−2 30 𝑠+4
 𝑠 2 + 6𝑠 + 9 16 𝑡 25 −1 2𝑡 1 −4𝑡
∴ 𝐿−1 { }=− 𝑒 + 𝐿 𝑒 + 𝑒
(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 − 2)(𝑠 + 4) 5 6 30

Practice Exercises:
4 6 1 1
(𝑖 ) 𝐿−1 { 2
− 4− + 2 }
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠−2 𝑠 −2

4 6 1 1
= 𝐿−1 { 2 } − 𝐿−1 { 4 } − 𝐿−1 { } + 𝐿−1 { 2 } ; since 𝐿−1 is linear.
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠−2 𝑠 −2

1 1 1 1
= 4 𝐿−1 { 2 } − 6 𝐿−1 { 4 } − 𝐿−1 { } + 𝐿−1 { 2 }
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠−2 𝑠 −2

1 6 −1 3! 1 1 −1 √2 𝑘
= 4 𝐿−1 { 2 } − 𝐿 { 3+1 } − 𝐿−1 { }+ 𝐿 { 2} ; Idea:
𝑠 3! 𝑠 𝑠−2 √2 𝑠 2 − (√2) 𝑠2 − 𝑘2

4 6 1 1 1
∴ 𝐿−1 { 2
− 4− + 2 } = 4𝑡 − 𝑡 3 − 𝑒 2𝑡 + sinh(√2 𝑡)
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠−2 𝑠 −2 √2

5𝑠 − 2 5𝑠 2
(𝑖𝑖 ) 𝐿−1 { 2
} = 𝐿−1 { 2 − 2 }
4𝑠 + 3 4𝑠 + 3 4𝑠 + 3

5𝑠 2
= 𝐿−1 { − }
3 3
4 (𝑠 2 + 4) 4 (𝑠 2 + 4)

5𝑠 2
= 𝐿−1 { } − 𝐿−1 { }
2 3 2 3
4 (𝑠 + 4) 4 (𝑠 + 4)

5 −1 𝑠 1 1
= 𝐿 { } − 𝐿−1 { }
4 3 2 3
𝑠2 + 4 𝑠2 + 4
 √3
5 𝑠 1 1 −1 2
= 𝐿−1 2 − ∙ 𝐿 2
4 √3 2 √3 √3
𝑠2 +( 2 ) 2 𝑠2 +( 2 )
{ } { }
5 √3 1 2 √3
= cos ( 𝑡) − ∙ sin ( 𝑡)
4 2 2 √3 2
5𝑠 − 2 5 √3 1 √3
∴ 𝐿−1 { } = cos ( 𝑡) − sin ( 𝑡)
4𝑠 2 + 3 4 2 √3 2

Transform of Derivatives

Recall: Definition of Laplace Transform:

∞

𝐹 (𝑠) = 𝐿{𝑓(𝑡) } = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 … … … (∗)

0

For the derivative of 𝑓 (𝑡), the Laplace of 𝑓 ′ (𝑡):

∞

𝐿{𝑓 (𝑡)} = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 ′ (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡

′

[For simplicity of calculation, we will treat infinity as a number]

Here,

∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 ′ (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 ; [Set, 𝑢 = 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 & 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑓 ′ (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 → 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑠𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 & 𝑣 = 𝑓(𝑡)]

= 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡) − ∫ 𝑓(𝑡) [−𝑠𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 ] 𝑑𝑡

= 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡) + 𝑠 ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡

∴ ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 ′ (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 (𝑡) + 𝑠 ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡

Recall the formulas:

(𝑖 ) ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑢

𝑏 𝑏

(𝑖𝑖 ) ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = [ 𝑢𝑣]𝑏𝑎 − ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑢
𝑎 𝑎
Therefore,
∞ ∞
′(
𝐿{𝑓 𝑡)} = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 ′(
𝑓 𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = [𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
𝑓(𝑡)]∞
0 + 𝑠 ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
0 0

For 𝑠 > 0, lim 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 = 0 , 𝑒 0 = 1

𝑡→∞
∞
and
= 0 − 𝑓(0) + 𝑠 ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 ; ∞
0
𝐹(𝑠) = 𝐿{𝑓(𝑡)} = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
[ 0 ]

∴ 𝐿{𝑓 ′ (𝑡)} = 𝑠𝐹 (𝑠) − 𝑓(0) for 𝑠 > 0.

Similarly, we can find that

∴ 𝐿{𝑓 ′′ (𝑡)} = 𝑠 2 𝐹 (𝑠) − 𝑠𝑓(0) − 𝑓 ′ (0) for 𝑠 > 0.
Hence, we have,

Question: Evaluate 𝐿{𝑓 ′ (𝑡)} and 𝐿{𝑓 ′′ (𝑡)} ∗∗∗∗, 𝑒𝑡𝑐.

Steps in solving an 𝐈𝐕𝐏 by the Laplace transform:

Example 1: Solve the IVP:
𝑦 ′′ + 9𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑡 , 𝑦(0) = 0, 𝑦 ′ (0) = 0.

Notes:
(𝑖 ) 𝐿{𝑓 ′ (𝑡)} = 𝑠𝐹 (𝑠) − 𝑓(0) and 𝐿{𝑓 ′′ (𝑡)} = 𝑠 2 𝐹 (𝑠) − 𝑠𝑓(0) − 𝑓 ′ (0) for 𝑠 > 0.
(𝑖𝑖 ) 𝑦 ′′ = 𝑦 ′′ (𝑡), 𝑦 = 𝑦(𝑡) and 𝐿{𝑦(𝑡)} = 𝑌(𝑠) & 𝐿{𝑦 ′′ (𝑡)} = 𝑠 2 𝑌(𝑠) − 𝑠𝑦(0) − 𝑦 ′ (0)

Solution: Given
𝑦 ′′ + 9𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑡 … … … (1)

Applying Laplace transform on both sides of (1):

𝐿{𝑦 ′′ (𝑡) + 9𝑦(𝑡)} = 𝐿{𝑒 𝑡 }

→ 𝐿{𝑦 ′′ (𝑡)} + 9 𝐿{𝑦(𝑡)} = 𝐿{𝑒 𝑡 }
1
→ 𝑠 2 𝑌(𝑠) − 𝑠𝑦(0) − 𝑦 ′ (0) + 9𝑌(𝑠) =
𝑠−1
1
→ 𝑠 2 𝑌(𝑠) − 𝑠(0) − 0 + 9𝑌(𝑠) = ; 𝑦(0) = 0, 𝑦 ′ (0) = 0.
𝑠−1
1
→ 𝑠 2 𝑌(𝑠) + 9𝑌(𝑠) =
𝑠−1
1
→ 𝑌(𝑠)(𝑠 2 + 9) =
𝑠−1
1
∴ 𝑌(𝑠) = … … … (2)
(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 2 + 9)

Applying inverse Laplace transform on both sides of (2):

1
𝐿−1 {𝑌(𝑠)} = 𝐿−1 { } … … … (3)
(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 2 + 9)

1 𝐴 𝐵𝑠+𝐶
Set (𝑠−1)(𝑠 2 +9)
= +
𝑠−1 𝑠 2 +9

→ 1 = 𝐴(𝑠 2 + 9) + (𝐵𝑠 + 𝐶)(𝑠 − 1) → 1 = 𝐴𝑠 2 + 9𝐴 + 𝐵𝑠 2 + 𝐶𝑠 − 𝐵𝑠 − 𝐶

→ 0𝑠 2 + 0𝑠 + 1 = (𝐴 + 𝐵)𝑠 2 + (𝐶 − 𝐵)𝑠 + (9𝐴 − 𝐶)

Equating coefficients from both sides:
𝐴 + 𝐵 = 0, 𝐶−𝐵 =0 , 9𝐴 − 𝐶 = 1 → 𝐴 = −𝐵, 𝐶 = 𝐵 and 𝐶 = 9𝐴 − 1
So, 𝐶 = −𝐴 and 𝐶 = 9𝐴 − 1 → −𝐴 = 9𝐴 − 1
 1 1
∴ 𝐴= , 𝐵=− =𝐶
10 10
Hence,
1 1 1
1 10 − 10 𝑠 − 10 1 1 1 𝑠+1
2
= + 2
= −
(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 + 9) 𝑠−1 𝑠 +9 10 𝑠 − 1 10 𝑠 2 + 9
1 1 1 𝑠 1 1
= − −
10 𝑠 − 1 10 𝑠 2 + 9 10 𝑠 2 + 9

1 1 1 1 𝑠 1 3
∴ 2
= − 2 2
−
(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 + 9) 10 𝑠 − 1 10 𝑠 + 3 30 𝑠 + 32
2

From (3):

1
𝐿−1 {𝑌(𝑠)} = 𝐿−1 { }
(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 2 + 9)
1 1 1 𝑠 1 3
⇒ 𝐿−1 {𝑌(𝑠)} = 𝐿−1 { − 2 2
− }
10 𝑠 − 1 10 𝑠 + 3 30 𝑠 + 32
2

1 1 1 𝑠 1 3
⇒ 𝐿−1 {𝑌(𝑠)} = 𝐿−1 { } − 𝐿−1 { 2 2
} − 𝐿−1 { }
10 𝑠 − 1 10 𝑠 + 3 30 𝑠 + 32
2

1 −1 1 1 −1 𝑠 1 3
⇒ 𝐿−1 {𝑌(𝑠)} = 𝐿 { }− 𝐿 { 2 } − 𝐿−1 { 2 }
10 𝑠−1 10 𝑠 + 32 30 𝑠 + 32

1 𝑡 1 1
∴ 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑒 − cos(3𝑡) − sin(3𝑡)
10 10 30

Example 2: Solve the IVP:

𝑦 ′′ − 4𝑦 ′ = 6𝑒 3𝑡 − 3𝑒 −𝑡 , 𝑦(0) = 1, 𝑦 ′ (0) = −1.
Notes:
(𝑖 ) 𝐿{𝑓 ′ (𝑡)} = 𝑠𝐹 (𝑠) − 𝑓(0) and 𝐿{𝑓 ′′ (𝑡)} = 𝑠 2 𝐹 (𝑠) − 𝑠𝑓(0) − 𝑓 ′ (0) for 𝑠 > 0.
(𝑖𝑖 ) 𝑦 ′′ = 𝑦 ′′ (𝑡), 𝑦 = 𝑦(𝑡) and 𝐿{𝑦(𝑡)} = 𝑌(𝑠) & 𝐿{𝑦 ′′ (𝑡)} = 𝑠 2 𝑌(𝑠) − 𝑠𝑦(0) − 𝑦 ′ (0)

Solution: Given IVP:

𝑦 ′′ − 4𝑦 ′ = 6𝑒 3𝑡 − 3𝑒 −𝑡 … … … (1)

AND 𝑦(0) = 1, 𝑦 ′ (0) = −1.

Apply the Laplace transform on both sides of DE (1):

𝐿{𝑦 ′′ (𝑡) − 4𝑦 ′ (𝑡)} = 𝐿{6𝑒 3𝑡 − 3𝑒 −𝑡 }

⇒ 𝐿{𝑦 ′′ (𝑡)} − 4 𝐿{𝑦 ′ (𝑡)} = 6 𝐿{𝑒 3𝑡 } − 3 𝐿{𝑒 −𝑡 }

1 1
⇒ 𝑠2 𝑌(𝑠) − 𝑠𝑦(0) − 𝑦′ (0) − 4 [𝑠𝑌(𝑠) − 𝑦(0)] = 6 −3
𝑠−3 𝑠+1
6(𝑠 + 1) − 3(𝑠 − 3)
⇒ 𝑠2 𝑌(𝑠) − 𝑠(1) − (−1) − 4𝑠𝑌(𝑠) + 4(1) =
(𝑠 − 3)(𝑠 + 1)
3𝑠 + 15
⇒ 𝑠2 𝑌(𝑠) − 𝑠 + 1 − 4𝑠𝑌(𝑠) + 4 =
(𝑠 − 3)(𝑠 + 1)
3𝑠 + 15
⇒ 𝑌(𝑠)(𝑠2 − 4𝑠) = +𝑠−5
(𝑠 − 3)(𝑠 + 1)
3𝑠 + 15 𝑠−5
⇒ 𝑌(𝑠) = + 2
(𝑠2 − 4𝑠)(𝑠 − 3)(𝑠 + 1) (𝑠 − 4𝑠)
3𝑠 + 15 (𝑠 − 4) − 1
⇒ 𝑌(𝑠) = +
𝑠(𝑠 − 4)(𝑠 − 3)(𝑠 + 1) 𝑠(𝑠 − 4)
3𝑠 + 15 1 1
⇒ 𝑌(𝑠) = + −
𝑠(𝑠 − 4)(𝑠 − 3)(𝑠 + 1) 𝑠 𝑠(𝑠 − 4)
3𝑠 + 15 1 1 4
⇒ 𝑌(𝑠) = + −
𝑠(𝑠 − 4)(𝑠 − 3)(𝑠 + 1) 𝑠 4 𝑠(𝑠 − 4)
3𝑠 + 15 1 1 𝑠 − (𝑠 − 4)
⇒ 𝑌(𝑠) = + −
𝑠(𝑠 − 4)(𝑠 − 3)(𝑠 + 1) 𝑠 4 𝑠(𝑠 − 4)
3𝑠 + 15 1 1 1 1 1
⇒ 𝑌 (𝑠) = + − +
𝑠(𝑠 − 4)(𝑠 − 3)(𝑠 + 1) 𝑠 4 𝑠−4 4 𝑠

3𝑠 + 15 5 1 1 1
∴ 𝑌(𝑠) = + ∙ − ∙ … … … . (2)
𝑠(𝑠 − 4)(𝑠 − 3)(𝑠 + 1) 4 𝑠 4 𝑠−4

Set,
3𝑠 + 15 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
= + + +
𝑠(𝑠 − 4)(𝑠 − 3)(𝑠 + 1) 𝑠 𝑠−4 𝑠−3 𝑠+1

[Find the values of 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶, 𝐷]

From (2):
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷 5 1 1 1
𝑌(𝑠) = + + + + ∙ − ∙ … … … (3)
𝑠 𝑠−4 𝑠−3 𝑠+1 4 𝑠 4 𝑠−4
[Insert the values of 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶, 𝐷 in (3)]
Apply the inverse Laplace transform on both sides of DE (3):
5 1
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑒 4𝑡 + 𝐶𝑒 3𝑡 + 𝐷𝑒 −𝑡 + − 𝑒 4𝑡 (need to combine like terms)
4 4

FINISH!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Practice: Solve the IVP 𝑦′′ + 5𝑦′ + 9𝑦 = 0, 𝑦(0) = 1, 𝑦′ (0) = 0.

Quiz 2 Section 4.7 and 5.1 ; On 6 th May, 2024.

Class Performance:
1. Find 𝐿{cos(3𝑡)} and 𝐿{sinh(2𝑡)}.

2. Evaluate 𝐿{𝑓 ′′ (𝑡)}