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The document outlines the 'Ethics Marks Maximisation Mains Program 2024', detailing the essence of ethics, its relationship with morality, laws, and religion. It emphasizes that ethics is a system of principles guiding right and wrong, distinct from laws and personal preferences, and highlights the importance of ethical behavior in society. The program also discusses conflicts between ethics and laws, providing examples and the influence of ethics on legal frameworks.

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ETHICS MARKS MAXIMISATION MAINS PROGRAM 2024 ETHICS MARKS MAXIMISATION MAINS PROGRAM 2024

Under the Guidance of M K YADAV Sir & PEEYUSH Sir Under the Guidance of M K YADAV Sir & PEEYUSH Sir

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 ESSENCE OF ETHICS

1 ESSENCE OF ETHICS 2
1.1 What is Ethics? 1.1 What is ‘Ethics’?
1.2 What Ethics is not about? • The word ‘Ethics’ is derived from the Greek word “ethos” which means character, habit, culture, etc.
1.3 Essence of Ethics • Ethics refers to the system of principles helping to distinguish between right and wrong, good and bad, or
1.4 Why be moral/ ethical at all? fair and unfair. It is a continuously evolving code of conduct depending upon circumstances and life
1.5 Relationship between Ethics and Morality experiences.
1.6 Relationship between Ethics and Laws
• Ethics can also be defined as a science of conduct to achieve what is ought to be good and correct, i.e., bring
1.7 Relationship between Ethics and Religion
critical and rational in one’s approach.
2 Ethics in Human Action 8
2.1 Determinants of Ethics in Human Action • “One should behave with others in the same manner as one expects others to behave with themselves” – A
2.2 Consequences of Ethics in Human Action maxim in many religions including Hinduism (Mahabharata) and Christianity, aptly depicts the definition and
3 Quotes 11 essence of ethics.
4 Previous Year Questions 11 • Ethics also means that we should not do anything in deviation from our Swabhav – intrinsic humanness.
============================================================================================
1.2 What is Ethics NOT about?
• Ethics is not religion: One can be very ethical without being religious, but cannot be religious without being
ethical. (Conflict between ethics and religion is dealt with later in this document)
• Ethics is not only about following laws but much more than that: A good legal system imbibes many ethical
standards. But it not always possible to encompass every situation, circumstance, or dilemma in the ambit
of laws. Thus, ethics would be used as a guiding torch of a person in such situations. Example: Dealing with
every type of situation of communal riots or mob violence may not be explicitly provided in the laws. A civil
servant needs to follow ethical principles of justice, impartiality, emotional intelligence, etc. to deal with
such situations.
- Also, law-making is a time taking process, especially in a democracy. Example: When there was no law
dealing with sexual harassment of women at domestic and workplaces, it was human conscience and
ethics that could guide a person to ensure the dignity of women.
• Ethics is not about “likes and dislikes”: Likes and dislikes may vary drastically from person to person but
ethics are societally or institutionally accepted principles to which one should adhere despite one’s liking
or disliking. Example: A senior in school might enjoy bullying and harassing juniors but knowing that it is
unethical, he/ she might restrain from doing so.
• Ethics is not a pure science: Science is objective whereas ethics is subjective also.

1.3 Essence of Ethics

Essence is the intrinsic quality of something that determines its character. Characteristics of Ethics are listed
below:
• Ethics cannot be shaped and sustained in isolation.
• Ethics depends on the context in which they are operating. It depends on time, place, etc. (Ethical
Relativism)
• Ethics originate from a sense of justice prevailing in society, culture, ethnic group, organization, or nation.
• Ethics are subjective i.e., they are affected by one’s emotion, perception, and conscience.
• All ethics are values but all values are not ethics. Value describes what is desirable and undesirable. Value
is descriptive. Ethics prescribes what is right and good. Ethics is prescriptive.

1.4 Why be Moral/ Ethical at all? Below is the list of some examples that show conflict between ethics and morals:
When Draupadi asked Yudhishthara that why was he being moral at all, why not start a war against the Kauravas Ethical? Moral?
to her insult and humiliation, he replied that: (Immoral for some religions and
Gay Rights/ Homosexuality (Decriminalised by SC)
• Society has created morals so that people can cooperate. individuals)
• Ethics brings balance and harmony to society. Euthanasia (Relieves the suffering of diseased) (Might lead to intentional killing)
• “I act ethically because this is what I am, and this is what I must do” – Yudhishthira (ICMR’s Ethical Guidelines for
There are some other benefits of being ethical/ moral which are listed below: Clinical Trials on Humans Biomedical Research & Human (Might lead to unintended harm)
• To avoid punishment, to gain inner peace, happiness, and faith/ trust of others in society. Participants)
Some important quotes in this regard:
• “Let the lie come in this world, let it even triumph, but not through me!” 1.6 Relationship between Ethics and Laws
• “Without ethics world will sink in bottomless darkness” – Mahabharata
(Points from positive consequences of ethics can also be included here)

1.5 Relationship between Ethics and Morality

Ethics and morals relate to “right” and “wrong” conduct. While
they are sometimes used interchangeably, they are different.
One does not need to be moral to be ethical. One can follow
ethical codes without having a moral compass. On the other
hand, one may violate ethics all the time because they believe While ethics/ morals can vary from person to person, laws apply uniformly to all and change less frequently
that something is morally right. than ethics. In case of a breach of law, the state is within its right to punish. Hence, they work as a medium of
The difference between them is shown in the table below: retributive justice. On the other hand, ethics are not enforceable.

Ethics Laws
Ethics Morality
Set of codes/ guidelines based on moral Set of rules & regulations with an aim of the
Codes/ rules of conduct defined in respect of Customs/ habits/ principles of individuals What?
Meaning principles to judge right and wrong common good of society
a particular group of humans, culture, etc. dealing with right or wrong conduct
Achieve civilized human conduct by conditioning Social Contract and promotion of common
Societal or institutional level/ External Individual/ Internal (Comes from within ⟹ Goal?
Source thoughts/ beliefs/ morals. good.
(Comes from external rules/ regulations) One’s Internal Compass)
Societal, legal, and professional norms (which
Social Morality Individual Ethics Governed by? Government (clearly defined)
Alternate names are sometimes NOT clearly defined)
(One is expected to follow them) (One strives to follow them)
Constitution, Acts, Rules/ Regulations,
Evolved from life experiences of current and Based on one’s intuitive feeling which may Sources? Social norms, Family, Education, Scriptures, etc.
Courts decrees/ judgements
Evolution
past generations also change based on past experiences
Order in society and avoid chaos (‘When
Face peer/ societal disapproval and/ or legal Doing something against one’s morals can Needed for? Change, order, peace, and reform in society
What if we don’t ethics collapse, laws fill the void’)
action make one uncomfortable, remorseful,
follow? Failure to abide Punishments/ fine/ penalties may be
depressed, etc. Usually, come with NO punishment/ fine
results in? imposed
Final decision on the ethicality of an act is taken Courts (Judicial) or Tribunals (quasi-judicial
Sometimes, there could be a conflict between Ethics (of group/ society) and Morals (of individuals). This conflict
Decision Making? by individuals’ conscience or society (indirectly bodies) take the final decision on the
also results in social reforms in society. Examples:
via boycott, etc.) legality of an action
• Raja Rammohan Roy: His morals were against the practice of Sati which was considered ethical at that time.
He fought for its elimination from society. Eventually, Sati was banned by Britishers. Ethically acceptable can also be acceptable to Legally acceptable need not be Ethically
Relationship
• Mahatma Gandhi: Gandhiji’s morals were against untouchability (so were BR Ambedkar’s) and he worked the law acceptable too.
towards the upliftment of Harijans and elimination of this social evil. Eventually, Article 17 provided for the Ethics are flexible & change with requirements Laws are relatively rigid (not readily
Flexibility
abolition of Untouchability and forbidden its practice in any form. of time and location. changed)

Sometimes, there could be a conflict between ethics and laws. Law is generally framed on the concept of uniform • “Law should not be treated as end in itself but a mean to achieve good conduct”
general standards. Such conflicts can be seen in the below table: • “A society cannot be made strong only by making the strong laws, but when it has people with good
character” – Swami Vivekananda
Legal but NOT Ethical Ethical but NOT Legal
1. Section 377 of IPC (criminalized homosexuality) ⟹ 1. Acts of Civil Disobedience (Dandi March and Salt 1.7 Relationship between Ethics and Religion
Decriminalised by SC recently. Satyagraha) [Violating unjust laws]
Religions are sets of moral principles which guide society. Therefore, religion has a profound influence on ethics
2. Marital Sex against consent (not illegal in India) 2. Talking on the phone to Mother (who is having a
but ethics is not religion. They have the following differences:
3. Transgenders need certification of identification panic attack) while driving might be considered
from District Collector/ Magistrate (goes against ethical Ethics Religion
their Right to Self Determination as propounded by 3. Abortion demanded by a minor rape victim beyond Based on wisdom/ rationality/ reasoning/ logic Based on faith
SC in the National Legal Services Authority v Union 24 weeks of pregnancy may be ethical but it is Can be questioned NOT generally questioned
of India Case, 2014) legally wrong (Medical Termination of Pregnancy Based on critical thinking Based on devotion and love
Act). Even the SC has intervened in many such cases Ethics is not static, it keeps changing over time There is a sense of rigidity in religion
to allow abortion if doing so didn’t pose any threat
to the life of the mother. • Religion can also be questioned. Example: Socio-religious reforms in India in mid 19th century by reformists
4. Release of confidential information about the US like Raja Rammohan Roy, Swami Vivekananda, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, etc.
government surveillance programs by Edward • Sometimes, things held religiously moral by the people in their individual capacity might not be ethical.
Snowden. Examples:
- Sati (Abolished in 1829 by law)
• In some instances, when ethics is in contrast to the law, people tend to break the law to be accountable - No entry of women of particular age group in Sabarimala Temple (Supreme Court recently allowed entry
to their human conscience. Example: Gandhiji broke the salt law during Salt Satyagraha (Civil Disobedience of women of all ages)
Movement) because, in his view, it was sinful to tax salt since it is such as an essential item of food that is - Casteism/ Untouchability
used by the rich or the poor person in the same quantity. - Triple Talaq (Annuled by Supreme Court recently)
• Influence of Ethics/ Morals on the Laws: Since every law originates from a system of values and beliefs, - Pardah System/ Burkha wearing (Against Right to dignity of women)
every law is an instance of legislating Morality. Some examples in which laws are shaped by ethics and • At the same time, some acts are sanctioned immoral by some religions whereas they are considered ethical.
morals prevailing in society are listed below: Examples:
- Anti-Corruption Movement (2011) by Anna Hazare and associates led to the introduction of the Lokpal - Abortion is considered immoral in some religions but it is ethical if done for genuine reasons (since it
Bill, 2011 which became an act ib 2013. upholds the Right to self-determination of motherhood).
- Triple Talaq Case: - Homosexuality is immoral as per many religions but it is widely accepted to be ethical (Supreme Court
- Raja Rammohan Roy: His morals were against the practice of Sati which was considered ethical at that decriminalized Section 377).
time. He fought for its elimination from society. Eventually, Sati was banned through Bengal Sati - LGBTQ+ (Lesbian, Gay, Transgender, and Queer) Rights considered immoral in some religions but held
Regulation, 1829. ethical (Transgenders Rights Act and NLSA Judgement of SC).
- Mahatma Gandhi: Gandhiji’s morals were against untouchability (so were BR Ambedkar’s) and he
Subsequently, we can conclude that ethics is influenced by morality, values, laws, religion, and social norms but
worked towards the upliftment of Harijans and elimination of this social evil. Eventually, it was banned
in different magnitude and ways.
under Article 17 of the Constitution and Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955.
• Ethics & Morality: Morality of individuals determines the strength of the ethics of society.
• “Law sets the minimum standard of human behavior while ethics sets the maximum standard of human
• Ethics & Values: Strength of values of individuals determines the strength of ethics.
behavior.”
• Ethics & Laws: Ethics determines the effectiveness of laws. Whether the society is law-abiding is not
• Influence of Law on Ethics/ Morals: Law can also influence the ethics of society through socialization and
determined by harshness or enforcement of laws but due to its values and ethics.
the building up of habit patterns (Habits ⟹ Determine Character ⟹ Conduct). Example: Following Traffic
• Ethics & Religion: Religion may or may not determine ethics, however, almost every universal value is
laws may become a habit & ethic for a child whose parents always follow the same.
propagated by most of the religions around the world.
Some useful insights on the debate on a fine balance between law and ethics: - Dalai Lama propagates Secular Ethics (Ethical principles based on human values & not religion)
• “Good people do not need law. But bad people will always find their way around the law” – Plato ⟹
Example: Taxpaying in India (Chartered Accountants and taxpayers find loopholes in the law to avoid paying ============================================================================================
taxes or reduce their tax liability)

Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013; Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961, etc. set
2 ETHICS IN HUMAN ACTION minimal standards for ethical treatment towards women in society.
- Role of Government: Indian Government is using nudge to promote cleanliness (Swachh Bharat
2.1 Determinants Of Ethics In Human Action Abhiyan); ethics in civil services (Aarambh foundation course), etc.
Ethics is based on established standards (set of logic, reasonings, and conditions). - Role of Judiciary: Example: Social morality upheld by Courts in Sabarimala Case, Triple Talaq Case, etc.
• Psychological Determinants - Political system also determines the ethics of society.
- Human Conscience & Intuition: The ethical or value system one holds depends on the mental make- - The concept of Ram Rajya given by Gandhiji is more of an ethical concept rather than being a
up and conscience of the individual. Governance model. It envisages virtue, morality, and justice as core ideals for day-to-day interactions
- Purpose & Intention of Human action. between citizen and citizen and state and citizen.
- Self-Motivation & Conviction towards certain morals and ideals. • Religious Determinants: Every religion advocates universal peace and ethical practices. They teach how
• Personal Determinants: one should behave in society and how an ideal society ought to be.
- Social Influencers like Rousseau, Voltaire (French Revolution) promoted “Liberty, Equality & Fraternity”, • Organizational Determinants:
Arya Samaj & Brahma Samaj worked towards socio-religious reforms, etc. - The relative importance of ethics and ethical values of a person working in the Department of Space
- Role Models/ Celebrities/ Famous Personalities also help to determine the conduct of their followers (confidentiality, scientific temper, etc.) may vary from a person working in the Ministry of Education
or inspires them to be ethical. Example: Mahatma Gandhi taught the masses to be non-violent during (social welfare, determination to public service, etc.)
the freedom struggle. - Work Culture of the organization also determines ethics: If the work culture of a company promotes
• [Socio-Cultural Determinants] Place (Spatial Ethical Relativism): The ethics is also determined by the decentralization of work, then the employees would have values of teamwork, cooperation, and
external environment one grows up in, which includes family, school, etc. collaboration.
- Role of Parenting/ Family: Family is the first interaction where a child's personality develops since birth.
Today’s Children are tomorrow’s citizens. Therefore, it's of utmost importance that the family teaches 2.2 Consequences of Ethics in Human Action
what is ethically correct.
Ethics works like electricity – it cannot be seen but its impact can be felt and observed. 2nd ARC also mentions in
- Role of Schooling: Schools are often considered as a second home and teachers have status equivalent
its report that “No individual, society, or nation can progress without embracing ethics”. Consequences of ethics in
to parents in India. Thus, it becomes highly essential for schools to act as institutions of ethical
various dimensions are provided in the table below:
education.
- Culture: Culture has a profound effect on shaping the value system of individuals. Example: Western
Positive Consequences of Ethics Negative Consequences (ABSENCE of Ethics)
culture is based on individualism whereas Indian culture is based on universalism (‘Sarve Jana Sukhino
• Fulfill basic human needs
Bhavantu’ = May all be happy and prosperous). • Moral Analysis (without ethics, people • Petty crimes
• Time as a determinant: Different individuals, societies, and cultures have different sets of moral codes of would do cost-benefit analysis) • Stalking + Acid Attacks + Domestic
conduct at different times. • Selflessness (#Self4Society) Violence
- What was once ethical may not be ethical today (Sati) and what was once unethical may be ethical Individual
• Confidence building (whistleblowers) • Dowry deaths
Level
today (Homosexuality and LGBTQ rights). • Decision making (withdrawal of NCM by • Uncontrolled/ Unchecked Hedonistic
• Circumstances/ Situation as a determinant (Situational Ethics): Stealing is unethical. But a poor mother Gandhiji post-Chauri-Chaura) tendencies (pleasure-seeking)
stealing to feed her 3-year-old daughter reduces the unethically of the act. In such situations, ethics bring • Improves critical thinking • Mass cheating in exams
subjectivity as it often makes morality subjective. • Self-realization & self-actualization
- Example: Heinz Dilemma: A husband faced a dilemma of stealing medicines or his wife would die due • Building credibility and trust (like TATA
to illness. He could steal for his wife’s life or let her die if his values ask him not to steal. Group, UPSC, RBI, etc.) • Corruption
- On the other hand, Bhagat Singh refused to apologize for his actions and accepted the death penalty • Increases Brand Value • Tax Evasion ⟹ Transfer Pricing
Organizational • Improved Work culture • Nepotism & Favoritism
even though Britishers offered him a free pass if he had apologized.
Level • Low employee turnover (less number of • Crony Capitalism
• Consequences of Human Action (Consequentialist Approach) also determine the ethics of human action.
employees leave the organization) • Destruction of Work Culture
• Use of Means (Kantianism): In Heinz Dilemma, if the husband steals then it would be unethical as per the
• CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) ⟹ • Glass Ceiling
Kantian approach as stealing (means) are not correct. Capitalist Socialism
• Political and Governance-level Determinants: • Casteism
- Constitution and laws: They set the minimal ethical standards of human behavior amongst the citizens. • Securing Society ⟹ Order, Peace, and
Social Level • Regionalism
stability in society
Example: Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005; Sexual Harassment of Women at • Communalism

• Social Capital: Quality & strength of • Vigilantism & Mobocracy

relations among people of society • Crimes against women/ children/ elderly 3 QUOTES
• Egoism (Self-Interest) to Altruism (Selfless • Organized Crimes ⟹ Human Trafficking
work) • “A serious defect in the school system is the absence of provision for education in social, moral, and spiritual
• Civil Wars (Libya, Arab Spring, Yemen, values.” – Kothari Commission
• International Peace & Harmony
etc.)
(‘Vasudhaiv Kutumbakam’) • “A society cannot be made strong only by making the strong laws, but when it has people with good
• Hard Power (China’s debt trap)
• Soft Power (Humanitarian & character” – Swami Vivekananda
• Matsya Raj (‘Big fish eats smaller ones’)
International Developmental Assistance by India to
• Protectionism • “Atmanh pratikulani paresham na samachary” (Do not do what you don’t want to be done unto you)
Level African countries)
• Nuclear threats & tensions between USA • “Paropkarah punaya papay parpeedhanam” (Helping and serving others incurs punya (good karma) and on
• Democracy the contrary hurting others incurs papa (sin – bad karma)).
& North Korea
• Elimination of weapons of mass • “Desire, anger, and greed are the gateways to the hell” – Bhagavad Gita
• Refugee crisis (Rohingya)
destruction (NPT, CTBT, etc.)
• International Terrorism
• ‘Politics with principles’ • Criminalization of Politics
Political Level • Government of the people, for the people, • Politicization of Criminals 4 PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS
and by the people • Political Defection due to Horse Trading
• Crony Capitalism; • Some people feel that values keep changing with time and situation, while others strongly believe that
• Equality • Wealth without work (Corruption); there are certain universal and eternal human values. Give your perception in this regard with due
Economic Level
• Inclusive Growth • Economic Inequalities (Concentration of justification. (2013)
Wealth & resources) • What does ethics seek to promote in human life? Why is it all the more important in public administration?
• Extinction of flora and fauna (2014)
Environmental • Harmony with wildlife and nature • Increased levels of pollution
• All human beings aspire for happiness. Do you agree? What does happiness mean to you? Explain with
Level • Landscape approach • Developed countries are not taking
examples. (2014)
responsibility
• Social Values are more important than economic values. Discuss the above statement with examples in the
context of the inclusive growth of a nation. (2015)
===========================================================================================
• Differentiate between the following: (a) Law and Ethics; (b) Ethical Management and Management of
Ethics; (c) Discrimination and Preferential Treatment; (d) Personal Ethics and Professional Ethics. (2015)
• Laws and ethics are considered to be two tools of controlling human conduct to make it conducive to
civilized social existence. (a) Discuss how they achieve this objective. (b) Giving examples, show how the
two differ in their approaches. (2016)
• “Without commonly shared and widely entrenched moral values and obligations, neither the law, nor the
democratic government, nor even the market economy will function properly.” What do you understand
by this statement? Explain with illustration in contemporary times. (2017)
• Explain how ethics contributes to social and human well-being. (2017)
• “Man is but a product of his thoughts. What he thinks he becomes.” – Mahatma Gandhi. What do you
understand by this statement? Explain with illustration in contemporary times. (2019)
• ‘The current internet expansion has instilled a different set of cultural values which are often in conflict with
traditional values.’ Discuss. (2020)
• Discuss the role of ethics and values in enhancing the following three major components of Comprehensive
National Power (CNP) viz. human capital, soft power (culture and policies) and social harmony. (2020)
• Distinguish between laws and rules. Discuss the role of ethics in formulating them. (2020)
• It is believed that adherence to ethics in human actions would ensure in smooth functioning of an
organization/system. If so, what does ethics seek to promote in human life? How do ethical values assist in
the resolution of conflicts faced by him in his day-to-day functioning? (2022)
• Ethics is knowing the difference between what you have the right to do and what is right to do.’-Potter
Stewart . (2022)

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 DIMENSIONS OF ETHICS 3 1 DIMENSIONS OF ETHICS
1.1 Ethical Absolutism vs Ethical Relativism 3
1.2 Applied Ethics 4 1.1 DIMENSIONS OF ETHICS
2 PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS 14

============================================================================================ DIMENSIONS OF ETHICS

THEORETICAL APPLIED

• NORMATIVE ETHICS (Concerned with prescribing

how people ought to behave ethically) • Environmental Ethics
• DESCRIPTIVE ETHICS (Concerned with describing • Media Ethics
how people behave and/or what sorts of moral • Biomedical Ethics
standards they claim to follow.) • Political Ethics
• META ETHICS (Concerned with nature, scope, and • Technology Ethics
meaning of ethical judgements)

THEORETICAL DIMENSIONS

NORMATIVE DESCRIPTIVE META

• VIRTUE ETHICS (Emphasis on character • About Ethics itself

• Ethical Relativism
& motivation) • Abstract Philosophical
• Ethical Absolutism
• DEONTOLOGICAL ETHICS (Duty-Based Questions
with emphasis on manner of action)
• TELEOLOGICAL ETHICS
(Consequentialism; Emphasis on
outcome of action)

(The theoretical aspects of Normative & Meta Ethics to be discussed in the lecture on “Moral Thinkers of World”)

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• Demerits:
- Neglects cultural diversity: Absolutism neglects diversity and seems intolerant of cultural diversity.
It might give rise to communalism, ethnic and regional nationalism, etc.
- Neglects the circumstances: Sometimes situations are such that it becomes difficult to base the
decision on some universal ethical standards. Example: The decision to allow abortion to a pregnant
minor rape victim cannot be solely based on the universal moral principle that taking opportunity from
a potential life form to grow is immoral. If a minor rape victim wishes to abort then it would be
appropriate to allow it because the pregnancy was not as per her will.
- Debate on what morals should be absolute since all sources of morality be it religion, philosophy, etc.
are open to human interpretation.
- Difficulty to abide: Absolutism is harsh and has a high compliance cost. The laws and ethical standards
Good Human character • Means = Ends (Actions/ Means • Ends are given more prevalence.
have to be obeyed no matter the consequences to the individual.
guides good action should be ends in themselves) - Resisit growth and development: The rigidity of Absolutism to follow laws no matter what increases
the cost of doing business and reduces the ease.
• Selflessness (‘Nishkam • Producing maximum happiness & least
Karma’) unhappiness for largest number of people
Ethical Relativism states moral standards are dependent on contexts and nothing is innately right nor wrong.
• Ethical Absolutism • Ethical Relativism
It advocates that there is no objective knowledge as all knowledge depends on the perception of
people. Therefore, whether an action is right can depend on the context (such as culture or situation) in which
it takes place. Example: It is immoral in some countries (like Saudi Arabia) for women to go outside without
covering their faces (burkha or hijab} while it is perfectly normal in most territories.

• Merits:
- Promotes all forms of diversity: It allows for a wide variety of cultures and practices. It even allows
people to adapt ethically to changes in society – cultural, intellectual, or technological.
- Allows catering to the special needs such as. CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility), Reservation for
Credit: Basicmedicalkey.com
EWS reservation (moving beyond caste-based reservation as advised by Supreme Court), etc.
- Promotes tolerance in society which ensures peace and harmony.
• Demerits:
- No universal set of ethical standards: Relativism also does not allow for the existence of an absolute
set of ethics.
- Problem of Self-Contradiction: Slavery and Sati are banned in India today and not socially acceptable
and correct. But if after, say 100 years, Sati or slavery becomes acceptable again, then it would create
1.2 ETHICAL ABSOLUTISM VS ETHICAL RELATIVISM a contradictory set of right and wrong in society regarding the same issue.
- Undermines the possibility of society being self-critical: Sometimes, some intellectually or morally
Ethical Absolutism states that moral values are fixed regardless of time, place, and the people concerned. It advanced group of individuals (Raja Rammohan Roy) might think ahead of time about the morality of
holds that some things are wrong from an objective point of view, not just from viewpoint of few people. acts like Sati. But society would tend to inhibit their morality on grounds that it is moral for others
Example: Actions such as murder and stealing are seen as objectively wrong, regardless of their circumstance (larger groups of people) in the society.
or consequences. - Promotes Anarchy and Authoritarianism: People can follow their own moral code because there is no
• Merits: absolute “wrong” or “right”. One could steal anything if they see stealing as “right” to do. There would
- Brings stability in government: Governments can set some standards of conduct for the citizens since be no way to protect people in such a society. It creates a Darwinian system, where only the strongest
Absolutism allows for a fixed ethical code. can survive.
- Promotes objectivity and impartiality in governance - Limits moral progress and progress of humanity
- Ensures Universal Bill of Rights like Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), 1948; Fundamental
Rights in Indian Constitution, etc.

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• Pardah System • Relatively more social empowerment

Ethical Absolutism/ Universalism Ethical Relativism
• Discrimination in entry to the temples • SC upheld the right of women of all ages to
(Ethical Objectivity) (Ethical Subjectivity)
(Sabarimala issue) enter Sabarimala Temple & exercise the
States that certain rights & wrongs are different Right to worship
States that certain rights and wrongs are
Meaning for different individuals or cultures of different
FIXED for all people at all times. Role of Mix of Socialism & Capitalism (facilitation
times Democratic/ Gandhian Socialism
Government role post the 1991 LPG Reforms)
Nature Unconditional Situational
Non-violence is mentioned in the
• UDHR (Universal Declaration on Human • Cultural Relativism (“When in Rome, do as the Imperialistic tendencies of Japan in World
Violence Constitution of Japan (post-Hiroshima-
Types/ Rights), 1948 Romans do”) War I and II.
Nagasaki incident)
Examples • Honesty, Justice, Equality, Tolerance, • Individual Relativism
Freedom, Peace • Temporal Relativism Spatial/ Cultural Relativism (Changing Ethics with Place/ Culture)
• Encourages cultural diversity ⟹ Promotres
• Fixed ethical code to measure actions Tolerance & open-mindedness. Ethical behavior Unethical behavior
Advantages/ • Universality in approach • Flexible approach (Even our constitution is Ethical/ Legal in most of the developed/ Abortion is prohibited in Madagascar, Egypt,
Abortion
Strengths • Fairness (as same rules apply to all in all subject to change through amendments) developing countries the Philippines, etc.
circumstances) • Allows catering to special needs like EWS Proactive role of India in international treaties Withdrawal of the USA from the Paris Deal
Reservation, CSR, etc. Environment
to protect the environment and non-ratification of Kyoto Protocol
• Promotes Authoritarianism ⟹ May lead to
• Doesn’t
take into account the Legal/ Ethical in India for the criminals involved
state sponsorship of unethical acts like the Unethical and mostly avoided in western
circumstantial evidence Death Penalty in the heinous crimes (rarest of the rare crime
Disadvantages killing of Jews by Nazis under the Hitler countries like UK, Netherlands, etc.
• Intolerant to cultural diversity doctrine of SC)
/ Weaknesses regime in Germany.
• Doesn’t allow for a lesser evil • Monarchy is ethical in North Korea.
• Reduces the scope of criticism since everyone Form of • Monarchy is unethical in India, the USA, etc.
• Resists growth and development • Democracy is ethical in India and Communism
thinks they did the right thing Government • Communism is not ethical in India.
in China
• It’s okay to kill in the self-defense
• Always wrong to kill someone
Examples • Euthanasia helps in relieving the pain of a
• Euthanasia amounts to murder
loved one Situational Relativism (Changing Ethics with the situation)
• Absolutists say that Hiroshima & Nagasaki incident was 100% wrong. But if the war
Case Study
continued, it would have killed many more. Ethical behavior Unethical behavior
• Ethical when a minor girl is pregnant due to
• Unethical when it is a sex-selective abortion and
Abortion rape/ sexual assault
Temporal Relativism (Changing Ethics over time) amounts to female foeticide
• Right to Choice of pregnancy of Mother

Past Present
• By hungry 3-year-old child Stealing for monetary gain (by a thief) [‘Wealth
Stealing
• Stealing medicine for ailing poor mother without work’] is unethical
Abolished by Constitution under Article 17;
Higher castes perceived it unethical to touch Political Due to conflict of ideology with the party
Untouchability • Politicians and Bureaucrats are seen eating Due to horse-trading or monetary gain
the lower caste people Defection leadership
with the lower caste families.
Using the drugs for clinical use to cure a disease Unethical when drugs are used to enhance the
Widows were cremated alive with their Socio-religious reforms by Raja Rammohan Drugs
Sati is ethical performance of sportspersons
husbands (which was seen as their holy duty) Roy and others led to the abolition of Sati
Mahabharata (‘Dharma yudha’) to defeat the World Wars for political hegemony was
Section 377 criminalized homosexuality Wars
Section 377 decriminalized by the Supreme ‘Adharma’ was ethical. unethical
Homosexuality under British rule and even post-
Court recently
independence
Women Rights • No widow remarriage • Widow Remarriage is legally allowed

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Ethical Relativism or Ethical Absolutism? • Overexploitation of natural resources • Trusteeship (“Humanity as caretakers not owners of Earth”)
Buddhism propagates avoiding the extremes and following a middle path (“The Madhyama Marga”). There is • Climate Change • Biocentrism (Inherent value to all living things)
a need to inculcate the benefits of both schools of thought – Absolutism, and Relativism and avoid their • Sustainability (Our responsibility to the • Eco-Justice (Ecological sustainability)
shortcomings. Today, globally, moral decisions are based on giving adequate preferences to both. future generations) • Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
• Global harmonization of ethical standards (Mild Absolutism) • Polluter Pays Principle
- Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), 1948
- UNESCO Universal Declaration of Bioethics & Human Rights • “Earth provides enough to satisfy every man's needs, but not every man's greed.” – Mahatama Gandhi
- International Treaties/ Conventions like Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), Comprehensive Nuclear Test • “The greatness of a nation and its moral progress can be judges by the way its animals are treated.” –
Ban Treaty (CTBT), UN Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC), etc. Mahatma Gandhi
- Global Goals like Paris Climate Deal, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), etc.
• National Harmonization of ethical standards (Mild Absolutism) II. Media Ethics: Division of applied ethics dealing with the specific ethical principles and standards of media,
- Model Tenancy Act including broadcast media, film, theatre, the arts, print media, and the internet.
- Model Contract Farming Act Related Ethical Issues:
- Right to Education Act, 2009; Right to Information Act, 2005 • Media Sensationalism (like after the unfortunate demise of Bollywood actor Sushant Singh Rajput)
- Reservation for SC/ ST/ OBCs in public employment and education • Media Trials (Rhea Chakraborty case) ⟹ Defamation & Hampers Right to Justice (Against the principle
of ‘Innocent Until Proven Guilty)
1.3 APPLIED ETHICS • Deception (Investigative Journalism) ⟹ Sting Operations go against the Kantian Principle of “using right
Applied ethics refers to the practical application of moral considerations. It is ethics with respect to real-world means to achieve the right end”.
actions and their moral considerations in the areas of private and public life, the professions, health, • Fabricated News (distorted news) ⟹ Sudarshan TV showing UPSC jihad without any empirical evidence
technology, law, and leadership. • Privacy Issues (giving out names of victims of sexual harassment)
• Political funding of media houses (Low transparency & accountability to people)
I. Environmental Ethics: The determination of rightness/ wrongness of relationship of human beings to the • Politico-religious biases of some media persons
environments and resulting human actions in the environmental sphere. • Paid News (Creates an unequal platform in elections): Example: A prominent newspaper starting a paid
content service to send journalists out to cover events for a fee.
• Blackmailing: In 2012, editors of a prominent TV News Channel were arrested for blackmailing Jindal
Power (they demanded money to dilute their channel’s campaign against the company in the Coal
Scam)
• Social Media:
- Fake News (leading to communal violence & riots)
- Plagiarism (pirated movies/ web series)
- Misuse of data (Cambridge Analytica case)
Ethical Principles that need to be followed
• Media Temperance (avoiding sensationalization)
• Objective Journalism (focusing on facts rather than distorting news) ⟹ Ensuring the “truthfulness and
accuracy” of the news.
• Impartial & Neutral Journalism: To ensure balance in reporting (‘Madhyama Marga’ or ‘Middle Path’)
• Integrity of Information: It should be the duty of media personnel not to use dishonest means (like
Related Ethical Issues Ethical Principles bribery, illegal surveillance, etc.) to obtain information.
• Ozone Depletion • In Indian Tradition: • Harm Limitation Principle: Respect for Right to Privacy of Victims, Celebrities, etc.
• Pollution – Air, Water, Soil, etc. o Nature worship in Harappan Civilization • Transparency & Accountability: DMCRC (Digital Media Content Regulatory Council) ⟹ new self-
• Deforestation and species Loss o Nature Gods in Rig Veda (Mother Earth, Air, Water, Fire, etc.) regulatory body formed by Indian Broadcasting Foundation (IBF)
• Animal Rights (Experimentation, Illegal • In Indian Constitution: Article 48A, 51A (g) • Responsibility to fight backward ideas such as casteism, communalism, misgovernance, etc., and help
wildlife trade, Hunting, Man-Animal • Animal Rights (Animals as means & not ends) ⟹ PETA (NGO), the people in their struggle against poverty and other social evils.
Conflict, etc.) ⟹ Jallikattu Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Acts • Duty of not prejudging the guilt of accused (Innocent until proven guilty principle)

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• Freedom of Speech but with reasonable restrictions: Situations like journalists reporting operational
details during the 26/11 Mumbai terror attacks should be avoided. The absolute freedom exercised by • Euthanasia: It is a practice of intentionally ending a life to relieve pain and suffering.
media might have helped some of the terrorists to plan their attacks. • Cloning (Stem Cell cloning, human/ animal cloning): It is the process of generating a genetically identical
copy of a cell or an organism.
III. Biomedical Ethics: It is the set of principles that helps us in making the right choices relating to the issues - Arguments Against:
emerging from advances in biology and medicine. ✓ Prone to abuse: It has the potential to be weaponized. Example: Creation of artificial humans
Related Ethical Issues or animals for warfare (biological or conventional).
✓ Humans are taking place of God.
• Abortion:
✓ Against Right to Life of an embryo: Potential life represented by an embryo is destroyed when
- Arguments Against:
embryonic stem cells are used for cloning.
✓ Amounts to Killing: It is wrong to kill innocent human beings and fetuses are innocent humans.
✓ Infringement of Right to self-determination of clone: There might be expectations that the
Thus, it is wrong to practice abortion.
clone would behave identically to the human from which they are cloned.
✓ Right to Life of fetus (Article 21)
✓ Contradicts the diversity of creation: Cloning results in the creation of identical individuals
✓ Unjust discrimination against the unborn: Abortion deprives the fetus of a valuable future.
which pauses a risk of complete extinction in case of a disease outbreak.
✓ Domino Effect/ Slippery Slope: Normalising and legalizing abortion might lead to further killing
✓ Cloning reduces the role of gender and might increase gender discrimination: It eliminates the
through euthanasia.
natural role of both genders in reproducing offspring since cloning can be done from the DNA
✓ Might lead to a rise in Sex-selective abortions
of any person. This might increase discrimination against women in patriarchal societies.
- Arguments in Favour:
- Arguments in Favour:
✓ The illegalization of Abortion increases the incidents of unsafe abortion, thus, it is better to
✓ Right to Healthy & dignified life (therapeutic cloning of tissues and organs to treat patients)
regulate abortion than completely ban it.
✓ Empathy & Compassion: Reproductive Cloning for those couples who cannot otherwise
✓ Inverse correlation between the availability of abortion and subsequent crime: Abolition of
procreate/ reproduce naturally.
abortion leads to the birth of unwanted children who might not become good citizens in the
✓ Environmental Justice: Cloning of extinct and critically endangered species to revive
future due to poor attention from the parents.
biodiversity.
✓ Women’s Right to control over their own body
✓ Aid advancement in medical research: The cloned animals could be used for research trials,
✓ Circumstantiality: Pregnancy arising out of involuntary intercourse (rape/ sexual assault)
thus, taking care of animal rights.
• Biopiracy: Practice wherein the indigenous knowledge of nature and its resources, originating from
• Genetic Engineering (CRISPR Technology, GM crops, etc.) ⟹ A Chinese Scientist Broke the Rules to
tribals & aboriginals, is used by others for profit, without their permission or little or no profit sharing.
Create the First Gene-Edited Babies (2019)
• Surrogacy: It is an arrangement in which a woman (surrogate mother) agrees to bear a child for another
• Gene Therapy: It is a technique that modifies a person's genes to treat or cure disease.
person or couple who will become the child’s parent(s) after birth.
- Arguments Against (Ethical Issues related to Gene Therapy):
- Arguments Against:
✓ Gene Doping: It has the potential of being used by athletes to enhance their performance,
✓ Commodification of motherhood: Motherhood is the most beautiful and divine gift to a
which would provide them an undue advantage over others. This goes against the professional
woman. But surrogacy monetizes the selfless act of bringing a new life to this world.
ethics of sportsmanship.
✓ Exploitation of Surrogate Mother: Women are often exploited (low remuneration, insufficient
✓ Goes against the Kantian Approach of Ethics as humans are used as means in curing the disease
diet, poor health checkups, etc.) in developing countries whose wombs are used to meet the
(manipulation of the natural self).
reproductive needs of the more affluent.
✓ Possibility of adverse effects and hurdles to using it: Short-lived nature of gene therapy,
✓ Forced Surrogacy: There have been numerous instances of women being coerced into
incitement of body’s immune response against foreign DNA, multigene disorders, etc. limit the
commercial surrogacy by their husbands wanting to “earn money off of their wives’ bodies”.
success of gene therapy technique.
✓ Absence of right to information to the child about the surrogate mother.
- Arguments in Favour:
- Arguments in Favour:
✓ Upholds the Right of every child to be born free of preventable diseases.
✓ Ensures the Right of parenthood to every couple: Some couples are unfortunately unable to
✓ Utilitarianism: Gene therapy ensures larger public good of ‘good health for all’ which justifies
conceive due to medical reasons. Surrogacy enables them to become parents.
the means.
✓ Right to Livelihood: For some poor women, surrogacy is the only option to earn livelihood for
their families. • Bioterrorism (Bioweapons) ⟹ Japanese Air Force dropped ceramic bombs full of fleas carrying the
✓ Abandoned and orphaned children: Sometimes, couples are not satisfied with the bubonic plague on China during World War II.
abnormalities in the newborn and hence, do not accept the baby. The child may be abandoned - “Next weapon of mass destruction may not be a bomb. It may be a tiny pathogen that we can’t see,
by the surrogate mother since she would not have the resources to raise one more child. smell, or taste, and by the time we discover it, it will be too late” – WHO Official

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- Project Bacchus (USA): To investigate whether it is possible to construct bioweapons. • Precaution Principle: Who decides that developing this new technology is safe for the world
• Privacy issues posed by collection of data
• Clinical Trials on animals/ humans - Privacy vs. Security: Full body X-ray scanners at airports that take alternate wavelength images of
- Children and women in concentration camps were the victims of the inhumane clinical trials during a person’s naked body. But it is also essential for detecting any weapons/ explosives/ sharp metals
the Nazi rule in Germany. to prevent terror attacks.
- Enrolment Bias: Disproportionate burden on the people from the lower socioeconomic status - Individual Privacy vs. Public Health: Concerns were raised against data collection done by the
(Targeting poor people for participation in trials by offering them money). Aarogya Setu app. However, data is being used to guide people to maintain proper social distancing.
- Improper or lack of disclosure of information regarding the plausible side-effects of the trials. - Data Privacy vs. Internet Inclusion: The data collected by technological giants like Facebook,
- Paying human subjects a very small amount of money may lead to exploitation. Google, Twitter, etc. is used to target personalized advertisements to earn money which raises
- Humans as means and not ends: Commercialized Trials by Pharma Companies rely on the amount privacy concerns. On the other hand, they are providing free social networking and web search
of payment given to clinicians as motivation to recruit subjects and not on the importance of services in place of it.
research itself. This might not take into consideration the importance of subjects’ altruism in clinical • Digital Divide
trials but is more concerned with the monetary benefits out of the trials. • Intellectual Property Issues:
Bio-Ethical Principles (UNESCO’s Universal Declaration of Bioethics & Human Rights) - Private Profit vs. Common good: IPRs are often used to establish a monopoly in the market and
• Autonomy & Informed Consent: Patients should have autonomy of thought, intention, and action extract an exorbitant amount of money for their new & innovative products. This could be seen as
when making decisions regarding health care procedures. a prize to years of research and capital invested by the IPR holders. On the other hand, it goes
• Justice: Burdens and benefits of new or experimental treatments must be distributed fairly, equally, against the public interest especially when an IPR is a life-saving drug.
and proportionately among all groups in society. • Misinformation & disinformation
• Beneficence & Non-maleficence: Any medical procedure is provided with the intent of doing good for - Misinformation refers to false or out-of-context information that is presented as fact regardless
the patient involved or others in the society. of an intent to deceive. Examples: Conspiracy of 5G cellular networks or COIVD-19 causing cancer
is spread online but there is no such scientific evidence to support this claim.
• Confidentiality: Non-disclosure of information given by a patient to any other party without the
- Disinformation is a type of misinformation that is intentionally false and intended to deceive or
authorization of the patient.
mislead. Example: Facebook-Cambridge Analytica data scam herein the data was allegedly used to
• Benefit-sharing
interfere with the voting behavior of the US citizens.
• Altruism and human progress should be the main driver rather than monetary gains
• Artificial Intelligence (AI): AI is the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially
computer systems.
IV. Political Ethics: It is the practice of making moral judgements about political action and public policy
- Ethical Challenges:
measures.
➢ Lack of conscience (like humans have), empathy, compassion, tolerance, etc.
Related Ethical Issues ➢ Learned discrimination and biases in AI systems: AI might learn the discriminatory attitudes of
• Criminalization of Politics and Politicization of Criminals society like discrimination against lower castes/ Dalits, racism (against blacks), gender
• Political Defections due to Horse Trading discrimination (against women & transgenders), etc.
• Corruption, Nepotism, and Favouritism (2g Spectrum scam, Vyapam Scam, Coal Allocation scam, etc.) ✓ Amazon terminated the use of the AI Hiring & Recruitment system because the algorithm
• Hate speeches & defamation by political leaders favored male candidates over females.
✓ A study in 2020 found that voice recognition systems from Amazon, Apple, Google, etc. had
Ethical Principles in Politics
higher error rates when transcribing black people's voices than white people's.
• Transparency & Accountability to fulfill responsibility towards the people.
➢ Lack of responsibility and accountability mechanisms like who would be legally liable if the self-
• Integrity & Honesty to garner sustainable trust and confidence of the public.
driving cars get into accidents (owner, AI, or the manufacturer)
• Impartiality & Neutrality: Abiding by the rule of law, avoiding any tendency towards privilege or
➢ Lack of EI (Emotional Intelligence)
discrimination, promoting equality of thought, expression, belief, faith & worship in society.
➢ Weaponization of AI: From a consequential ethics point of view, there is a possibility that
• Public Interest before private interest
autonomous robots might develop the ability to make their own logical decisions on whom to
kill. Example: Terminator movie series. Thus, there should be a set moral framework that AI
V. Technology Ethics: It is the application of ethical principles to guide us to the correct choices while dealing
cannot override.
with the practical concerns of new and advanced technology.
Ethical Principles guiding Technological Advancement
Ethical Issues relating to Technological Advances
Techno-ethical assessment (TEA): Interdisciplinary approach to assess ethical dilemmas related to
• Over-automation: Leading to loss of employment technology (especially AI). It could assess the new technology on following ethical principles:

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• Accessibility to all
• Non-discriminatory TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 ETHICS IN PRIVATE AND PUBLIC RELATIONSHIPS 3
• Techno-accountability: Making decisions for who is responsible when considering success or harm in
1.1 Introduction
technological advancements
1.2 Ethics in Public Life
• Health & Safety risks that are that may be increased and imposed by technologies
1.3 Ethics in Private Life
• Techno-transparency: Clearly explaining how the technology works and what its intentions are. 1.4 Relationship between Ethics in Private Life and Ethics in Public Life
• Open Source: Availability of AI code and algorithms in the public domain. 1.4.1 Influence of Ethics in Private Life on Ethics in Public Life
1.4.2 The Conflict between Ethics in Private Life and Ethics in Public Life
2 PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

2 PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS ============================================================================================

• What is meant by ‘environmental ethics’? Why is it important to study? Discuss any one environmental
issue from viewpoint of environmental ethics. (2015)
• What is meant by constitutional morality? How does one uphold constitutional morality? (2019)
• Discuss the role of ethics and values in enhancing the following three major components of Comprehensive
National Power (CNP) viz. human capital, soft power (culture and policies) and social harmony (2020).
• “Refugees should not be turned back to the country where they would face persecution or human right
violation.”Examine the statement with reference to ethical dimension being violated by the nation
claiming to be democratic with open society. (2021)
• Online methodology is being used for day-to-day meetings, institutional approvals in the administration
and for teaching and learning in education sector to the extent telemedicine in the health sector is getting
popular with the approvals of the competent authority. No doubt it has advantages and disadvantages for
both the beneficiaries and system at large. Describe and discuss the ethical issues involved in the use of
online method particularly to vulnerable section of society. (2022)
• Russia and Ukraine war has been going on for the last seven months. Different countries have taken
independent stands and actions keeping in view their own national interests. We are all aware that war has
its own impact on the different aspects of society, including human tragedy. What are those ethical issues
that are crucial to be considered while launching the war and its continuation so far? Illustrate with
justification the ethical issues involved in the given state of affair. (2022)

============================================================================================

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Interaction between Ethics in Public & Private Relationships

1 ETHICS IN PRIVATE AND PUBLIC RELATIONSHIPS
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Public life refers to the aspects of social life which occur in public, in the open, as opposed to more private social
interaction within families, private clubs, etc. It is essentially the total of our relationships, interactions, and
networks when we deal with society at large. For example speeches by politicians, the behavior of celebrities in
press conferences, etc.
We can categorize public life into the following:
• Individual behavior
- Common an
- Professionals/Celebrities (e.g. Bollywood actors etc.)
• Organizational behavior (as a member of an organization)
- Private organizations (e.g. CEO of an MNC)
- Public organizations (e.g. Public Servants )
1.2 ETHICS IN PUBLIC LIFE
On the other hand, Private life refers to a person's relationships, interests, and activities as distinct from their
public or professional life, for example, relationships with family, friends, etc. Ethics in public life or relationships are the set of standards that are used to determine the rightfulness or
wrongfulness of one’s actions when one behaves in public life.
Ethics in Private Relationship Ethics in Professional/ Public Relationships • Selflessness: As a member of public life one is expected to have a wider public interest over and above the
Focuses on individuals’ morals and values Focuses on strict code of conduct laid down for personal interests.
instilled generally by family, parents, friends, etc. workplace & dealing with the public (involving - Sachin Tendulkar refused to endorse alcohol and cigarette brands. (Held public interest above his
strict adherence to the rules and regulations)
interests of getting huge advertisement money)
Informal, flexible, relative, and individualized More formal, universal, and professional - Whistleblower Satyendra Dubey, an IES officer held public interest even above threats to his own life.
Influenced by process of socialization (precedes Influenced by process of organization He was later killed for exposing the NHAI scam.
the organizational process)
- Citizens forgo their property rights during land acquisition for development projects for the larger public
Failure to stand up to these principles may lead to Non-Compliance leads to unprofessional behavior interests
a breach to trust but the relationship may remain and may even lead to termination of job/ contract
• Integrity: In public life, one should reflect wholesomeness of character through one’s behavior even
intact although with imperfections.
without being watched by anyone. Thus one should not be influenced by financial or other benefits for
Private Ethics doesn't ensure compliance with Similarly, Professional/ Public Ethics doesn’t
oneself, one’s family, or friends.
ethics in public life ensure morality in private life
- Dr. Manmohan Singh, the then finance minister, played a major role in the devaluation of the
Duties are voluntary, self-imposed, informal Duties are externally imposed (All India Civil
(might be defined by personal laws of religious Services Conduct Rules, Prevention of Corruption Rupee andmade some gains as he had some dollar savings of his own. He deposited those gains in PM
codes) Act, etc.) Relief Fund.
- Celebrities should not endorse something which they do not believe in. Example: Cristiano Ronaldo
As per Gandhiji, social harmony and peace are only possible if four principles are followed in all kinds of didn’t endorse beverages like Coca-Cola and Pepsi because he does not believe in them.
relationships. These are: - Citizens following traffic lights at night when there is no traffic personnel around.
• Respect: for parents, spouse, elderly, etc. • Objectivity: One will act and take decisions impartially, fairly, and on merit, using the best evidence and
• Appreciation of employees, women (homemakers), etc. for their work & dedication. without discrimination or bias.
• Acceptance: Opportunity in diversity, Accepting what is around us. - Civil servants floating tenders for the procurement of materials or open auction of mines.
• Understanding: Being empathetic towards each other (Emotional Intelligence) - Human resource managers should not do discriminate based on religion, race, caste, sex, etc., and must
hire objectively based on merit.
• Accountability: One should be accountable for on e ’s decisions and actions and submit oneself to the
scrutiny necessary to ensure this.
- Inquiries being done to investigate the alleged scams of ministers, civil servants, loan defaulters, etc.

- Citizens cooperating with the security personnel during the frisking at the airport or checking of tickets in • Dignity: It is the right of a person to be valued and respected for their own sake, and to be treated ethically.
a train. One should treat others with dignity in his relationships.
• Transparency: Taking decisions/actions in an open and transparent manner. It means operating in such a - Husbands should treat their wives with dignity and accord them the status they rightfully deserve as
way that it becomes easy for others to see what actions are being performed. their “better half”.
- Suo Moto disclosures under the Right to Information by public authorities. • Love: Private relationships are not based on transactions but the bedrock of love and emotions.
- Declaration of the assets by the candidates for election. - One often finds unconditional love from his parents.
- Publication of financial results, balance sheets, etc. by the listed companies to their shareholders. - In Ramayana, Laxman exhorted Ram to take him along, during his 14 years of exile out of his sheer
• Honesty: One should be truthful love for his elder brother.
- Citizens should file their income tax/ GST returns etc. honestly. • Traditions and Customs: One is expected to follow the traditions, customs, etc. in one’s private life.
- A politician should be honest in making their promises to electorates. - Touching feet of the elderly, marriage ceremony as per the customs of the family
- South Korean rapper Psy, whose Gangnam style video became a viral sensation, apologized for - Lord Rama followed the customs of his Kul by fulfilling the promise made by his father, King Dashrath
the ani-American lyrics he used during a performance in Korea in 2004. It shows his honesty. to his mother. “Raghukul reet sada chali ayi, pran jaye par vachan na jaye” (“Fulfill the promise even
• Treating others with humility, dignity, and compassion: As a member of society, one is expected to at the cost of one’s life” was the dictum of Raghu Lineage)
behave humbly in public life and treat others with the requisite dignity and compassion. • Rule of law: Even the private space is governed by the rule of law and one is expected to follow it.
- Mother Teresa was the epitome of compassion. She treated patients with leprosy with utmost dignity - One should follow the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005, and not indulge in
and compassion. domestic violence.
- Recently a Collector was suspended in Chattisgarh over his arrogant behavior with youth. His behavior
lacked the humility and dignity expected from a public servant. 1.4 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ETHICS IN PRIVATE LIFE AND ETHICS IN PUBLIC LIFE
- Citizens helping each other in the COVID-19 pandemic by distributing food ration, arranging oxygen They are governed by two different environments.
beds,etc. out of compassion. Whereas the private environment is open and flexible,
• Leadership: One should exhibit these ethical principles in one’s behavior. One should actively promoteand the public environment is formal and universal. Still, Values in Values in
robustly support principles and should challenge poor behavior wherever it occurs. they cannot be separated in water-tight chambers Private Public
- Citizens asking fellow male passengers to leave the reserved seats for standing women in a metro. because: Life Life
- Celebrities promoting Swach Bharat Abhiyan through their actions in public life. • Organizations and governments are the extensions
- The District Magistrate of Bihar's Aurangabad, Kanwal Tanuj reinstated a Dalit widow as the midday of society.
meal cook at a school and also shared the food prepared by her with the students. • There is a two-way relationship between them. ➢ Honesty/ Truthfulness
Both impact each other. ➢ Trust
• Socialization by role models. ➢ Compassion
1.3 ETHICS IN PRIVATE LIFE ➢ Responsibility
• Both emphasize some common values which are
Ethics in the private life or relationships are the set of standards that are used to determine the rightfulness or ➢ Rule of Law
depicted in the diagram.
wrongfulness of one’s actions when one deals with personal relationships, interests, and activities among
others.
• Fidelity: It involves the notions of loyalty, faithfulness, and honoring commitments. One must be able to 1.4.1 Influence of Ethics in Private Life on Ethics in Public Life
trust and have faith in the relationship. Ethics in private life can differ from person to person and are often influenced by the morality, emotional state,
- Karna remained loyal to his friend Duryodhan, in the Epic - Mahabharata and personal interests of individuals. It often forms a major part of morality, which is the basis for ethical
- Spouses are expected to be loyal to each other to maintain the sanctity of the marriage. behavior in public relations.
• Responsibility: In our private life, one is often expected to discharge responsibilities in the context of one’s
• Values in private life transform into values in public life: A person who is ethical in private life can be
relations.
expected to be ethical in public life too. The values one possesses in private relationships transform to
- Parents having a responsibility towards their children for their upbringing.
values in public life as follows:
- Shravan Kumar discharged his responsibility towards his elderly parents by taking them on pilgrimage,
- Honesty becomes Integrity. Example: Gandhiji was honest in his private life and hence had high
in the Epic - Ramayana.
integrity. During his school days, the Inspector of Schools asked his class to spell five words. He could
• Honesty: One is expected to be truthful in his private relationships.
spell only four words correctly whereas others spelled all of them correctly. He didn’t cheat from his
- Friends are expected to be honest with each other to generate trust.
neighbor’s slate even when the teacher made a sign behind Inspector’s back to do so.

- Love and affection become Empathy and Compassion towards poor, vulnerable, and weaker sections The civil servant with a patriarchal attitude (Example-1) would face cognitive dissonance when he/ she has to
of society. register an FIR against a domestic abuser. Similarly, The Intelligence Officer with a transparent attitude
- Emotional Intelligence in private life is transformed in public life as well. Example: Controlling anger (Example-2) would face dissonance when he/ she is unable to share his/ her whereabouts (even though he
while dealing with private relationships would also help the person to manage the team properly wants to but is bound by professional ethics of confidentiality).
without being angry at the mistakes of team members. For personal peace and development, both these should be in congruence with each other. But high congruence
- Ethics of Care becomes Ethics of Justice would mean values of public and private life are mirror images of each other. This would also be detrimental as
- Selflessness becomes Selfless Service: The selfless love for the family members (kids, spouse, and it would lead to the stagnation of new thoughts, ideas, and changes.
parents) could be seen as selfless service for the welfare of the needy in public life. Example: Kailash
Satyarthi’s selfless dedication towards the welfare of children. Summary of Conflict and Congruence in Ethics in Public and Private Life
• No dual standards: Consistency in behavior across situations and space (both public and private)
• Determines work culture in organizations: The values and ethics of a particular culture, place, or time in
public life impact the culture of an organization. Example: Work culture in ISRO (HQ in Bengaluru, South
India) is different from that of DRDO (HQ in New Delhi, North India). As per Indeed Job Portal, ISRO is the
fifth-best place to work in India (2019) and is the only government organization & only Indian organization
to feature in the top 10.
• The unethical behavior of a person in his private life is likely to be reflected in public life as well. Example:
A civil servant’s behavior towards women and children in the family would be a strong determinant of how
he/ she manages gender/ child-related issues (dowry, domestic violence, child abuse, child labor, etc.). If
one has a patriarchal mindset and scolds his/ her children, then the same would be reflected in the
policymaking and implementation.
• Influence of Professional Ethics in Civil Services on Public life of the civil servants:
- Application of Fundamental Rights to civil servants is regulated.
✓ Civil servants have to remain impartial and politically neutral. These public values affect their
private behavior since they cannot publicly criticize government policies as it might lead to chaos
and distrust.
✓ Civil servants are prohibited from participation in any political activity & movement. However, in One should strive to achieve a situation of an absolute balance (Pareto- optimality) between the conflict and
France, the USA, etc., they are allowed to contest elections. congruence in ethics in public and private life. However, such an ideal situation is not possible but it should be
✓ No Right to Strike to Government Servants in India (France gives Right to Strike to its public servants) one’s endeavor of striking a balance between conflict and congruence for personal and societal development.
- Investments (buying shares, property, etc.), acceptance of gifts, etc. are also regulated.

1.4.2 The Conflict between Ethics in Private Life and Ethics in Public Life
Ethics in public life determines the strength of ethics in private life. One cannot have two different sets of values,
one for private and the other for public life. Example: One cannot be liberal in public life and conservative in
private life. If so, it results in dual standards and hypocrisy.
Sometimes, public/ professional relations may also interfere with personal/ private relations. Example: An
Intelligence Officer, who is not able to attend the daughter’s birthday party, due to indulgence in a critical
“Zone of Pareto Optimality”
operation, would not be able to tell the truth to his/ her spouse. This creates mistrust and loss of transparency
in public relationships.
Such conflicts between personal and professional ethics may lead to frustration, guilt, or confusion, and
cognitive dissonance in the mind of some people. Cognitive dissonance refers to a situation where someone's
behavior conflicts with their beliefs or attitudes. For example, when people smoke even though they know it's
pretty bad for them.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
2 PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS 1 HUMAN VALUES 3
1.1 Values
• What are the basic principles of public life? Illustrate any three of these with suitable examples. (150
1.2 Role of Family, Society, and Educational Institutions in inculcating Values
words) (2019) 1.2.1 Role of Family
• Differentiate between Personal ethics and Professional ethics (2016) 1.2.2 Role of Society
1.2.3 Role of Educational Institutions
2 LESSONS FROM LIVES & TEACHINGS OF GREAT LEADERS, REFORMERS, & ADMINISTRATORS 16
============================================================================================ 2.1 Teachings from Great Leaders
2.2 Teachings of Great Administrators
2.3 Teachings of Indian Reformers
3 QUOTES 28
4 PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS 29

============================================================================================

- Truth: Contains values like accuracy, fairness, honesty, justice, the quest for knowledge, etc.
1 HUMAN VALUES - Discipline: Contains values like self-regulation, order, etc.
5. National Values: Values which encourage individual to imbibe feelings of patriotism, service to the nation,
1.1 VALUES national unity, integrity, and sovereignty.
6. Scientific Values: Principles that direct us to analyze, test, verify, inquire, etc. to ensure critical and rational
Values refer to the worthiness, importance, or preference one attaches to something. thinking.
• Values are the beliefs tied inextricably to emotion. When values are activated, they elicit positive or 7. Civil Services Values: Selflessness, Integrity, Objectivity, Accountability, Transparency, Humility, Empathy,
negative feelings. For example – A person for whom independence is an important value would become Compassion, etc.
aroused if their independence is threatened (angry whey they feel helpless to protect it).
• They influence our feelings, thoughts, actions, judgements, and decisions and guide us to do the right thing
depending on how differential preference one attaches to these values.
• “Values dictate not what humanity is but what humanity ought to be.”
• “Values are like fingerprints. Nobody has the same, but we leave them all over everything we do.”
• Values are the forces that govern behavior and determine personality. Behavioral dispositions of an
individual are governed by value-orientations, attitudinal dispositions, and belief systems (of the social
context) of the individual.
• They have a motivational aspect and refer to the desirable goals people strive to attain. National (e.g., patriotism, service to the nation)
Example: In the movie Article 15, the actions of the IPS Officer towards ensuring justice for the Dalit girls (rape
and honor killing) are guided not only by constitutional morality but more by his human values of compassion
and empathy.

Classification of Values
1. Personal Values: Values to which a person may
hold significance and would vary from one to
another. Examples: Achievement, Courage, Religious
Friendship, Creativity, etc. Values
2. Religious Values: Values taught by various
religions around the globe. Examples:
Tolerance (Buddhism & Hinduism), Non-
National Scientific Need/ Importance of Values
violence (Jainism & Buddhism), Values
Values Values • Holistic Human Development: Skills Development leads
3. Professional Values: Values which one needs
to adhere to during his/ her professional
Human to Professional competence (doesn’t care about the

discourse. Example: Confidentiality (of Values means, thus, immediate & short-lived gains). One has to
choose between 'short-term gain and long-term pain’ or
patients’ information by doctors), Discipline
short-term pain and long-term gain’. Skills & Values
(armed forces), Impartiality (Civil Services), etc. Skills
Development leads to Holistic competence.
4. Human Values: These are the virtues that Civil
Professional • Avoiding misuse of skills: Skills, which are not value-
guide people to take into account Service
Values based may often be misused. Example: A doctor, who
the human element when they interact with Values lacks values of gender equality and professional
other human beings. Some of the principles
integrity might use his/ her skills of medical science to
that all people across the world are expected
perform sex-selective abortions.
to adhere to could be summarized as below:
• Constructive utilization of energy: Value-based actions also help in the conservation of energy, whereas
- Peaceful co-existence: Contains psychological values (benevolence, compassion, forgiveness, etc.) and
the actions based on negative values dissipate our energy.
social values (brotherhood, equality, respect for others, environmental awareness, etc.)
• Long-lasting civilizations: Indian and Japanese civilizations, which have upheld their values could survive,
- Right Conduct: Contains self-help skills (modesty, self-reliance, hygiene, etc.), social skills (good
while those like Greece and Rome, which were high in skills but poor in values have vanished.
behavior, good manners, etc.), etc.
- Self-development: Contains values like humility, optimism, patience, self-confidence, self-esteem, etc.

• Strong value system ensures propulsion towards righteousness: Even if the intellect tells us about what is 1.2.1 Role of Family
right and what is wrong, it does not ensure one's inclination towards the right and withdrawal from wrong.
In Mahabharata, Duryodhana tells Krishna: “I know Dharma, but I am not inspired to pursue it. I know A child is not born with discipline and values. In the course of their upbringing, they inculcate these values from
Adharma, but I am not able to withdraw from it.” the environment they grow in.
- “A highly developed value system is like a moral compass. It serves as a guide to point one in the right “The first school a child attends is his home and parents are the first teachers.”
direction when they are lost.”
• Role of Family in inculcating values:
• Effective and fast decision making: “It’s not hard to make decisions once we know what our values are.”
- Values taught/ learned:
✓ Joint Families:
➢ Cooperation and Collaboration ⟹ Collective decision-making
Social Evils such as Untouchability; Child Labour; Child Marriage; Sati; Discrimination against ➢ Selflessness (Cooperation by and support from other family members in times of adversity)
SOCIAL transgenders; Superstitions; Marital Rape; Domestic abuse; Human trafficking; etc.
➢ Multiplicity of role models
✓ Nuclear Families ⟹ More Privacy and Independence to the children.
- Child Rearing Practices: A child reared in a patriarchal family where there is male authoritarianism,
IMPLICATIONS OF LACK OF VALUES

Crony Capitalism; Wealth without work (Corruption); Economic Inequalities would develop a patriarchal mindset, stubbornness, dominance, and learn discrimination against the
ECONOMIC (Concentration of Wealth & Resources)
opposite sex. Whereas a child raised in a more liberal environment would develop collaborative,
participative, and democratic values. Thus, it is important to have healthy child-rearing practices.
- Observation Learning: The child observes and imitates the behavior of parents without thinking. So,
Criminalisation of Politics; Politicization of Criminals; Hate speeches; Vote bank
POLITICAL politics; Political defections; 'Politics without Principles' the nature of behavior shown by parents in front of the child determines the values and behavior of the
child too. Example: Smoking and drinking by parents will reflect in child’s behavior too.
- Realistic Expectations: Having realistic expectations from the child and dealing with their mistakes
patiently and gracefully would help them learn effectively. Unrealistic expectations can be harmful to
ENVIRON- Overexploitation of natural resources; Deforestation; Exploitation & trafficking of the child’s development and self-image.
MENTAL animals; etc. - Setting strong ground rules: Creating a relatively flexible routine for homework, playtime, cleaning
room, etc. would make them disciplined and help in their physical and mental development.
- Operand Conditioning: Giving the rewards for good behavior will inculcate values of self-motivation
TECHNOL- Cyberbullying; Terror Financing; Child pornography; Ransomware attacks; Production of
towards good etiquette. At the same time, if parents prefer intangible rewards like a hug, appreciation,
OGICAL weapons of mass destruction (nuclear bombs & bioterrorism); etc.
a pat on the back, etc., then they could also inculcate values of empathy and compassion in their kids
like building emotional bonds, looking forward to a prideful smile on the face of parents through their
(More points can be added from the topic – “Consequences of Ethics”) successes, etc.
- Responsibility: Parents can hand over something important to a kid like a pet, a book, etc., and ask
1.2 ROLE OF FAMILY, SOCIETY, AND EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN INCULCATING VALUES them to keep it safe. It can help in building a sense of accountability and responsibility in kids.
- Role-Modelling: Parents can develop good habits in kids by setting an example themselves.
Child • Negative Instances of the role of Family:
Every society faces the necessity of making a
responsible member out of each child born into it. - Nuclearization of families: Focus more on competition, gratification, and individualism rather than
Family cooperation, consumerism, and cooperation in the family.
Society socializes each member so that their behavior
is meaningful in terms of the group norms. Educational - Single Parenting and Working Parents: When both the parents are working, it might lead to uninvolved
Socialization is the process of changing a living Institutions child-rearing. If there is emotional detachment and withdrawal by the parents and a reduced level of
organism into a social being. It involves the involvement in the child’s affairs, then such negligence from parents could lead to depression,
Society
development of the human brain, body, attitude, and frustration, anger, and anti-social behavior in the children.
behavior. - Discrimination: Discrimination between the male and female child (son-meta preference) where a
Socialization determines how grounded, well- female child is considered as an alien property affects the upraising of the girl child and her values.
behaved, disciplined, and virtuous a person is. - Influence of Technology: The emergence of social media, internet gaming, etc., has made the role of
parents even more crucial in inculcating values of socialization, public interaction, and physical fitness.
But, if the parents themselves are absorbed by the growing use of technology, then it would create a
(GROUNDED/ Down-to-Earth) gap between parents and children. Example: The use of smartphones by parents while listening to the

grievances of kids might show ignorance on the part of parents. This might enforce such an apathetic 2. Right Knowledge: Having accurate knowledge of To make the right decisions, choose the right
attitude of parents in the kids as well. the real universe. It includes knowledge of one’s goals & pursue the right methods to do so.
- Patriarchal Mindset: In patriarchal families, it is often seen that husbands do not allow their wives to senses, thoughts, values, etc., and the happenings Right knowledge would help in knowing the
work or openly interact with society (restrictions like the purdah system, not allowing them to go out around oneself. prejudices one holds and removing them
of homes alone, etc. are imposed on women). This might instill negative values of considering females through rational thinking.
as lesser humans in the children. 3. Right Conduct: To put the knowledge gained into • To be respectful and appreciated by others.
practice & refraining oneself from harming others. • Mutual respect: To be respectful to others
1.2.2 Role of Society - Practice Guptis or controls/ restraints of and gain their respect.
thought, speech, and bodily movement. • Increases optimism and positivity.
- Calmness & equanimity • To exercise control over our inner desires.
Peers/
Friends

Culture Neighbor-
hood EIGHT-FOLD PATH (Ashthangika Marga)
1. Right View/ Understanding: Awareness of what is Builds Positivity, Optimism, Courage to keep
true and right. It means view (vision) without any going. (Accepting the spouse the way he/ she
Role of confusion or bias and having the right outlook is rather than being worried about defects.)
Society towards life.
Cinema Religions 2. Right Intention/ Thought: Our intention to do “Our intentions may be very good but due to
anything should be free from any ill will or causing limited intelligence, the action may turn out to
harm to anybody (harmlessness & goodwill). be a mistake, but not necessarily a sin, for sin
comes out of a wrong intention.”
Media Leaders 3. Right Speech: No lying, no rude talking, not to
deceive anybody, being polite and kind. Hate speeches, Defamatory dialogues, abusive
- Speaking only when necessary & with honesty language, slang (like for Northeast people in
1. Role of Religion: (“We make the best speech we regret when we Delhi), etc.
are angry”)
4. Right Action: Being mindful of one’s actions and Similar to Right Conduct (Jainism)

BUDDHISM
Teachings Significance in today’s context
behaviors to ensure that it doesn’t cause harm.
5 Vows (Pancha Maha Vratas) 5. Right Livelihood: Making living in a just, peaceful, To reduce the use of Organized Crimes,
1. Ahimsa (Non-Violence): In terms of actions, Rising instances of hate speech, communal and legal way without affecting and endangering Human/ Wildlife Trafficking, Theft, etc. as a
thoughts, and speech ⟹ “Do not injure, abuse, violence, mob lynchings, hate crimes, torture, anyone else. livelihood.
enslave, insult, torture, or kill any living being.” insult, anger, jealousy, etc. 6. Right Effort: Persisting efforts to abandon wrong “Effort is important but knowing where to
2. Satya (Truth): Not lying involves speaking the truth Media sensationalization and harmful thoughts, deeds, and words through make an effort makes all the difference.”
without exaggerating facts. self-schooling. “It’s not about perfect, it’s about effort. And
3. Asteya (Non-stealing) Instances of Theft/ Robbery, Biopiracy, pirated - Restrain our senses when we bring effort every day, that’s when
JAINISM

movies and web-series, etc. - Abandon bad emotions like anger, jealousy. transformation happens.”
4. Brahmacharya (Chastity): Keeping away from Becomes essential especially in student life & - Consistency of efforts.
desires and sexual misconduct to abstain from intoxicants like drugs, alcohol, 7. Right Mindfulness (Self-Awareness): Having control To build emotional intelligence
etc., and capitalist tendencies. over one’s mind.
5. Aparigraha (Non-possession): Non-accumulation of Hoarding (prohibited under Essential 8. Right Concentration: Focusing our attention on Avoiding social media platforms, video games,
wealth/ goods. Commodities Act) something without being distracted. smartphones, etc. while studying.
Tri-Ratnas (Three Jewels) • Doctrine of Karma: “Jaisa Karoge waisa bharoge” (As you sow, so shall you reap)
- “What goes around comes around.” (consequences of one's actions will have to be dealt with
1. Right Faith: Having faith in the teachings of the Rising instances of slapping or killing of
eventually)
teachers and possessing an attitude of respect teachers by the students, blind faith in
towards teachers (Not Blind faith). superstitions, etc.

1. Fulfillment of promise To increase the trustworthiness of one’s

words and character.
2. Non-arrogance (Arrogance means thinking that one “Arrogance requires advertising. Confidence
has nothing to learn from others, one is never speaks for itself.”
wrong, always talking about themselves). Arrogance creates rigidity in personality and
increases intolerance towards others.
3. Golden Rule: “Treating others as one wants to be treated.”

ISLAM
4. Forgiveness: “Best deeds are to pardon a person who has wronged you and to act generously
towards a person who has deprived you.” – Prophet Muhammad.
5. Kind Treatment to Animals Valuing dignity to humans and animals on a
similar level (Animal Rights).
6. Decent Speech Right Speech in Buddhism
7. Tolerance
8. Good Character: A good character is one that has “The best among you are those who have the
good moral qualities. best manners and character” – Prophet
Muhammad.

7 DEADLY SINS
(Dukkha) Sin Significance
1. Gluttony (Over-indulgence/ over-consumption of Over-consumption of alcohol/ drugs may lead
food, drink, natural resources, etc.) to diseases and cancer.
(Samudya) To prevent environmental degradation due to
over-exploitation of natural resources.
2. Lust (Strong desire to obtain something) ⟹ It Illicit or inordinate sexual desire which gives
(Nirodha) means obtaining something for the short term and rise to sexual assaults like rape, child abuse,
has a sense of non-possessiveness, i.e., not human trafficking, etc.
preventing others from doing so.
3. Greed (uncontrolled selfish desire for material gain “Earth provides enough to satisfy everyone’s
– food, money, land, etc., or social value – status, or need but everyone’s greed” – Mahatma
power more than what is needed) ⟹ A person Gandhi.

CHRISTIANITY
(Magga)
tends to possess something and prevent others
from doing so.
4. Envy (Jealousy): Feeling of discontentment due to “Happiness is found when we stop comparing
someone else’s possessions, qualities, or luck. ourselves with others.”
E.g. Social media culture – Comparing our lives
with that of others and then feeling jealous.
5. Anger: Strong feeling of being upset/ annoyed due “If you are patient in one moment of anger you
to something wrong or bad. will escape hundred days of sorrow.”
“For every minute we are angry, we lose sixty
seconds of happiness.”
6. Arrogance/ Self-overestimation Covered in Islam
7. Sloth (Laziness): Reluctance to work or make an It leads to reduced self-motivation which
effort diminishes our self-estimation and affects our
vision for the future and the goal achievement
drive.

1. Equality on basis of religion & nationality: Guru Nanak sought to bring equality in society by - Courage and Determination: The journalists like Sujat Bukhari and Gauri Lankesh promoted the
declaring opposition to stringent caste laws and tolerance towards people of all religions and value of courage, truthfulness, and integrity in society.
regions around the world.
• NEGATIVE Role:
2. Gender Equality: Sikhism does not differentiate religious obligations by gender. God in Sikhism has
SIKHISM

no gender too. Sikh scripture does not discriminate against women, nor bar them from any roles. - Sensationalisation of the issues in society.
3. Altruism (welfare and happiness to others before one’s own): Stresses on par-upkar (good service - Media Trials deviate from the constitutional value of justice.
to others) as a cardinal virtue. Sikhism stresses ‘kirat karo’ or honest work by people. It also - Political funding of media houses negatively impacts values of impartiality, neutrality, autonomy,
emphasizes vand chakko (the concept of sharing with the needy for benefit of the community).E.g. and independence while disseminating the news.
Langar Seva. (More details are covered in Applied Ethics – Media Ethics)
4. Monotheism: The concept of God is Waheguru, considered to be nirankar (shapeless), akal 3. Role of CINEMA:
(timeless), the creator, and the invisible. • Hum Log (We the People): Indian TV drama that was popular in the 1980s had the overt purpose of
advancing the status of women through dealing with such issues as domestic violence, dowry system,
Purusharthas (FOUR goals that are necessary and sufficient for a happy life) political and social equality of women and men.
Category Significance - Satyameva Jayate Programme by Aamir Khan
1. Dharma (Duties, rights, conducts, virtues, and right It makes a person and society ethical. • The culture of Wrestlemania and UFC (Ultimate Fighting Championship) may give children the wrong
way of living) value of dominating the weak.
“Earn with 100 hands but distribute with 1000” •
Artha (Means of Life) ⟹ Wealth, career, financial
HINDUISM

2. Children tend to imitate superheroes they see on TV which might endanger their health and life.
– Chanakya.
stability, and economic prosperity (deals with
Artha with Dharam ⟹ Proper utilization of the 4. Role of FRIENDS:
economic values). • Comparative Learning: People tend to compare their behavior with that of their friends and try to
means one has acquired (Trusteeship).
3. Kama (Pleasures) ⟹ It deals with psychological establish coherence. If the value system of friends is strong, then it would motivate people to have a
values. strong value system.
4. Moksha (Liberation) ⟹ Self-Realisation, Freedom, “Rise above all boundaries to be relieved from 5. Role of CULTURE:
Self-knowledge all sorrows.”
• Indian culture promotes various values such as:
- Selflessness: Nishkama Karma (self-less or desireless action, is an action performed without any
2. Role of MEDIA: expectation of fruits or results)
• POSITIVE Role: - Universalism: Sarve Jana Sukhino Bhavantu (Let the entire world be happy)
- Shaping of public opinion and spreading positive ideas: For Example – Tamasha, Bhavai, and ✓ Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam (World is one family)
Nautanki were used by the freedom fighters to spread the message of patriotism. - Respect: Atithi Devo Bhava (Guests are equivalent to God) in Hindu-Buddhist philosophy
✓ "Jaago re" campaign which promotes a popular brand of tea, was aimed at making people - Tolerance: Syaadvada (Anekantavada) in Jainism
aware about exercising the Right to Vote and has been well received by viewers. ✓ Sarva Dharma Sambhaav (All religions are the same)
- Attitude Formation: 6. Role of Government:
✓ Scientific Temper: The programs on history, science and technology, philosophy, and culture on
• Various campaigns and programmes by the government help in promoting the values in citizens:
channels like Discovery, National Geographic, RsTv, etc. contribute to the expansion of people’s
- Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan (Respect for soldiers and farmers)
understanding and outlook.
- Garibi Hatao – Indira Gandhi (Poverty Alleviation)
✓ Eradicating stereotypes: Media plays a major role in positive developments like the battle
- Sabka Sath, Sabka Vikas (Inclusive Growth)
against racism, gender bias, poverty, etc. Example: Popularization of Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao
- Sabka Sath, Sabka Gaon, Sabka Vikas (Inclusive Growth)
& Swachh Bharat Abhiyan through media has been developing a sense of responsibility towards
- Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan (Cleanliness)
these.
- Pehle Sauchalaya, Phir Devalaya (Cleanliness before divinity)
- Justice as a Value: Media has played a major role in giving voice to the voiceless by covering issues
- Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao (Equal respect for the girl child and equal promotion of girl education)
like the Nirbhaya Rape Case, Anti-Corruption movements, issues of poor, etc. This promotes the
- Ek Bharat, Shreshtha Bharat (Enhance interaction and promote mutual understanding among
value of justice (social, economic, and political) in society.
people of different states)
- Deterrence Generation & Accountability:
- #GiveItUp (Selflessness for giving up the LPG subsidy)
✓ Acts as a deterrent on corrupt practices and keep a check on the working of the government.
- Namami Gange (Environmental Values of cleanliness of water bodies)
✓ #MeToo movement, apart from spreading awareness, acted as a deterrence.
- Mera Khata, Bhagya Vidhata (PMJDY) (Financial Inclusion)
- Swachh Indhan, Behtar Jeevan (PMUY) (Women Empowerment and Reducing pollution)

- Saaf Niyat, Sahi Vikas (Credibility, balanced development) - “What if the cure for cancer is trapped inside the mind of someone who is offered education but
- “Our Matru Shakti is our pride. Women empowerment is very crucial to our development.” – PM. discriminated against at every hour and minute of the school?”
- Jal Shakti Abhiyaan: “Catch the rain, where it falls, when it falls” – PM. • Misconduct by teachers:
- Instances of teachers being involved in immoral activities like sexual abuse of students set the wrong
1.2.3 Role of Educational Institutions precedent of the value system for students to follow.
• Misconduct by the students:
• Positive Role of Schools in inculcating values: - Disrespect towards teachers: Increasing instances of slapping, harassing, and killing of teachers by the
students. This could be attributed to neglect on part of the parents.
• Values Inclulcated in Schools:
- Loss of dignity while talking: Students tend to use abusive or unpleasant language or slangs while
- Discipline: Maintaining silence when the teacher is not there in class; Moving in queues in the school
conversing with each other which might be a result of degradation of values in families, improper
corridor; Speaking respectfully to others without any abusive language, etc.
rearing time by parents, or negative externalities (like media, cinema, etc.)
- Cooperation (Sitting with the classmates for 6-7 hours, eating together, etc.)
• Loss of Guru-Shishya tradition
✓ House Games and competitions
• Various cases of school-sponsored mass-cheating: It degrades the values of honesty, integrity, and
- Tolerance: Interaction with different students exposes them to diverse beliefs, faiths/ religion,
competitiveness among the students.
attitudes, values, castes, economic class, sex, region, etc. It increases their social awareness about
• Politics-Education Nexus: A board member of NCERT highlighted the nexus between education and
different lifestyles, cultures, and general issues in society.
politics recently, and how different regimes have updated the syllabus over the years to suit their agendas.
- Critical and Rational thinking: Through Mathematics
- Textbook Controversies (NCERT, Rajasthan Board issue over the victory of Rajputs, Gujarat SCERT
- Respect to Elders: Schools play an important role in inculcating respect towards the elders – parents,
books calling Christ as a demon, etc.)
teachers, or colleagues, etc.
- Leadership: Monitors in class; Morning Assembly; School Annual Cultural Festivals, etc.
- Open-mindedness: School offers an open environment for children to express themselves. • Reforms Needed in Value Education in Schools:
- Morning prayers & assemblies and nationwide exercise of “Thought for the day” in most schools • School Administration level reforms:
inspire young minds to inculcate new values. - Role of Performing Arts: Inculcating values in extra-curricular activities like Role-Playing, dramas, etc.
could be an important way of teaching values.
• Role of Teachers: They act as agents of change
- Proper scrutinization of the character of teachers while recruiting them.
- Mentor & Guide: The teacher acts as a surrogate parent, a motivator, catalyzer of growth, all at the
- Cleanliness Programmes
same time.
- Community Service/ Social Service Programmes
- “Education is the manifestation of perfection already in man” – Swami Vivekananda.
- Morality Badges: Competitions on tackling ethical issues could be organized every month and highly
• Role of Curriculum: virtuous students (also considering their behavior) could be awarded Morality badges.
- Role of different subjects in inculcating values: • Curriculum-level Reforms:
✓ Mathematics ⟹ Objectivity, Critical Thinking.
- Flexibility & Innovativeness to integrate values with curriculum: While teaching that an apple falls
✓ Science ⟹ Scientific Temper, Rational thinking, Objectivity.
from a tree on the ground due to gravitation, a teacher can also teach that similarly, Ego makes a
✓ Environmental Studies ⟹ Conservation of Nature, Coexistence with nature.
person fall in character.
✓ Social Sciences ⟹ Tolerance, Secularism, Equality, Justice.
- Promoting constitutional morality:
✓ Art & Craft ⟹ Creativity, Open-mindedness, Thinking out of the box.
✓ Chhattisgarh made Indian Constitution a part of the school curriculum from the 2021-22 session.
✓ Extra-curricular Activities ⟹ Team Spirit, Sportsmanship, Cooperation.
The Chhattisgarh SCERT has drafted separate books on the Constitution for students of the primary,
✓ Moral Science ⟹ Moral lessons (Rabbit & Tortoise story teaches ‘Slow & Steady wins the race’)
middle, and high school schools levels.
- Importance must be given to values that will help fight the most common and dangerous social evils
• Negative instances & “Dereliction of Duty” by schools in imparting Value Education: like violence, corruption, discrimination, etc.
• Commodification & Privatisation of Education: This has resulted in the “Education as a Business” model • Teacher-Level Reforms:
in recent times rather than the ancient model of “Education as a Medium of Development”. - Compulsory teaching of Moral Values: For example, in Puerto Rico, it is compulsory for teachers to
• Discrimination in schools reinforces discrimination in students: teach secular moral values for 5-10 minutes out of their 50 minutes classes.
- Grading discrimination: Various studies have found that teachers give higher grades to girls. - Teachers can maintain a case-study register to closely observe the students and note down the
- Religious & Caste discrimination such as making different sitting arrangements for weak students, positive and negative traits of their personalities.
Dalits students, etc. For example – A school in Bihar segregated students into different sections and - Impart knowledge of foreign languages to make them know different cultures.
rooms based on their religions and caste & maintained separate attendance registers.

- Self-Management Skills: Teachers need to show themselves in control of their emotions when any
LESSONS FROM LIVES & TEACHINGS OF GREAT LEADERS, REFORMERS, &
student misbehaves or shows disrespect. 2 ADMINISTRATORS
Role Modelling: Leaders are considered influencers and they impact the value system of their followers by setting
a high moral ground. As per ASER (Annual Survey of Education Report), 40% of students do not have any role
models for the profession they aspire to take up.

2.1 Teachings from Great Leaders

1. Mahatma Gandhi:
• Transformational, Courageous, Selflessness,
• Non-Violence: Gandhiji was a performer of non-violence in all aspects of life. He was often criticized by
his supporters due to this virtue. E.g. When he revoked Non-Cooperation post-Chauri-Chaura violence.
• Emotional Intelligence: Gandhiji on Hindu-Muslim row over cow protection ⟹ “I would approach my
Mohammedan brother and urge him to join me in protecting her. If he wouldn’t listen, I would drop the
matter as it is beyond my ability. I would not take my brother’s life and instead sacrifice my own to save
her if I were full of pity for the cow.”
• Effective Communicator (stood against truth & miscommunication): When a decision was to be taken
regarding the abolition of the practice of indentured labor emigrated from India to South Africa, three
proposals were discussed – Abolition”‘as soon as possible”, “by 31st July”, or “immediate abolition”.
Gandhiji favored 31st July (fixed date) as it eliminated misunderstanding & gave them way ahead if nothing
was done till then.
• Honesty & Integrity: During his school days, the Inspector of Schools asked his class to spell five words.
He could spell only four words correctly whereas others spelled all of them correctly. He didn’t cheat from
his neighbor’s slate even when the teacher made a sign behind Inspector’s back to do so.
• Justice: “Rather than being party to injustice and being followed by all people, stay with justice and be
alone.” – Mahatma Gandhi. His talisman of “thinking about the last person in the queue” when one faces
a dilemma in decision making becomes relevant in this context for ensuring justice to the vulnerable and
downtrodden sections of society.
• Open-mindedness and Tolerance: He was willing to adopt any idea from any source. He was influenced
by many people ranging from house-made Rambha to eminent thinkers like Tolstoy & Ruskin. He once
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said that his views on ahimsa (non-violence) were a result of western education.
• Forgiveness: “No human being is so bad as to be beyond redemption”.
• Fasting & Physical Fitness: It was a part of his experiments with self-restraint and healthy living. Despite
being underweight, he was generally healthy as he focused on nutritional food and hygienic practices like
cleanliness (ICMR Report ‘Gandhi and Health @ 150’).
- He used fasting as a political tool to put pressure on the Britishers to agree to his demands.
• Nai Talim (New Education): “Literacy is neither the end nor the beginning of education, it is only one of
the means by which one can be educated.” – Gandhiji. By education, he meant all-around development of
body, mind, and spirit. Important pillars of this system of education as mentioned below:
- Social Character of Education: It aimed at eliminating the mindset of considering manual work as
inferior to mental/ skilled work.
- Learning by doing approach: It focused on imparting education through any productive work that
we do in our everyday life. This would ensure the employability of the youth.
✓ Gandhi believed that separating education from work led to the birth of many social injustices like
caste-based vocations – pottery, weaving, etc. in society.

- Life-Long Character of Education: The practical education and the human values inculcated in the ✓ Benefits of Trusteeship:
children would remain with them throughout their life. ❖ Reduces Inequalities by reducing the gap between the rich and the poor.
- Holistic Process of Education: It focused on the concept of learning beyond textbooks. The new ❖ The feeling of class conflict would be replaced by a sentiment of class cooperation, thus,
teacher should play the role of not only an educator but also a mentor, motivator, and guide to drive promoting social cohesion and harmony.
children in pursuing their interests. ❖ Acts as a hammer against Capitalism
- Focused on imparting education in mother tongue (because familiarity in the language being used ✓ Methods of achieving Trusteeship:
in home as well as school would help the child to see the school as a natural extension of home). ❖ Social Pressure: Methods like the boycott of products
✓ NEP 2020 has focused on the three-language formula and encourages multilingualism. ❖ Legal Pressure such as Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) under Companies Act, 2013
- Crux of Nai Talim ⟹ Overcoming distinctions between learning & teaching, and knowledge & work. ❖ Democratic Socialism: Redistribution of wealth by the government to the poor through taxes,
- Besides learning “Reading, writing, and Arithmetic” in school, Mahatma Gandhi insisted on the welfare schemes, etc.
development and proficiency of three H’s: “Hand, Heart, and Head”. ❖ Attitudinal Change of Businessmen by invoking role models like JRD Tata.
• Ethical Teachings of Mahatma Gandhi ✓ Limitations of Trusteeship:
- Character: Mahatma Gandhi expresses that Character is moral and ethical strength. A person with ❖ Discourages innovation and research and development
stainless character and self-purification will inspire others & purify the atmosphere around them. ❖ Disproportionately punishes the rich (skewed taxation against rich individuals)
✓ “A human of character will always bring the best out of any position/ task assigned”. ✓ Important quotations in this regard:
✓ “If wealth is lost nothing is lost; if health is lost something is lost; if the character is lost everything is ❖ “The rich must live simply so that the poor can simply live.”
lost”. ❖ “The world has enough for everyone’s need but not enough for everyone’s greed.” – Mahatma
- Pursuit towards Truth (Satya): Gandhi.
✓ As per Gandhiji, “Truth is God and God is Truth”. He believed that all evils like violence, tyranny, and - 7 Deadly Sins as per Mahatma Gandhi:
injustice arise on account of the neglect of the ‘Truth’. ✓ Wealth without work
✓ He was an ardent follower of “See no evil, hear no evil, and speak no evil”. ❖ Concept: Making wealth by unfair means, by taking shortcuts.
✓ Gandhiji was a believer of a maxim in ancient Indian philosophy – ‘Speak the truth, and speak the o Right Livelihood (Buddhism’s Asthangika Marga) and Practice of Riba (Interest is
pleasant, but do not speak the unpleasant truth’. He emphasizes that truth should be spoken considered immoral in Islam) become of great relevance in this context.
pleasantly. If the truth is expressed unpleasantly and roughly, it may be socially injurious as it might ❖ Positive Manifestations (Wealth with Work):
give rise to anger and quarrels. Example: A doctor could reveal the status of the terminal illness of o Hard Work by farmers, manual laborers, etc. to earn money.
an old lady to her son/ daughter first instead of directly giving her a shock. ❖ Negative Manifestations:
- Sarvodaya: It means “universal upliftment” or “progress for all” or “Sabka Sath, Sabka Vikas”. It is o Gambling, Corruption (2G Spectrum), Frauds, Scams (PNB-Nirav Modi Case), Stealing, Drug
based on the principle of duties rather than the rights of individuals. Main pillars of Sarvodaya are: Trafficking, Smuggling, Fake Currency, etc.
✓ NO centralized authority. o Zamindari System under British era (Permanent Settlement) ⟹ Zamindars exploited
✓ A decentralized system wherein people would have power over themselves and the society would tenants and farmers and arbitrarily extracted huge sums of money as taxes.
be free from the tyranny of the majority (majoritarianism). ✓ Pleasure without Conscience
✓ The ideal of non-possession ⟹ Realizing the goal of using resources as per the need. ❖ Concept: It is a situation when in pursuit of excitement or feel-good emotion, a person ignores
- Means and Ends Theory: “If we take care of means, the end will take care of itself” – Gandhiji. his/ her conscience or doesn’t act morally.
✓ Gandhiji emphasized more on means (non-violence, dedication, etc.). Realization of goal is in exact o People find imaginative and sometimes dangerous ways of bringing pleasure to their lives.
proportion to that of means. According to Gandhi ‘Non-Violence’ is the means; Truth is the end. Their search for pleasure & excitement often ends up costing society very heavily.
These cannot be separated from each other and are two sides of the same coin. o Ways to avoid such a sin:
❖ Means as per Gandhiji are the 5 Jewels of Jainism. Avoiding materialistic pleasure & seeking spiritual pleasure.
✓ Example: Gandhiji opposed Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose’s idea of taking advantage of British One must not seek pleasure in anti-social, anti-humanity, and anti-nature acts.
indulgence in the World War to start a revolution against them to gain freedom. He opined that if Spiritual Pleasure: Pleasure must come from within by serving the family, friends, and
our means are not correct, freedom also would be faulty. humankind and building sound human relationships (“The best way to find yourself is
to lose yourself in service of others”).
- Principle of Trusteeship: This Gandhian principle is closely related to the “Social Responsibility of
o Gluttony (One of the 7 deadly sins in Christianity) is similar to this concept.
Businesses”. According to the Trusteeship model, all organizations should work like a trust and their
assets must be used for social welfare while keeping only a small part of its profits. Rich people should ❖ Positive Manifestations (Pleasure with Conscience):
act as trustees for poor people. People should take only as much they honestly need. o Good Social Media Challenges – The Ice Bucket Challenge (to raise awareness about a
✓ The concepts of Aparigraha (Non-possession) and Sambhawa (Equal Distribution) hold great disease), Tip the Bill Challenge (paying restaurant servers a tip equal to the amount of total
importance in this regard. bill, or more), etc.

o Token of appreciation from a blind lady by helping her navigate across the road. o Science by itself cannot supply us with an ethic. It can show us how to achieve a given end,
❖ Negative Manifestations: and it may show us that some ends cannot be achieved. But among ends that can be
o Drugs, Narcotics, Alcohol, Pornography, Sexual Assaults, etc. achieved, our choice must be decided by humanitarian considerations.
o The USA alone spends more than $250 billion on leisure activities whereas 25 million o Science should be wedded with non-violence for it to lead to the welfare of all.
children die each year due to hunger, malnutrition, and lack of health facilities. o “I don’t know with what weapons World War III will be fought, but World War IV will be
Video games – Blue Whale Game (Suicidal tendencies), Pokemon Go (Accidents), etc.
o fought with sticks and stones.” – Albert Einstein.
Social Media Challenges - The Outlet Challenge (sliding a coin into a plugged-in charger
o ❖ Positive Manifestations (Science with Humanity):
which causes electric sparks), Salt and Ice Challenge (individuals place salt on their body o Science and technology make possible modern industry and agriculture, modern medicine
and ice is then placed on salt which causes a burning sensation like frostbite), etc. and hygiene,
✓ Knowledge without Character o Health & Medicine – Therapeutic drugs, Vaccines, Mobility Aids for elderly and disabled,
❖ Concept: It refers to using one’s knowledge, educational skills, and expertise against the o Mechanization of the redundant processes (Automation and AI)
interests of others or society out of envy, pleasure, personal gain, or anger. o Agriculture (aided the growth of civilizations, reduced hunger, and malnutrition).
o It is the lack of connection between what we know to be in everyone’s best interest and o Alfred Nobel: Discovered dynamite (weapon of destruction) but later dedicated his life to
our ability to act on that knowledge (acting against the interests of others and oneself humanity. He wrote in his will that much of his fortune was to be used to give prizes to
despite knowing about it). those who have done their best for humanity in various fields including peace.
o Character and knowledge are the heart and soul of a person. o Indian Nuclear Programme: Use for Peaceful purposes + ‘No First Use’ Doctrine
o Important quotes in this regard: o Pugwash Movement (Russell-Einstein Manifesto): Seeks to make the world free of nuclear
“Character is like a tree and reputation like a shadow. Shadow is what we think of it, weapons and other weapons of mass destruction.
but the tree is the real thing” – Abraham Lincoln. UN Treaties ⟹ NPT, CTBT, Nuclear Disarmament, etc.
“We live in a world of guided missiles and misguided men.” – Martin Luther King Jr.
“Education without strong character is like a ship without a captain.” ❖ Negative Manifestations:
Education without values makes a man e clever evil. o Weapons of Mass Destruction – Bioweapons, Nuclear Weapons (Hiroshima & Nagasaki),
“Destiny of a nation is shaped in its classrooms.” Chemical Weapons, etc.
❖ Positive Manifestations (Knowledge with Character): oEpidemics and Pandemics – COVID-19, AIDS, Ebola, etc.
o Social reformers like Raja Rammohan Roy, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, and Dayanand oEnvironmental degradation – Global Warming, Ozone Depletion, Pollution.
Saraswati challenged the social dogmas and evil practices like Sati, idolatry, priestly ✓ Religion without Sacrifice
dominance, no widow remarriage, etc. with their knowledge (by listening to conscience). ❖ Concept: In Religion, we worship, but if we are not ready to sacrifice for Social service; the
❖ Negative Manifestations: worship has no value, rather it is a sin to worship without sacrifice. Here, sacrifice refers to the
o Terrorism – Osama bin Laden, etc. willingness to annul the immorality in oneself and working towards the spiritual upliftment of
o Arrogance – Ravana (in the epic Ramayana) oneself and others.
o Misusing loopholes in laws – Tax Evasion, Transfer Pricing, etc. o “Service to humankind is service to God.” – Swami Vivekananda, holds great significance in
✓ Commerce without Morality (Business without Ethics) this regard.
❖ Concept: Conducting business without any sense of right and wrong or ethics to make more o Worship/ Religion is not only about performing rituals, reciting hymns, animal sacrifices,
money by any means possible. or impressing God. Relationship with God is a personal one as advocated by Swami
❖ Positive Manifestations (Commerce with Morality): Vivekananda and Bhakti-Sufi saints.
o TATA Group (JRD Tata) ❖ Positive Manifestations (Religion with Sacrifice):
o WIPRO (Philanthropic and social works by Azim Premji Foundation) o Ashthangika Marga and Madhyama Marga (Buddhism), Five Jewels (Jainism), Abstaining
❖ Negative Manifestations: from 7 Deadly Sins (Christianity), etc.
o Profiteering, Adulteration (of milk, ) ❖ Negative Manifestations:
o Selling harmful/ defective products, Tax Evasion, Overexploitation of natural resources, o Godman culture in India ⟹ Practicing superstitions, rituals, etc.
Biopiracy, etc. o Religious Malpractices – Sati, Untouchability, Polygamy, Triple Talaq, Sabarimala Case.
o Slaves & Forced Labor ✓ Politics without Principles
✓ Science without Humanity ❖ Concept: It means indulging in political activities without upholding the principles of
❖ Concept: Science without humanity means utilizing scientific innovations and discoveries truthfulness, integrity, impartiality, empathy, selfless service to the nation, etc. This leads to the
without giving due consideration to the welfare of humans. Science is amoral, neither moral nor growth of immoral political institutions in the country and creates a vicious cycle of growth of
immoral, so it requires values. immorality in society.

o Even Gandhiji’s method of political struggle was based on principles of truth, non-violence • Some other quotes of Mahatma Gandhi:
and called Satyagraha (insistence on righteousness). - “Your beliefs become your thoughts. Your thoughts become your words. Your words become your
❖ Positive Manifestations: actions. Your actions become your habits. Your habits become your values. Your values become your
o Dr. BR Ambedkar resigned from the post of Law Minister when the Hindu Code Bill didn’t destiny.”
accord to his principles (equality and social justice for the lower castes). - “The day women can walk freely on the roads at night, that day we can say that India has achieved
o Lal Bahadur Shastri (Resigned from the post of Railway Minister since he felt responsible independence.”
for the train accident that happened during his tenure). - “Man can never be woman’s equal in the spirit of selfless service with which nature has endowed
❖ Negative Manifestations: her.”
o Partisan Politics (Lack of intra-party democracy) - “An eye for an eye only ends up making the whole world blind.”
o Horse Trading and resulting Defection
o Criminalization of Politics 2. APJ Abdul Kalam: Scientific Temper, Discipline, Motivator & Inspirer
o Election Malpractices – Briibing voters, distribution of liquor for obtaining votes, hate and
• Empathy: He refused the installation of broken glass on the walls to ensure the safety of a building saying
communal colored speeches, etc.
that it would harm the birds.
✓ Rights without Responsibility/ Duty (Added by Arun Gandhi, grandson of MK Gandhi)
• Down-to-earth personality/ Humility: He could invite two people as Presidential guests when he attended
❖ Concept: It refers to the situation wherein people exercise their basic/ fundamental rights to
a meeting at Kerela Raj Bhavan. He invited a roadside cobbler and the owner of a very small hotel, both
life, liberty, education, etc. without any restrictions or responsibility. They encroach upon the
were close to him during his time in Kerala.
rights of others in exercising their rights. There should a harmony between rights and duties to
• Social Equality & Respect For All: He refused to sit on a chair reserved for him at a convocation ceremony
enable everyone to exercise their rights fairly and reasonably.
in IIT-BHU because it was bigger than the other chairs on the stage.
o Our PM has also said that “Claiming rights without duty is against constitutional values”.
• Leadership: A scientist had promised his kids to them to an exhibition but he got busy with work, his
manager (APJ Abdul Kalam) took them instead.
❖ Positive Manifestations (Rights with Responsibility):
- He was on a Presidential tour to France and requested the flight staff to make sure that Indian
o Sarvodaya and Trusteeship approach of Gandhiji
scientists, who arrived in France to oversee the launch of a satellite, were taken care of.
o After exercising their right to equal exploitation of resources, the corporate sector needs
• Visionary: He had three visions for India – Freedom, Development, and Strength.
to extend their responsibility towards society through Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
- Freedom: Many foreigners have invaded India – French, Dutch, Portuguese, and British. Yet India
in India.
has not conquered anyone or infringed on the territorial integrity of any other country. We respect
❖ Negative Manifestations:
the freedom of others. We must protect the freedom (sovereignty and integrity of India) because,
o Not honoring the reasonable restrictions of freedom of speech & expression – Sovereignty,
without it, no one would respect us.
Integrity, Public Order, Morality, Defamation, Incitement to violence, Contempt of Court,
- Development: Our poverty levels are falling and GDP is increasing (India is the sixth-largest
Security of State.
economy in the world). He envisioned India as a self-reliant, self-assured, and developed nation.
o Not exercising Right to Vote
- Strength: As per APJ Abdul Kalam “only strength respects strength”. We must be strong not only as
o Going against Fundamental Duties – derogatory remarks against women, harming the
a military power but also as an economic power.
national heritage and environment, etc.
o East India Company got Diwani Rights after the Battle of Buxar but no responsibility and
• Quotes of APJ Abdul Kalam:
accountability to the people as Nawab was established as a puppet. - “Where there is righteousness in heart, there is beauty in the character. When there is beauty in the
o Misuse of powers by state officials – AFSPA, Sedition Law, Preventive Detention.
character, there is harmony in the home. When there is harmony in the home, there is order in the
nation. When there is order in the nation, there is peace in the world.”
• Influence of Gandhian teachings globally:
- “Total commitment is not just hard work, it is total involvement.”
- Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan (Frontier Gandhi) ⟹ Invoked Gandhian non-violence during the Indian
freedom struggle.
- Martin Luther King Jr. recognized the value of non-violence and used Gandhian philosophy to 3. Swami Vivekananda:
strengthen his campaigns ranging from racial integration to voting rights. • Compassion: He was tested by his mother before going abroad for representing India in the Parliament of
- Nelson Mandela was greatly influenced by Gandhiji and used non-violence effectively to fight World Religion. His mother asked him to return the knife after eating fruits. He gave the knife by holding
against racist apartheid in South Africa and established a democratically elected black majority its sharp edge and kept the wooden handle of the knife towards his mother; so that she would not get
government. hurt.
• Scientific Temper: Promoted science with spirituality.
• Tolerance & Universalism: He bridged the gap between East and West.
- Opened his speech in Chicago with “Sisters and Brothers of America”.

- “If I love myself despite my infinite faults, how can I hate others at the glimpse of few faults.” - He organized relief efforts in wake of plague and famine in Kheda.
• Social Reformist: - He focused on social work when there was an ideological clash within Congress between the
- Efficiency & Professional Excellence: Emphasized that the caste system was not by birth as per Swarajists and No-Changers. He worked extensively against alcoholism, untouchability, and caste
ancient traditions. He supported Varna System but based on the division of labor and not by birth. discrimination.
- Religion = ‘Science of Consciousness’: ✓ “A drunkard can never become a man of character. He does not have a sense of good or evil. He
✓ Worked towards freeing religions from all superstitions, dogmas, and intolerance. is not able to control himself. Therefore, give up drinking forever.” – Sardar Patel.
✓ “Religion is the manifestation of divinity already in humans.” (This divinity is manifested when • Equality: He told that social entities like caste and community will disappear with time. To increase the
one treats others with love and compassion. Believing first in oneself, achieving one’s full pace of our growth, we have to forget all these things.
potential, and engaging in selfless service to humankind is how we can express this divinity.) - Women empowerment: He supported the Hindu Code Bill in the Constituent Assembly (with a
• Strength of Character: “We are what our thoughts make us.” central feature of gender equality) which brings out his commitment to the rights of women and
- “Anything that makes you weak – physically, intellectually, or spiritually, reject as poison!” their empowerment.
• Selfless Service: “Service to humankind (man) is service to God.” ✓ During Bardoli Satyagraha, he organized a large number of women and consulted with them to
• Value-Education: He emphasized education as a “manifestation of perfection already in humans”. prepare the strategy.
According to Vivekananda, education doesn't only mean collecting information, but it should be life-giving • Leadership:
and character-building. - Focus on Organization and Unity: He went village to village in Gujarat documenting grievances
• Equality: He regarded discrimination against women as unfair as “atman (soul) has neither sex nor caste and asking villagers to support the Satyagraha. He emphasized the need for complete unity &
nor imperfection”. non-violence in case of provocative response from villagers against Britishers.
- “Best thermometer to the progress of a nation is its treatment of its women.” ✓ “Unite and you will not have to fight.” – Sardar Patel.
- “Men and women as two wings of a bird, and a bird can't fly on only one wing. So, there is no chance - Preached & Practiced Non-Violence: “Non-violence has to be observed in thought, word, and
for the welfare of the world unless the condition of woman is improved.” deed. The measure of our non-violence will be the measure of our success.” – Sardar Patel.
• Self-Motivation: - Borsad & Bardoli Satyagraha
- “Never say ‘NO’, never say ‘I cannot!’. All the power is within you. You can do anything.” - Negotiation in Nagpur Flag Satyagraha: He negotiated a settlement obtaining the release of all
- “Arise, Awake, and stop not till the goal is achieved.” prisoners and allowing nationalists to hoist the flag in public.
- “Everything is easy when you are busy. But nothing is easy when you are lazy.” - Visionary: Progressive ‘Fundamental Rights and Economic Policy’ resolution was passed by
- “You can’t believe in God until you believe in yourself.” Congress in 1931 under his leadership.
• Continuous Effort (Against Idleness): Sardar Patel discouraged idleness. He once addressed the young
4. Kautilya/ Chanakya generation of India saying that idleness is the greatest enemy of humans.
• National Integrity: Sardar Patel played a key role in integrating the princely states into the Indian
• Dharma: Danda (Punishment) is a means to deliver justice if anyone violates dharma (virtues/ ethics).
federation. When violence broke out during the partition phase, he took lead in organizing relief
- To deal with situation of Matsya Raj (Might is right): Law of the ocean where big fish eats small
supplies, establishing refugee camps, and visited border areas with Pakistani leaders to encourage
fish.
peace.
- Punishment (danda) will be used as means to protect the weaker sections of society.
- He is remembered as the Man of Steel who united India. He is often compared with Otto von
• Kosh (Treasure): Treasury should be lawfully acquired (by king/ government).
Bismark, who unified the many German states.
- The state must take the public in confidence before raising the taxes (Swachh Bharat Cess).
• Persuasiveness: He made efforts to ensure the safe passage of refugees to Pakistan during Partition.
• Welfare State:
- “To fight against the refugees is no fight at all. No laws of humanity or war among honorable men
- “In the happiness of people lies the happiness of the King (leader), their welfare is his welfare.”
permit the murder of people who have sought shelter and protection. Let us take the initiative in
• Corruption: Most humans beings do not have the virtue of honesty by default. So, he prescribed strict civil
breaking this vicious circle of attacks and counter-attacks”. Following his speech, there was a
vigilance in government administration.
significant reduction in attacks against the refugees.
• Quote by Kautilya:
• Father of All India Civil Services: He played an instrumental role in the creation of All India Services,
- “The fragrance of flowers spread in the direction of the wind, but the goodness of a person spreads
which he described as the Steel Frame of India.
in all the directions.”
- He made efforts to imbibe Impartiality and Political Neutrality in civil servants. “The civil servants
cannot afford to, and must not, take part in politics. Nor must they involve themselves in
5. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel communal wrangles.”
• Dedication to Public Service:
- Social Reformist: He fought against veth (a form of forced labor or begar practiced in pre-
independence India)

6. Amartya Sen (Nobel Prize in Economics) • Visionary: He believed that one day he could give Delhi a world-class metro rail project and change the
• Freedom = Development meaning of urban transport. And this is what he exactly did.
• Welfare Economics: People’s development should be evaluated on basis of their Capabilities to achieve • Punctuality: He was always 15 minutes early than his staff in arriving at work. He used to clock in at work
something (Capability Approach). at 8:45 AM sharp, while official work timings started from 9:00 AM.
- Capabilities: Extent of freedom one has to lead a life one values. • Empathy: He created a work environment free of hurdles. He encouraged his employees to utilize their
- People may differ from one another in physical, social, cultural, or intellectual inequalities. The potential to the maximum and they worked without any fear of disciplinary action.
absence of capabilities amounts to poverty. And the goal of the state should be to impart these • Change Agent & Dedication: In the Konkan Railway project, he ran out of money but didn’t let his work
capabilities. slow down. He used an unprecedented way of raising money through public bonds to finance the project.
- Inequalities of: • Political Neutrality: Known for isolating his projects from political pressures and influences and fast
✓ Outcome: Whether the outcome (of a scheme like Sarva Siksha Abhiyan) is equally distributed completion of the projects.
among all the sections of society?
✓ Process: Whether people treated with dignity and respect or are subject to discrimination? 3. Raj Yadav (IAS, Sikkim Cadre)
✓ Autonomy: Choice and control of individuals over their circumstances (E.g. A person who has poor • Responsibility: He started DAAV (District Administration’s Adopted Village) Initiative wherein district
health due to excessive drinking is autonomous whereas one who has poor health due to lack of administration would adopt underdeveloped villages and take direct responsibility for their
money for treatment doesn’t have autonomy over their circumstances). development.
• Niti and Nyaya: Niti = Procedural Approach and Organisational Propriety (Right policies and procedures) • Collaboration: The administration enforced several reforms in agriculture & land revenue, constructed
- Nyaya = Substantial Approach (Justice) roads and bridges, and upskilled human resources. He gained the trust of the villagers, who then
- “Institutions and their policies should be means to achieve an end.” extended manpower and financial aid wherever required.
- Example: There are many schemes and policies for eliminating poverty and provisioning education
for all. This constitutes the ‘Niti’. ‘Nyaya’ approach would look into where these Nitis are leading
4. Prasanth Nair (IAS, Kerala Cadre)
to the right outcome and justice, i.e., is poverty eliminated/ reduced, or does everyone have access
to education and have freedom from such accomplishment? • Empathy & Compassion: He started Operation Sulaimani, a free food program in Kozhikode, to enable
those who cannot afford a meal to have food with dignity and to avoid food waste.
2.2 TEACHINGS OF GREAT ADMINISTRATORS - Participative Approach: He started this operation in association with some Hotels in Kerala to
increase the outreach.
1. TN Seshan (Former Chief Election Commissioner) • Dedication and Commitment towards public service: He leveraged all tools at his disposal, including
• Best known for electoral reforms, he redefined the status of ECI. technology (social media), civil society participation, crowdsourcing (like requesting citizens to donate
• He can be said to be the proponent of the following values: daily use items for a mental hospital), etc. to ensure better delivery of public service.
- Persuasion: He brought about the implementation of an Election Code of Conduct despite the lack • Simplicity: He emphasizes bringing simple solutions to the day-to-day problems faced by citizens. E.g.
of consensus of political parties by persuading them that a moral code of conduct would ensure Hey Auto (smartphone app to connect auto-rickshaws with passengers), Kozhipedia (road maintenance
ethical standards in elections which would benefit all the parties and candidates equally. initiative wherein citizens record information about roads, pathways, stores, etc. for easy commute),
- Transparency: He played a major role in introducing photo Voter ID cards for all eligible voters to etc.
eliminate bogus and duplicate votes and brought about transparency and fairness in the election • Leadership: He floated an initiative “Legends of Kozhikode” to recognize, document, and share stories
process. of unsung heroes of the district.
- Equality of Opportunity and Status: He endeavored to limit the candidates’ expenditure during
elections significantly to provide equal opportunity to independent candidates who couldn’t afford 5. Armstrong Pame (Miracle Man, IAS Officer of Manipur cadre)
to spend huge sums of money in election campaigning. • Empathy, Compassion & Dedication to Public Service: Built a 100 km road (People’s Road) connecting
- Impartiality: During his tenure, ECI appointed Election Officials from states other than one facing Manipur to Nagaland and Assam by raising money through crowdfunding (Facebook).
polls to ensure their impartiality and political neutrality in conducting elections. • Participation in Governance: “Two Fridays a month for students” Initiative to see how district
- Intolerance towards Corruption: He took various steps to curb corrupt activities and malpractices administration works which aids two-way learning (students & DM both learn from each other).
like distribution of liquor during elections, bribing voters, etc. which were being used by candidates • Professional Excellence: Recipient of India’s Most Eminent IAS Officer Award, 2015.
to gain illicit votes.
2. E Sreedharan (Metro Man, IES Officer) 6. Satyendra Dubey (IES, former officer in NHAI)
• Credibility: He has been credited with changing the face of public transport in India through projects like • Honesty and Integrity: He found financial and procedural irregularities in the construction of a segment
Kolkata Metro, Konkan Railway, Delhi Metro, Kochi Metro, Lucknow Metro, etc. of the Golden Quadrilateral Project and ordered the contractor to rebuild the poor-quality road. He was

later transferred but didn’t degrade his ideals. He again found irregularities and wrote a letter to the - The curriculum of the schools founded by her included technical subjects like Maths and Science
then PM regarding the same. along with humanities. The teaching methods were also superior to government schools. As a
• Courage and Determination: Despite understanding the fate of whistleblowing in India (punishment result, the number of girls receiving their education at Phule's schools outnumbered the number
postings, harassment, or even murder in some cases), he fearlessly took the side of the truth and of boys enrolled in government schools.
exposed the systematic corruption in NHAI (National Highway Authority of India). Unfortunately, he was • Worked against gender and caste discrimination: She along with her husband worked towards
later murdered while returning home. providing education to Shudras who were denied the same for thousands of years. They even opened
Balhatya Pratibandhak Griha (Infanticide Prohibition Home) for pregnant rape victims and helped
deliver and save their children.
2.3 TEACHINGS OF INDIAN REFORMERS
• Challenged caste system and patriarchy: When her husband died, she lit his funeral pyre, defying all
1. BR Ambedkar the social norms and bounds in the socio-religious roles of a woman.
• Equality: He promoted equality on basis of religion, race, caste, sex, etc. • Courage: She was often criticized and at times verbally abused by conservative sections and upper
- He introduced Hindu Code Bill to provide the right to women to divorce, inherit property, and have castes of society. Her works were even labeled as “evil” by caste Brahmins, but she continued her
equal property rights. endeavors in imparting education and stood up to her morals. This shows her courage and dedication
✓ “Progress of a community by the degree of progress which women have achieved.” – Ambedkar. towards social service.
- Abolition of casteism: He propagated abolition of the varna system, untouchability, etc.
✓ Practical Solutions: Rational interpretation of religious texts, Intercaste marriages, Interdinning, Negative Role of leaders in current situations:
Political representation of Dalits, Affirmative Actions like reservation, Education, and awareness of • Lack of Leaders without Character in all walks of life
Dalits. •
Some religious Leader/ Gurus are indulged in unethical behavior like sexual harassment (Asaram Bapu,
- “I like the religion which teaches liberty, equality, and fraternity.” – BR Ambedkar. Bhakti Bhushan Maharaj, etc.), murder (Gurmeet Ram Rahim), etc.
• Integrity: He resigned from the post of Law Minister when the Hindu Code Bill, even though progressive, • Involvement of political leaders in corruption (2G spectrum scam, Coal Block Allocation scam, Haryana JBT
was not introduced in the letter and spirit. Teachers scam, horse-trading, etc.)
• Tarnished image of teacher fraternity due to unethical practices by some teachers.
2. Raja Rammohan Roy • Historical wrongs by various leaders:
• He was actively involved in socio-religious reforms in the early 19th century. • State-sponsored communal violence under leadership of the leaders like Adolf Hitler (Germany),
- Rational Thinking: He read the religious scriptures with critical thinking and scientific temper to Mayanmar PM (against Rohingyas), Chinese President (against Uighurs), etc.
annul all the superstitions and rituals. He was against idolatry (idol worship), caste system
(chaturvarnashram), and Sati (abolished in 1829 due to his efforts).

3
✓ He favored monotheism (opposed polytheism).
- Women Empowerment: He believed that unless women were freed from the inhumane forms of
QUOTES
oppression like Illiteracy, Child marriage, Sati, Purdah system, Dowry, not allowing widow
remarriage, etc., the Hindu society can not progress. • “A serious defect in the school system is the absence of provision for education in social, moral, and spiritual
- He propagated the ethical principles of Vedanta philosophy. values.” – Kothari Commission
• Organized efforts: He put continuous efforts through organizations like Brahmo Sabha (later Brahmo • “A society cannot be made strong only by making the strong laws, but when it has people with good
Samaj) to spread awareness and enlightenment and execute his aims of social reforms. character” – Swami Vivekananda
• Modernization of Education: He established many English schools in India. He revolutionalized the • “Education without strong character is like a ship without a captain.”
education system in India by establishing the Hindu College and promoted technical subjects in schools. • “Education without vision is waste, education without value is a crime, and education without mission is a
• Contribution in Journalism: To politically and socially educate people, he published magazines in life a burden.”
different languages. The same means were used later by leaders during the nationalist phase of the
freedom struggle.

3. Savitribai Phule (Indian social reformer, educationalist, and poet from Maharashtra)
• Commitment & Dedication: Despite being illiterate at the time of her marriage, she showed full
dedication towards being education which was imparted to her by Jyotirao Phule (her husband). She
later became the first Indian woman teacher and headmistress.
• Educational Reforms: She founded India’s first school for girls called Bhide Wada in Pune in 1848.

• “We can never obtain peace in the outer world until and unless we obtain peace within ourselves.” – Dalai
4 PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Lama (2021)
• “If a country is to be corruption free and become a nation of beautiful minds, I strongly feel there are three
• Some people feel that values keep changing with time and situation, while others strongly believe that
key societal members who can make a difference. They are the father, the mother and the teacher.” – Abdul
there are certain universal and eternal human values. Give your perception in this regard with due
Kalam. (2022)
justification. (2013)
• “Judge your success by what you had to give up in order to get it.” Dalai Lama. (2022)
• “There is enough on this earth for everyone’s need but no one’s greed.” – Mahatma Gandhi. (2013)
• What does ethics seek to promote in human life? Why is it all the more important in public administration?
============================================================================================
(2014)
• All human beings aspire for happiness. Do you agree? What does happiness mean to you? Explain with
examples. (2014)
• Which eminent personality has inspired you the most in the context of ethical conduct in life? Give the gist
of his/her teachings giving specific examples; describe how you have been able to apply these teachings for
your ethical development. (2014)
• Social Values are more important than economic values. Discuss the above statement with examples in the
context of the inclusive growth of a nation. (2015)
• Differentiate between the following: (a) Law and Ethics; (b) Ethical Management and Management of
Ethics; (c) Discrimination and Preferential Treatment; (d) Personal Ethics and Professional Ethics. (2015)
• “The weak can never forgive; forgiveness is the attribute of the strong.” – Mahatma Gandhi. (2015)
• Discuss Mahatma Gandhi’s concept of seven sins. (2016)
• Corruption causes misuse of government treasury, administrative inefficiency, and obstruction in the path
of national development. Discuss Kautilya’s views. (2016)
• Laws and ethics are considered to be two tools of controlling human conduct to make it conducive to
civilized social existence. (a) Discuss how they achieve this objective. (b) Giving examples, show how the
two differ in their approaches. (2016)
• “Without commonly shared and widely entrenched moral values and obligations, neither the law, nor the
democratic government, nor even the market economy will function properly.” What do you understand
by this statement? Explain with illustration in contemporary times. (2017)
• Explain how ethics contributes to social and human well-being. (2017)
• “If a country is to be corruption-free and become a nation of beautiful minds, I strongly feel there are three
key societal members who can make a difference. They are the father, the mother, and the teacher.” – APJ
Abdul Kalam. Analyze. (2017)
• “Anger and intolerance are the enemies of correct understanding.” – Mahatma Gandhi. What does this
quotation mean to you in the present context? (2018)
• “Man is but a product of his thoughts. What he thinks he becomes.” – Mahatma Gandhi. What do you
understand by this statement? Explain with illustration in contemporary times. (2019)
• “Where there is righteousness in the heart, there is beauty in the character. When there is beauty in the
character, there is harmony in the home. When there is harmony in the home, there is order in the nation.
When there is order in the nation, there is peace in the world” – A.P.J. Abdul Kalam. (2019)
• What are the main factors responsible for gender inequality in India? Discuss the contribution of Savitribai
Phule in this regard. (2020)
• What teachings of Buddha are most relevant today and why? Discuss. (2020)
• “Condemn none: if you can stretch out a helping hand, do so. If not, fold your hands, bless your brothers,
and let them go their own way.” – Swami Vivekanand (2020)
• “The best way to find yourself is to lose yourself in the service of others.” – Mahatma Gandhi (2020)
• “Every work has got to pass through hundreds of difficulties before succeeding. Those that persevere will
see the light, sooner or later.-Swami Vivekananda (2021)

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
2.1 Ap tude 2
2.2.1 Integrity 4 2 Aptitude and Foundational Values of Civil Service
2.2.2 Empathy & Compassion 9
2.2.3 Objec vity 13 2.1 Aptitude
2.2.4 Impar ality & Non-Par sanship 14
2.2.5 Tolerance 17 • Aptitude means the natural or inherent capacity of an individual to acquire an appropriate skill or ability
2.2.6 Dedica on to public service 20 in the future through appropriate training. It is derived from the word “Aptos” which means “fitted for”.
2.3 UPSC Previous Year Ques ons 22 - Example: Language Acquisition (human beings are born with innate ability to learn languages);
- Budhia Singh (a child from Odisha), acclaimed as the world’s youngest marathon runner. He ran more
than 50 km at the age of 5, which would not possible for a normal child. This shows he had an innate
potential and hence an aptitude to run for long distances;
- Hima Das (Athletics); Mary Kom (Boxing)
• Ability is the capacity that an individual already possesses to perform a particular task/ job successfully. It
is the present description of the person’s capabilities.
• Skills are the things that one has learned in the past. Skills incline more towards expertise. Example:

Training Practice
Aptitude Ability Skill

Checked by DGCA via Training at GATI (Government Field-level practice as assistant

Pilot Proficiency Test Aviation Training Institute) pilot with commercial flights
Another Example: Max Verstappen and Lewis Hamilton have an aptitude for driving. They trained themselves
and achieved ability in driving. They attained expertise by practicing on racing tracks for years. And now, they
can be said to have good driving skills.
Physical Aptitude Mental Aptitude
• Denotes physical traits/ capability of an individual • Denotes cognitive capability of an individual
like height, stamina, chest breadth, etc.
• Examples: Usain Bolt has long legs and hence, the • Examples: Naturally some children are blessed with
aptitude to run. good analytical and mathematical skills.

Aptitude Attitude
• Aptitude is the potential to develop proficiency • Attitude is a predisposition or behavioral tendency
in a particular field. towards socially significant objects, symbols, events
or groups.
• Innate capacity • Learned tendency
• It can be used to predict the future • It can be used to predict the behavior of an individual.
performances of an individual.
• Both mental and physical aspects are involved • Largely a mental concept
• Easier to change aptitude (through learning, • Relatively hard to change (requires cognitive
training, and skill enhancement) dissonance, exposure, etc.)
• Civil Services Aptitude includes:
- Intellectual Aptitude: To inculcate values of rationality, reasoning, scientific temper, objectivity, etc.
- Emotional Aptitude: To develop emotional intelligence, empathy, and compassion towards the weaker
and vulnerable sections of society
- Moral Aptitude: To work with honesty, integrity, impartiality, objectivity and maintain high standards
of probity in governance.

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- Physical Aptitude like minimum height criteria for IPS (Indian Police Service) 2.2 Foundational Values of Civil Services
• Even a civil servant with low aptitude can develop a high level of skill by training, interest, and the right 2.2.1 Integrity
attitude towards learning.
• Integrity is regarded as:
- Consistency in words, beliefs, actions, and behaviors.
Attitude, Aptitude, and Success
- Doing the right thing (right end) for the right reasons (right
intent) even if nobody is watching.
- No gaps between feelings, thoughts, beliefs, standards, ideals,
and behavior.
- Principle of being moral, ethical, and honest in thoughts and INTEGRITY
actions.
Honesty vs Integrity
• Integrity is the validation of honesty.
Integrity Honesty
• Integrity is consistent adherence to a moral or • Honesty implies being truthful (even if it is
ethical code. immoral) about a subject in consideration.
• Deals with action in behavior • Deals with words.
• Guarantee of honesty • Not a guarantee of integrity
• Honesty without integrity:
- In the epic Mahabharata, Yudhishthira was honest when he told Dronacharya about the death of
Ashwathama but he lacked integrity since he was referring to the death of an elephant and not the son
of Dronacharya. His intent was not pure.

• Both aptitude and attitude are complementary to each other. “Attitude without aptitude is worthless and • Willingness to pursue the truth
Meaning
• Being honest with own thinking while making judgement
aptitude without attitude is directionless”. A person with aptitude also needs to have a good attitude of
• Leads to morally correct judgements
dedication, conviction, and fortitude to become successful.
• Ability to admit one’s mistakes
• Ability can’t be stretched beyond a certain limit. Attitude helps in shaping success or failure after a certain
Intellectual Significance • Leads to moral accountability
threshold of ability is reached. •
Integrity Avoiding discrimination, stereotyping & prejudices
- Positive Attitude ⟹ More faith and confidence in one’s abilities (Ira Singhal topped UPSC CSE 2014 • Effective use of human conscience.
despite being a Divyangjan) • Raja Rammohan Roy fought against Sati on basis of his
- Negative Attitude ⟹ Limits one’s abilities (Indulgence of civil servants in corruption like 2G Spectrum Examples
knowledge/ intellect that it was an immoral practice.
Scam, Coal Block Allocation Scam, Satyam Scam (Ramalinga Raju), etc.)
• Doing the right thing when no one is watching
• Case Study: Both Vinod Kambli and Sachin Tendulkar had a high aptitude for cricket. Despite that, Kambli Meaning
• Unconditional commitment to one’s moral principles
failed to become a great player. Kambli was swayed by the glamour of success whereas Sachin stayed away
Types of Moral • Consistency in private and public ethics (no double
from the limelight and focused more on improving his game (positive attitude). Eventually, Sachin Significance
Integrity Integrity standards)
Tendulkar became one of the most successful cricketers in the world. • If one values non-violenece, then he/ she shall not use
• There has been a rise in preference for skillset and knowledge over ethics and attitude. Less focus on the Examples
violence. (Mahatma Gandhi)
“attitude” is restraining the “altitude” of success of the people and organizations.
- Examples: Focus on skillset while hiring employees by tech giants like Google, Facebook, etc. is leading • Acting in agreement with standards, norms and values of
Meaning
to issues like misuse of data (Cambridge Analytica Case). the profession.
- Pressure on kids to achieve academic accolades is leading to poor stress management and depression Professional • Helps in maintaining conscientiousness (deligence)
Significance
and poor satisfaction. Integrity • High efficiency & dedication
• Skills Development leads to Professional competence (doesn’t care about the means, thus, immediate & • When a doctor treats a person accused of murder to
Examples
ensure him/ her the right to equal justice.
short-lived gains) whereas Skills & Values Development leads to Holistic competence.

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Reasons for decline in Integrity of bureaucracy - Weak enforcement has also negatively impacted some honest civil servants. Example: Govind Ragho
• Historical Factors: Khairnar (IAS), known as “Demolition Man” in Maharashtra, was accused of accepting a bribe and was
- Baksheesh System: The practice of tipping which later evolved into outright bribery during the times suspended. It took nearly 6 years for the HC verdict which was in favor of Khairnar. This shows the
of Medieval History. scope of harassment of honest officials in the prevailing scheme of justice delivery.
- The corrupt Mindset is the legacy of the British era when corruption was prevalent in the East India • Economic Factors:
Company on large scale (Robert Clive, the first Governor of Bengal Presidency, was accused of running - Inadequate remuneration as compared to the private sector
corrupt administration by British MPs) - Consumerist tendencies with globalization and economic and income growth.
• Social Factors: • Ethical Factors:
- Lack of public participation in ensuring integrity in governance: People themselves bribe officials to - Aptitude and attitude mismatch: Loss of Integrity = High Aptitude + Low Attitude
get the work done. This emboldens the corrupt attitude of some officials. - Involvement in many scams: Many civil servants led scams like 2G Spectrum scam, Coal Block
• Legal/ Governance related factors allocation sam, etc
- Poor implementation of policies and schemes such as PDS (Public Distribution System), PM-KISAN, - Increased instances of conflict of interest: Civil servants take sides of personal affiliation.
etc.⟹ Issues of false inclusions (ghost beneficiaries), delay in payments, etc. o Example: Being in judge in his/ her own case, post-retirement sops, etc.
- Misuse of legal protection to civil servants under Article 311.
Examples of Integrity
- Increased Red-tapism and delays in policy implementation, environment clearances, etc.
• Mahatma Gandhi remained integral on his idea of non-violence and withdrew Non-
- Increased Corruption: India ranked as low as 86 in 2020 in Transparency International’s Corruption Historical
Cooperation Movement post the Chaura-Chauri incident
Perception Index (slipped from 80 in 2019).
• Dr. Manmohan Singh, the then finance minister, played a major role in devaluation
• Political Factors: of the Rupee and made some gains as he had some dollar savings of his own. He
- Nexus between bureaucracy, politicians, criminals, and businessmen deposited those gains in PM Relief Fund. (‘No Wealth without work’)
• Lal Bahadur Shashtri was granted permission of 15 days by Britishers to meet his sick
Mass Transfers Public Life daughter. However, she died the day he reached home. He performed the last rites
Satyam, 2G, Commonwealth Scam and returned to prison, even though he could have stayed for the duration of parole.
• Ashok Khemka (IAS) and Pardeep Kasni (IAS) despite being transferred several times
in their career, continue to work with high integrity.
Politicians Bureaucrats • Durga Shakti Nagpal (IAS) fearlessly fought the UP’s Sand mafia.
Politicians + Bureaucrats • Following traffic rules even when Traffic Police are not present.
Criminalisation of Politics Personal
+ Businessmen Nexus • Didn’t cheat in the examination when the invigilator went out.
Politicisation of Criminals NEXUS • When a doctor treats a person accused of murder to ensure him/ her the right to
Crony Capitalism +
Malpractices equal justice.
Corruption (Lobbying) Professional
• In the “Raid” movie, Amay Patnaik (IRS) didn’t stop the raid in a corrupt politician’s
Criminals Businessmen integrity
house without any official written communication from Minister or PM despite the
threats and offers of bribe from the politician.
International • Pepsi alerted Coca-Cola about the stolen trade secret instead of using it to compete.
Organised Crimes
• When a doctor prescribes unnecessary diagnostic tests & medicines for personal gains.
Lack of
• A journalist was abducted by police in civil clothes in Karnataka. It was later revealed
• Ineffective accountability mechanisms: Professional
as an arrest. This shows the lack of integrity on part of Police officials in performing
Integrity
- Dilution of RTI Act and refusal to disclose the information under the same. their duty.
- Less autonomy to CBI (Supreme Court calls CBI a caged parrot) • “Happiness is when what you think, what you say and what you do are in harmony” –
- Dealy in the establishment of Lokpal (First Lokpal appointed in 2019 whereas the Lokpal Act was Mahatma Gandhi
QUOTES • Integrity requires self-discipline, fortitude, and willpower capable of resisting
passed in 2013)
• Weak enforcement mechanisms: temptation. Its priceless reward is peace of mind and true dignity.
- Judicial Pendency and Delays: Lack of swift action in instances of loss of integrity
o Demotivates the honest civil servants as corrupt officials are not being punished speedily.
o Reduces deterrence power of laws and rules.

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Knowledge without Integrity: Leads to - Right to Information Act, 2005

clever evils and is dangerous and dreadful • Attitudinal Change: Preaching and teaching Zero tolerance towards corruption
Examples: - Building Emotional Intelligence (Sensitivity training, Role Playing, etc.)
- In epic Ramayana, Ravana was highly - Promoting best practices of ethical and honest civil servants ⟹ NITI Aayog could maintain a manual of
knowledgeable but lacked integrity ‘Best Practices & Civil Servants of the Year’ which would encourage officers to be enlisted.
since he kidnapped Sita against her will - Conducting Integrity surveys and issuing integrity certificates to recognize the officials of high
and refuse to even apologize. integrity.
- When a doctor uses the knowledge to - “Debo Na, Nebo Na” (Won’t give, won’t take) Initiative of Cachar District Administration (Assam) to
perform a sex-selective abortion. curb corruption in the district by S Lakshmanan (IAS).
Integrity without Knowledge: If a person • Ensuring public participation in governance mechanisms:
lacks knowledge, his/ her integrity cannot - Social Audit should be included in all schemes just as in schemes like PMAY-G, Swachh Bharat Abhiyan
be put to use by society. (SBM), MGNREGA, Mid-Day-Meal (MDM) Scheme, etc.
Examples: - Role of Media: There is a need for vigilance and checks and balances by media to discourage unethical
activities among civil servants.
- An honest student who has not studied
- Spreading awareness about the online grievance redressal platforms like CPGRAMS (Centralized Public
for the exam will fail
Grievance Redress And Monitoring System)
"Integrity without knowledge is weak and useless, and knowledge without integrity is dangerous and - Educating masses about the proper use of RTI through online audiovisual tutorials.
dreadful." – Samuel Johnson. • Innovative steps were taken by the government to inculcate integrity:
Importance of Integrity in Public life - Rewarding young officers for their good performance on Civil Service Day
- Compulsory/ forced retirement of IRS officers for loss of integrity (facing charges of corruption, sexual
• Ensures transparency and accountability in public administration
harassment, fraud, etc.) ⟹ “Permanent Bureaucracy” is no longer “permanent” for the dishonest,
- A civil servant with high integrity would ensure public availability of the information regarding the
corrupt and inefficient.
decisions of his/ her office and lay down objective criteria of grievance redressals. This leads to fair
- 3600 Appraisal Report introduced in 2016 which goes beyond the Annual Confidential Report (ACR)
public dealing and impartial decision-making.
and receives feedback on the performance of the civil servant from all concerned stakeholders
• Ensures compliance with the law and upholding principles of natural justice and constitutional morality.
- Attempts to cultivate a committed civil service: Proposal of giving weightage to the mandatory
• Improves compliance with Civil Services (Code of Conduct) Rules
“combined foundation” course while allocating services and cadres.
- A civil servant with high integrity would abstain from accepting a gift or any other benefit which might
o Lateral Entry system: Increase in the number of lateral entries would increase the efficiency,
seem to compromise his/ her judgement.
competition, and integrity of officers inducted through direct recruitment.
• Reduces corruption
- All India Services Conduct (Amendment) Rules, 2014 focuses on integrity, transparency, and
• Increases bureaucratic efficiency
accountability.
• Ensures proper utilization use of public resources - Whistleblowers Protection Act, 2014 to provide a mechanism to investigate alleged corruption and
• Builds good leadership skills: High integrity helps in building faith and trust which in turn enhances the misuse of power by public servants and also protect anyone who exposes alleged wrongdoing in
persuasive power of the officials. Example: Former President, APJ Abdul Kalam, flew his family members government bodies, projects, and offices.
to Rashtrapati Bhawan during his swearing-in ceremony as President of India, but he bore the expenses • Integrity Pact: It is a tool developed by Transparency International, which is a legally binding agreement
himself. Similar instances of high integrity in the life of Dr. Kalam made him a great leader. between all parties to comply with anti-corruption best practices and allows the monitor to make sure it
Ways to inculcate high standards of integrity in governance happens. Many PSUs have implemented it and ARC recommends implementing it in civil services too.
• Constitutional Protection to civil servants under Articles 311 and 312 should be removed as recommended
• ARC Recommendation: Bring out a code of ethics for all departments.
by the 2nd ARC.
• Increased vigilance through institutional mechanisms:
• International Measures and treaties should be implemented in letter and spirit
- Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988
- UN Declaration against Corruption and Bribery
- Civil Services (Code of Conduct) Rules
- Central and State Vigilance Commissions
- Central Board of Investigation (CBI)
- Lokpal and Lokayuktas

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2.2.2 Empathy & Compassion

• Empathy is regarded as: Effective listening (Non-Judgemental)
- Ability to understand and experience the feelings (Social isolation is more due to hearing
and sufferings of another person loss than vision loss)
- Ability to put oneself in the shoes of others
• Compassion is regarded as: Imagination
- Empathy + Action = Compassion Ability to (People with vivid
understand imagination are
- An internal force that motivates people to go out non-verbal cues Pre-
requisites better
of their way to help the physical, mental, or empathisers)
for display
emotional pains of another and themselves. of
• Altruism can be defined as doing good things selflessly Empathy
for the well-being of others. Example: When a person
recovered from cancer, and feel pain for other cancer Intelligence + Personal involvement
patients, that is empathy. Subsequently, if he/ she Encouraging & with appropriate
builds a charitable cancer hospital, that is altruism. Supportive detachment
• Apathy is defined as a lack of feeling, interest, emotion, or concern about something or someone.
- It is a feeling of indifference towards the people.
- Examples: Ignorance of private hospitals in India (Recently, a child was declared dead despite being Affective Empathy
alive), Non-registration of FIRs by the police, etc. Ability to understand emotions of others and
respond accordingly
Sympathy Empathy Compassion
Feelings of pity and sorrow Capacity to imagine oneself in the Accepting the nature of
What? for someone else’s situation of others, experiencing suffering and an intention to Somatic Empathy
misfortune. their ideas and emotions. relieve from the same Types of Having some sort of physical reaction in response
Understand another’s Relating to another’s experiences To relieve another’s Empathy to what someone else is experiencing
Goal? (Upset stomach when we see someone get injured)
hardships and feelings suffering
Aspects Largely cognitive aspects Both cognitive and emotional Both Cognitive and
possessed? aspects Emotional aspects
Cognitive Empathy
None Less action-oriented ⟹ More Collaboration to resolve the
Action? Ability to understand the mental state of others &
inclined towards finding a solution problem what they might be thinking in response to a
Highly momentary in its More sustainable than sympathy Most sustainable of all three situation
Sustainability
nature
I care about your suffering I feel our suffering I want to relieve your
Analogy Importance of Empathy and Compassion in Governance
suffering
Hugging or putting a hand When someone walks in a room Compassion made Mother • Empathy promotes:
Examples on their arm when they tell smiling, it makes you smile Teresa leave her motherland - Teamwork and intergroup interaction
us a bad news & serve selflessly in Kolkata.
- Conflict Management
- Social Awareness and better targeting of government policies
- Interpersonal trust and confidence ⟹ Increases the level of persuasiveness of an individual (Mahatma
Sympathy Empathy Compassion Altruism
Gandhi had empathy and compassion for Dalits and Harijans. That’s why he was able to convince BR
Ambedkar to drop the separate electorates for Dalits. This also led to Poona Pact between Gandhi and
Ambedkar)
- Selflessness: When today’s society is becoming materialistic and consumerist.
• Ensures the welfare of people since empathetic and compassionate people lead with not only mind and
body but with heart and soul.

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• Ensures people-centric and humane administration and enables efficient service delivery. • Empathy without emotional intelligence can make our decision-making more impulsive rather than it
• Relationship Management: Instead of reacting, if we understand others then it would build sustainable being prudent and rational.
bonds. • Taking decisions solely based on empathy can hinder the larger public interest as per Utilitarianism.
- Empathy lets us understand the what, when, and how to talk to someone. Example: Regarding empathy as the topmost principle would make the land acquisition in a tribal area for
• Empathy challenges prejudices be it based on religion, race, caste, class, or sex, etc. a developmental project a very difficult task.
• It might lead to biasness and favoritism towards weaker sections of society and alleged victims. Example:
How to inculcate empathy and compassion in civil servants? Showing empathy in dealing with the offender might embolden him/ her to commit graver crime in the
• Socio-Cultural Influences: future.
- Role of Parenting: Unconditional positive regard to children
Examples of Empathy and Compassion
 Joint Family values of sharing, cooperation, etc.
Institutional • ECI (Election Commission of India) arranged to and fro transportation and wheelchair
 Example: Parental discouragement of expression of emotions (like boys don’t cry) might make
Empathy facility at polling booths for PwDs in an assembly election earlier this year.
them insensitive to emotions (apathetic)
• Mother Teresa left her motherland to selflessly serve in Kolkata.
- Role Models: Sonu Sood helped migrants workers and health workers during the pandemic through
• Mahatma Gandhi toured various parts of India to empathize with the people of India.
initiatives like Pravasi Rojgaar, arranging buses, toll-free helpline numbers, etc. He also retired from politics and lived with Dalits and for their welfare.
- Role of Art, Architecture, and Cinema Public Life
• Kailash Satyarthi (Nobel Laureate) dedicated his life to the welfare of children.
 ‘Satyamev Jayate’ TV show by Aamir Khan • A policeman deployed at a crematorium in Delhi postponed his daughter’s wedding
 ‘Pather Panchali’ drama (portrays poverty and rural India). amid COVID surge.
• Religious Influences: • Bhakti-Sufi saints were inspired by empathy towards the masses to carry out reforms.
Socio-Religious
- Buddhist Approach ⟹ “Spend a whole day becoming mindful of every person connected to one’s • Bezwada Wilson dedicated his life to the welfare of Safai Karamcharis
routine actions” Professional • Several TATA Group companies were severely hit by the pandemic but didn’t lay off
- Non-violence (ahiṃsa) taught by Jainism and Buddhism. empathy employees shows empathy on part of TATA.
- Buddhism teaches the practice of compassion, called karuna. • Developed countries sympathize with the developing countries which are facing the
• Role of Media: Responsible reporting by media regarding the issues faced by the poor and vulnerable disproportionate burden of climate change. But slow progress evident from missing
the target of $100 billion by 2020 and pull out of the USA from the Paris Deal shows
sections of society, animal rights issues, etc. and their living standards through documentaries or “Ground
International their apathetic attitude.
Zero Reports” such as those by RsTV (Rajya Sabha TV) can help in inculcating empathy and compassion in • Jacinda Ardern, New Zealand PM, consoled the country’s Muslim community after the
the people. Christchurch mosque attack. Her swift gestures of wearing the hijab and passing the
• Individual-level Measures new gun legislation showed her empathetic and compassionate attitude.
- Sensitivity Training of judges, civil servants, etc. towards various social issues like homosexuality, • Employees laid off by companies during the COVID-19 pandemic.
poverty, etc. through steps like Bharat Darshan. • Lack of empathy towards animals:
Lack of empathy - Tying crackers on the tail of elephants and dogs.
- Role-Playing in dramas and intra-organizational activities
& compassion
- Attitudinal change techniques: To eliminate prejudices and predispositions towards certain sections - The government ordered hunting of Nilgai in Bihar as they were destroying crops.
of society and improve general outlook towards life. One of them didn’t die after the gunshot but the Forest department buried it alive.
• Corporate & Civil Society Measures • “Kind words can be short and easy to speak but their echoes are truly endless” – Mother
- CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) and field visits by employees to know about the ground realities. QUOTES Teresa
• “The most important thing in communication is to hear what is not said”.
• Government-Level Measures:
- 25% reservation at schools for EWS (Economically Weaker Sections) would help in the interaction
between rich and poor and develop empathy and compassion.

Empathy is a virtue, but it should not always be our top guiding principle
Empathy has historically been a good human trait. But it cannot always be the top guiding principle as other
principles like utilitarianism, natural justice, integrity, accountability, and public service also merit equal
consideration.

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2.2.3 Objectivity determination of motherhood and right to justice to the girl since pregnancy resulted due to sexual assault.
• Objectivity refers to making unbiased decisions based on facts and not being influenced by personal Whereas allowing the same would amount to infringement of the right to life of the fetus. Here, none of
feelings, prejudices, or preconceived notions. In short, objectivity means “sticking to the facts”. the alternatives is 100% objectively true or ethical.
• The Nolan Committee has mentioned objectivity as one of the seven foundational values in public life.

Objectivity in Governance Examples of Objectivity

• ‘Lady Justice (Justitia)’ is blindfolded and holds a balance in her hand which shows that
• Objectivity helps in challenging prejudices: In a diverse country like India, a civil servant needs to rise Institutional
public servants with judicial or quasi-judicial powers should make decisions with
above all the subjective preferences based on religion, race, caste, class, region, sex, linguistic, cultural, or Objectivity
objectivity and impartiality.
ethnic backgrounds and take rational and merit-based decisions. • Tracking Demographic data from Census 2011 or SECC (Socio-Economic Caste Census),
• Ensures transparency and accountability in governance: While recruiting a computer operator in the Public Life 2011 and making empirical decisions about beneficiaries of schemes (like Ayushman
office, an objective civil servant would base the judgement on the applicant’s qualifications rather than Bharat – NHPS, PMAY, etc.) based on this data.
International • Equal voting rights to all the members of the New Development Bank (NDB).
showing favoritism.
Lack of • ASI (Archaeological Survey of India) began gold mining in Unao, UP after the order of
• Fair assessment of the performance: Objectivity helps a civil servant in making fair and impartial Appraisal objectivity a Union Minister who was acting on the claim made by a ‘BABA’ (Godman).
Reports of the subordinates. QUOTES • “Truth is true even if you are a minority of one” – Mahatma Gandhi
• Enforcement of Laws: It helps in better implementation of laws enshrined under Articles 14, 15, 17, 23,
and 24 of the constitution. Example: An objective civil servant would abide by constitutional morality of
non-discrimination on any ground (Article 15) while facilitating the benefits of various schemes.
• Lowers the capability of pressure groups, lobbies, and politicians to influence public servants and ask for favors. 2.2.4 Impartiality & Non-Partisanship
• Free and fair elections • Impartiality is a principle of justice that involves making decisions without any bias or prejudice. It is a
refusal to discriminate between humans based on religion, race, caste, sex, nationality, or political
How to inculcate objectivity opinions.
- It involves showing fairness in any and every decision and hence, imposes a self-commitment on an
• Maintaining high standards of transparency:
individual to remain fair.
- RTI creates a fear of taking irrational and biased discretionary decisions.
- Digital Information Management System to ensure checks and balances. • Non-Partisanship is the virtue of not being specifically affiliated with any group, party, or cause. It flows
from the Constitution and not any ideology (religious or philosophical).
• Right to be Heard: Social Audit and public hearings of complaints/ grievances related to government
- A civil servant should maintain discipline in discharging duties and implement the lawfully
policies would ensure objectivity in governance.
communicated orders. However, one should not be just a yes-man and be capable of judging the
• Inculcate critical thinking and scientific temper at school level: Initiatives like Atal Tinkering Labs (ATLs)
lawfulness and constitutionality of the order.
Criticism of Objectivity - It ensures a neutral approach in politics and a solid commitment to the government.
• Objectivity is obsessed with EXACTNESS. Impartiality Non-Partisanship
• Objectivity might lead to insensitivity and apathy. The emotions of an individual cannot be ignored in Non-association in politics (not concerned with
Meaning Being unbiased and unprejudiced.
decision-making. But objectivity has clerical expectations, i.e., following rules and regulations without decision making)
thinking much. This kills creativity and makes them “cog in a machine”. Example: An elderly poor couple How to Being neutral towards the government,
Being non-discriminatory and apolitical
doesn’t have adequate documents to avail benefit of a scheme. Basing decisions only on objectivity, a civil achieve it? politics, department, and citizens.
servant would not thrive to find alternative schemes or help the couple in obtaining the documents within Individual behaves towards another without Individual remains free from any form of fear
Primary Task
the prescribed time limit. Such an endeavor demands empathy and compassion on the part of the officer. any bias or prejudice and has an outlook of non-favoritism
• Objectivity leads to mere quantification. Example: Around 84 million people (~6% of the total population) Essense Behavior Attitude
live in extreme poverty in India. While making and implementing schemes of poverty alleviation, a civil No Association/ Affiliation with political
Association Action-oriented (Equal Association with all)
servant should not only look at this data point. He/ she should “take decisions keeping in mind the last man parties/ leaders in public domain
in queue” as advocated by Mahatma Gandhi. Positive/
Positive concept Negative concept
Negative
• There may be situations where no one alternative is 100% objectively true. Example: When a pregnant
minor girl, who was a rape victim, approaches the court for abortion, the court cannot base its decision
solely on objectivity. Not allowing abortion would amount to infringement of the right to self-

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Merits/ Importance of Impartiality & Non-Partisanship • Inculcation of Emotional Intelligence (EI): EI would make one empathetic to the demands of each section
• The principle of Impartiality enables one to of society. This would enable one to defeat his/ her biases and prejudices.
“enjoy the confidence of all”.
• They promote objectivity and quality in Committed Bureaucracy:
decision-making. Example: Selecting the
beneficiaries under PDS, Ayushman Bharat • It is the system of bureaucracy that is
(NHPS), etc. committed to the constitution, welfare
of the people, and objectives of the
• To ensure social justice in diverse settings
state.
like that of India in terms of a multi-
linguistic, multi-religious and pluralistic • It includes the involvement of civil
society, impartiality, and non-partisanship servants in the developmental process in
would help in bridging various divides, an autonomous, transparent, impartial,
redistribution of resources (Article 39), and and objective manner.
Justice for All (Preamble) ⟹ Helps in • There is a need to shift from civil
developing an inclusive society. services neutrality towards committed
• Improve Emotional Intelligence: Impartiality & non-partisanship result in good quality behaviour and help bureaucracy. This would provide
in building good relations and confidence in public. requisite autonomy to the bureaucracy,
reduce political dominance, and imbibe
• These ensure the solid commitment of civil servants to the government and not to the political party in
a sense of constitutional morality and
power.
beneficence in the civil servants of our
• Creates credibility and trustworthiness with government, people and opposition also.
country.
• Reduces instances of conflict of interest (Public servants must ensure that their professional judgements
are neither compromised nor seen to be compromised by bias, or conflict of interests)
• To prevent majoritarian dominance in a democratic country like India where the Constitution itself
protects the interests of minorities (Article 29, 30).
• Reduces corruption (eliminates corrupt nexus) and increases transparency and accountability.

How to inculcate impartiality and non-partisanship

• Role of socialization: If parents behave impartially with all their kids, son or daughter, then it inculcates a
sense of fairness and non-biasness in the children as well.
• Emotional Intelligence (methods of inculcating EI can be mentioned here like sensitivity training, role-
playing, etc.)
• Institutional Mechanisms to deal against discriminatory behaviors:
- Ensuring transparency and accountability in decision making by the implementation of the RTI Act in
both letter and spirit.
- Other Oversight mechanisms like:
o Administrative control through measures like internal audits and departmental committees.
o Ensuring autonomy to NHRC (National Human Rights Commission), NCSC, NCST, CVC, CBI, and
Lokpal and Lokayutas.
o Social Auditing should be included in schemes and programs just like in the MGNREGA, MDM (Mid-
Day-Meal), and PMAY-G schemes.
• Using Nudging Techniques to inculcate Impartiality: Rewarding good behavior of government officials
through certificates or medals.

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Examples of Impartiality and Non-Partisanship Importance/ Need of Tolerance

• Free & Fair elections by ECI (Election Commission of India) • Social Capital: Ensures social peace and harmony and enriches the Indian virtue of “unity in diversity”.
• Principle of Net Neutrality (Internet Service Providers must treat all internet
Institutional • It upholds the moral worth of every individual by allowing them to express their views without any
communications equally) upheld by TRAI ensured impartiality in end-use & charging
of internet services. constraint.
• Vinod Rai (former CAG) exposed scams and cases of corruption by members of the • Tolerance is a prerequisite to maintaining the principles of secularism and equality as enshrined in the
then ruling party (under whose tenure he was appointed). Constitution.
Public Life
• Selection of a contractor for the Mid-Day-Meal Scheme by the district • Tolerance enriches leadership skills. It provides the ability to tolerate and ignore a few mistakes committed
administration through a transparent tender mechanism without any bias. by the subordinates.
• Buddhists & Jain Sangh's were introduced as completely impartial institutions. They • Inculcates foundational values of civil services like Empathy & Compassion
Socio-Religious
allowed entry to every section of society including lower castes and women. • Without it, differing views can’t be expressed freely and this would result in a status-quo in the society.
• Lawyers in Nepal accused President Bhandari of partiality in dissolving the lower This may kill scientific temper and critical thinking and reduce Research & Development.
International
house despite the legitimate claim of opposition to form the government.
• An IAS officer in Telangana was seen touching the feet of the Chief Minister in the How to inculcate tolerance?
public domain. This questions the impartiality and non-partisanship of the • Sensitivity Training of judges, civil servants, etc. towards various social issues like homosexuality, poverty,
Lack of concerned civil servant and the bureaucracy at large.
etc. through steps like Bharat Darshan. Example: Justice Venkatesh (Madras HC) educated himself on
Impartiality, • Discrimination against the Rohingyas by Myanmar and the Uighur Muslims by
Non- Chinese Governments violates the principle of impartiality. LGBTQIA+ (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, Intersex, and Asexual) issues before delivering the
Partisanship • Participation of an IPS officer in a political rally in West Bengal. judgement.
• Non-registering of FIRs by police officials especially when the victim belongs to a • Role-Playing in dramas and intra-organizational activities
lower caste. • Role of Media: Media should exercise temperance and not practice sensationalization of news to gain TRP.
• “You cannot have a united India without All India civil services which can This would imbibe the culture of tolerance in the young minds of our country.
QUOTES independently speak its mind and has the security of tenure” – Sardar Vallabhbhai • Indian philosophical teachings:
Patel
- “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam” which means “World is one family” appears in Maha Upanishad. It is
engraved in the entrance hall of the Parliament of India.
- “Atithi Devo Bhava” (Guests are equivalent to God)
2.2.5 Tolerance • Role of Private Sector/ Civil Society
• Tolerance can be defined as a fair, objective, and permissible outlook towards those with a different - Tackling fake news by social media giants like Facebook, Twitter, and WhatsApp through content
lifestyle. It means the “willingness to accept”. verifiers.
- Proper monitoring of social media for hate speeches, communalism elements, etc., and exercising self-
• Tolerance comprises of allowing people to exercise their rights – religious, political, or constitutional. It
imposed ethics by media platforms. Example: Voluntary Code of Ethics by ECI & IMAI (Internet and
teaches us to respect all religions, races, castes, genders, opinions, and ideologies.
Mobile Association of India) during 2019 Lok Sabha elections.
• Tolerance also means expressing one’s opinion (although dissent) decently and respectfully while
• Police Reforms:
respecting the sentiments of others. Article 19 provides for freedom of speech and expression. Thus, in
- Holding Police officials accountable for inaction during riots, inter-caste marriages, khap verdicts, etc.
India, everybody has the right to speak and express their viewpoints.
• Governance Reforms:
• Paradox of Tolerance: It states that if a society is tolerant without limit, its ability to be tolerant is
- Encouraging pluralistic settlements like “Samasthapuram” (Tamil Nadu), Mixed Racial Housing based
eventually seized or destroyed by the intolerant. Thus, to maintain a tolerant society, the society must be
on a quota system (Singapore)
intolerant of intolerance, i.e., tolerance doesn’t mean to tolerate the intolerant.
- Increasing employment opportunities for the minorities
Disharmony + ↑ - Passing of Prevention of Communal and Targeted Violence Bill, 2011 to curb mob lynchings and
Unlimited Disappearance of
Intolerant traits in communally-colored violence. Anti-Mob Lynching Law in states like Rajasthan is a positive step.
Tolerance Tolerance
society • Value Education:
- Teaching our children to deal with diversity: UNESCO Series “Tolerance: The Threshold for Peace”
could be used as a Model Manual.
- Decommunalising the history of India
(Other points from Empathy, Compassion, and Emotional Intelligence can also be included here)

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Examples of Tolerance 2.2.6 Dedication to public service

• SC (Supreme Court) declared a case against the kids who refused to sing National Dedication is the quality of being emotionally involved and committed to a task, purpose, or thought. Public
Institutional Anthem as null and void by saying that “Our tradition teaches tolerance, our philosophy Service refers to the delivery of service to the public. Therefore, Dedication to Public Service refers to the
preaches tolerance, and our constitution practices tolerance, let us not dilute it”. restless pursuit of the public good with commitment and passion.
• Ashoka promoted tolerance towards all religions through his Dhamma mahamatras
Historical • Akbar was tolerant of all religions (evident from steps like Din-e-Ilahi, Ibadat Khana, etc) One might lose sight of his/ her goal and may never achieve it if he/ she is not dedicated to what he is
• Hindu-Muslim Unity during Swadeshi Movement and Non-Cooperation Movement doing. Thus, dedication gives strength to move on and on (steady patience and perseverance) without any
distraction even in the most challenging situations.
• During the freedom struggle, despite having clashes in ideologies, Jawaharlal Nehru,
Public Life Subhash Chandra Bose, and Mahatma Gandhi worked together towards a common goal Dedication vs Commitment: In civil services, Dedication is required more than commitment because
of independence of India. sometimes a person can be committed even if he doesn’t have passion and inspiration. Commitment can
• Bhakti-Sufi tradition be just code/ contract-driven in some cases, i.e., being engaged in certain work not because they love to
• Syadvada (Anekantavada) in Jainism advocates that every view is correct from its do that job but because they are legally obliged to do so.
perspective but no particular view is absolutely correct.
Socio-Religious
• Our PM cited ‘Yaadhum Oore Yaavarum Kelir’ (which means “All places are our own, What determines the dedication of an employee/ public servant?
everyone is our kin”) to underscore India’s ancient faith in universalism and tolerance. • Salary and perks: Act as a source of external motivation
• Muslims saved a temple in a riot-hit Northeast Delhi (Tolerance & communal harmony)
• Working hours: An optimal level of working hours would ensure the commitment of employees and better
• Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam (The world is one place)
work-life balance.
• Atithi Devo Bhava
International • Jacinda Ardern, New Zealand PM, consoled the country’s Muslim community after the • Working conditions and environment: A person working in a highly competitive environment, where most
Christchurch mosque attack. Her swift gestures of wearing the hijab and avoiding any of the colleagues are working hard to achieve success, would be self-motivated and dedicated to mark his/
debate on the accused showed her tolerance towards all sects and religions. her place in the organization. Whereas, if the work culture is lethargic, the employees would also be
• Mob Lynching and cow vigilantism inefficient and less dedicated to the work and organizational goals.
• The killing of Journalists (Kashogji, Gauri Lankesh, Shujaat Bukhari, etc.) • Workload: Evidence-based approach should be used to limit the workload not unnecessarily burden the
• Protests against books (Perumal Murugan’s ‘One Part Woman’ censorship case), movies public servants as this would directly impact their efficiency, commitment, and dedication to their work.
(Padmavat, The Family Man Season 2), etc.
• Internal Motivation: Self-actualization, self-realization, and realizing the ideal self act as sources of self-
Rising • Linguistic Intolerance: Protests against Hindi in South India
Intolerance in • Ethnic & Cultural Intolerance: Former US President Donald Trump banned travel from motivation, which is one of the most important driving forces of dedication towards public service.
society some Muslim-dominated countries into the USA. • Human Values like selflessness, perseverance, and attitude of service.
- Chinese government intolerance towards Uighur community.
- Myanmar Government intolerance towards the Rohingyas. Need of dedication in public service
• Caste Intolerance: Against Dalits (untouchability, manual scavenging, etc.) • To tackle hostile situations & handle on-job pressures such as pressure from politicians, media, social
• Increased instances of Terrorism and Extremism media, RTI activists, high workload (23% shortage of IAS officers in India), etc.
• “I may disagree with what you say but I will defend to the death your right to say it” – • Increases the adaptability to new situations and circumstances in case of frequent transfers and
QUOTES Voltaire
punishment postings since the ultimate aim of the civil servant is service to the people. (Ashok Khemka,
• “Let noble thoughts flow in from all directions” – Rigveda
IAS)
• Problem-solving approach: Dedication can help in thinking rationally and using out-of-box ideas to solve
problems. Example: “My Schools, My Garden” initiative by Shashanka Ala in Mizoram’s most backward
district to tackle malnutrition.
• Motivates to work in difficult work profile like in Northeast, Left Wing Extremism (LWE) affected areas, etc.
• Eliminating social evils like untouchability, child labour, child marriage, domestic violence, etc., and
bringing social reforms require innovation and commitment on the part of the civil servant to tackle social
opposition and lack of support from the political executive. Example: Schemes like Family Planning are
opposed in rural areas as they are considered taboo. Without personal devotion and assurance, the
implementation of this scheme may have not happened.
• Brings about other foundational values of integrity, objectivity, and impartiality in a civil servant.
• Ensures good governance

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• Helps in reaching self-actualization and the epitome of success in both public and private life. 2.3 UPSC Previous Year Questions
• Gives away with ‘Chalta Hai’ (status-quoist) attitude. 1. What do you understand by the following terms in the context of public service? (2013)
(a) Integrity; (b) Perseverance; (c) Spirit of service; (d) Commitment; (e) Courage of conviction
2. Integrity without knowledge is weak and useless, but knowledge without integrity is dangerous and
dreadful. What do you understand by this statement? Explain your stand with illustrations from the
modern context. (2014)
3. “One of the tests of integrity is complete refusal to be compromised”. Explain it with reference to a real-
life example. (2017)
4. “In looking for people to hire, you look for three qualities: integrity, intelligence, and energy. And if they
do not have the first, the other two will kill you.” – Warren Buffett. What do you understand by this
statement in the present-day scenario? Explain. (2018)
5. Why should impartiality and non-partisanship be considered as foundational values in public services,
especially in the present-day socio-political context? Illustrate your answer with examples. (2016)
6. What is mean by public interest? What are the principles and procedures to be followed by the civil
servants in public interest? (2018)
7. “In doing a right thing, everything is permitted which is not prohibited expressly or by clear implication”.
Examine the statement with suitable examples in the context of a public servant discharging his/ her duties.
(2018)
Examples of Dedication to Public Service 8. Indicate two attributes that you consider important for public service. Justify your answer. (2013)
Institutional • Free & Fair elections by ECI (Election Commission of India) 9. How do the virtues of trustworthiness and fortitude get manifested in public service? Explain with the help
of suitable examples. (2015)
• The Manager of Hotel Taj, which was attacked by terrorists, was completely involved
in the rescue operations even though his wife and son were killed on the same day in 10. Discipline generally implies following order and subordination. However, it may be counter-productive for
the attack. the organization. Discuss. (2017)
• Kailash Satyarthi (Nobel Laureate) dedicated his life to the welfare of children. 11. What is meant by the term ‘constitutional morality? How does one uphold constitutional morality? (2019)
• Bezwada Wilson dedicated his life to the welfare of Safai Karamcharis
12. Apart from intellectual competency and moral qualities, empathy and compassion are some of the other
• Srijana Gummalla (IAS) gave up maternity leave and resumed work within just a month
vital attributes that facilitate the civil servants to be more competent in tackling the crucial issues or taking
Public Life of giving birth.
critical decisions. Explain with suitable illustrations. (2022)
• Armstrong Pame (IAS) built a 100 Km road in Manipur from crowdfunding. 13. Identify five ethical traits on which one can plot the performance of a civil servant. Justify their inclusion in
• Shashanka Ala (IAS) started “My School, My Farm” initiative in Mizoram’s most the matrix. (2021)
backward district to ensure the availability of nutritious food for all. 14. Identify ten essential values that are needed to be an effective public servant. Describe the ways and means
• Sonam Wangchuk started the operation ‘New Hope’ to revolutionize education in to prevent non-ethical behaviour in public servants. (2021)
Ladakh. 15. Should impartial and being non-partisan be considered indispensable qualities to make a successful civil
• APJ Abdul Kalam knows as ‘Missile Man of India’ due to his dedication to service. servant? Discuss with illustrations (2021)
• Azim Premji Foundation pledged over ₹2,000 crores to help fight the COVID-19 16. “Integrity is a value that empowers the human being’’. Justify with suitable illustration. (2021)
Professional
pandemic. It works with over 3.5 lakh schools in India to promote quality education.
• Nadia Murad (Nobel Laureate) helps women and children victimized by genocides and
International
human trafficking. She was herself a victim of sexual assault and kept as a slave by ISIS.
• “Public service must be more than doing a job efficiently and honestly. It must be a
complete dedication to the people and the nation” – Margaret Smith
• “The best to find yourself is to lose yourself in the service of others” – Mahatma Gandhi
QUOTES
• “You are not here merely to make a living. You are here to enable the world to live more
amply. You are here to enrich the world, and you impoverish yourself if you forget the
job” – Woodrow Wilson

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE 3 1 EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
1.1 What are Emotions? 3
1.2 Purpose and Functions of Emotions 3 1.1 WHAT ARE ‘EMOTIONS’?
1.3 Emotional Intelligence (EI) – Concept 4 Emotion is a subjective state of mind. Emotions can be reactions to internal stimuli (such as thoughts or
1.4 Components of EI 5 memories) or events that occur in our external environment.
1.5 Ways to inculcate EI 7
Emotions are the affective state of consciousness. It is a complex psychological state that involves four distinct
1.6 Impact of Media on EI 8
1.7 Other factors for inculcating EI 9 components as shown in the diagram below:
1.8 IQ vs EQ vs SQ 9
1.9 Importance/ Utility of EI in Administration 10 1. FEELINGS 2. BODILY AROUSAL
1.10 The dark side of EI 11 • Subjective Experience • Physiological Activation
• Gives rise to Affective response • Arousing condition
2 QUOTES ON EI 12
3 PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS 12

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3. COGNITIVE PROCESS
4. BEHAVIOUR • To identify cause of arousal
• Motivation state • Labelling processes
• Expressing of the feelings • Perceptual Effect

We can conclude from the above diagram that emotions are NOT the result of the events taking place but of
the cognitive appraisal of the environment. Also, the different intensity of emotions in different people is due
to the different levels of their cognitive appraisal.
• Types of Emotions: The researchers have also identified and classified the different types of emotions:
- Positive Emotions: Joy, Happiness, Love, Optimism, Appreciation, etc.
- Negative Emotions: Hatred, Jealousy, Lust, Anger, etc.
- When Negative emotions overpower Positive emotions, it often leads to wrong decisions. Examples:
Jallianwala Bagh massacre, Suicides, etc.

1.2 PURPOSE AND FUNCTIONS OF EMOTIONS

Emotions can play an important role in how we think and behave. They can lead to completely contrasting
behavior on the part of individuals. They play the following functions and serve the following purposes:
• Intrapersonal Functions:
- Emotions Help us Act Quickly with Minimal Conscious Awareness: Drinking spoiled milk or oil harms
our bodies. The emotion of disgust helps us immediately take action by not ingesting them in the first
place or by vomiting them out without making any cost-benefit analysis. They help us survive, thrive,
and avoid danger.

- Emotions help us make decisions: Right from deciding what to eat in breakfast to at what time to clothes during his tour in South India to resemble himself like a common Indian and show the masses that he
study, emotions play an important role in decision-making. Sometimes, these decisions may be wrong/ understood their emotions.
unethical too. Example: Road rage cases, Mob Lynching, use of Abusive language, etc. Case Study – 2: In course of his meditations, Budhha was tempted by the demon Mara, who sent armies, brought
- Emotions influence thoughts: Memories are not just facts that are encoded in our brains; they are his beautiful daughter to seduce Buddha. Yet Buddha sat still and calm and touched the earth to be the witness
colored with the emotions felt at those times. They form the affective component of the formation of of his achievement.
our attitudes.
- Emotions motivate us to take action: The performance increases with an increase in arousal but up to 1.4 COMPONENTS OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE (EI)
a certain threshold, after which the performance is impacted negatively. The mixed model was most famously described by Daniel Goleman and is a widely accepted and used model for
• Interpersonal Functions: EI. The components of EI as per the model are shown in the diagram and dealt with in detail below:
- Emotional Expressions signal the nature of interpersonal relationships such as marriage
- Emotions allow other people to understand us: It might involve emotional expression through body
language, facial expression, abnormal happiness or sadness, etc., or directly telling the friends or family
about how one is feeling. Similarly, they allow us to understand other people. This becomes an
important component of empathy & compassion.
- Emotions act as a catalyst for morality (Moral sentimentalism): They might either increase or
SELF-MOTIVATION
decrease our inclination towards morality.
(ability to drive oneself to take
initiative and action to
1.3 EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ⟹ CONCEPT pursue goals and complete
Emotions are the affective state of consciousness. Intelligence is the ability to acquire and apply knowledge
and skills. It is a capacity to think rationally, act purposefully and deal effectively with one’s environment.
Emotional intelligence refers to the ability to interpret, understand & manage one’s emotions and emotions
of others to arrive at mature decisions.
“Emotional Intelligence is not the opposite of intelligence, it is not the victory of heart overhead. It is the 1. SELF-AWARENESS (Awareness about one’s emotions) ⟹ “Know thy self”
unique intersection of both.” It is the ability to know when we are thinking negatively, becoming angry, or experiencing mood shifts.
“Self-Awareness is the ability to take an honest look at your life without any attachment to it being right or
wrong, good or bad.”
Self-Awareness gives us the ability to learn from our mistakes as well as our successes. It enables us to keep
going. Some hallmarks of self-awareness are:
- Accurate Self-Assessment: Sense of selfhood, Knowing about one’s strengths & weaknesses
- Emotional Awareness: Ability to recognize how one’s behavior impacts others
✓ Being attentive to how others influence one’s emotional state
- It enables us to set realistic goals.
- “Everyone is a moon and has a dark side which he never shows to anybody.” One should be aware of
one’s dark as well as a bright side.

Barriers to Self-Awareness includes the following:

Case Study – 1: Mahatama Gandhi didn’t show anger towards the Ticket Checker when he was thrown out of the
train in South Africa. He reared his anger and channeled it towards the right cause. He also abandoned the

2. SELF-MANAGEMENT/ SELF-REGULATION (Emotional & behavioral control) 5. RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT/ SOCIAL SKILLS (Good social & interpersonal skills)
“Self-Control is strength, right thought is mastery, and calmness is power.” Skills we use to communicate and interact with each other, both verbally and non-verbally, through gestures,
- Self-Control & Temperance (moderation or voluntary self-restraint): It refers to managing disruptive body language, and our appearance. It involves the following:
impulses and pursuing self-restraint. Example: Following the Buddha’s Middle path - Persuasion/ Influence: Persuasion is convincing others to change their point of view and agree to a
- Maintaining the standards of honesty & integrity commitment, or take a course of action. Example: Gandhiji persuaded the masses to use non-violence
- Conscientiousness (the quality of doing one's work or duty well and thoroughly) and satyagraha instead of revolution to fight the Britishers through his successes in Champaran
- Acclimatization: Flexibility & adaptability Satyagraha, Kheda Satyagraha, and Ahemadabad Mill Strike.
- Tolerance: Openness to new ideas - Conflict Management: It is a process where disputes are resolved by minimizing the negative results
- Prevents a person from being a prisoner of their feeling and the positive consequences.

3. SELF-MOTIVATION (ability to drive oneself to take initiative and action) 1.5 WAYS TO INCULCATE EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE (EI)
“Don’t downgrade your dream just to fit your reality. Upgrade your conviction to match your destiny.”
“Success is 2% inspiration and 98% perspiration.” – Thomas Eddison. The perspiration to succeed involves • Social Measures:
the prolonged motivation to keep moving (perseverance). - Role of Parenting: Unconditional positive regard to children
Motivation is made up of the following: ✓ Joint Family values of sharing, cooperation, etc.Example: Parental discouragement of expression of
- Achievement drive: Level of desire and efforts one puts to achieve the goals. emotions (like boys don’t cry) might make them insensitive to emotions (apathetic)
- Optimism: Hopefulness about the future of something. - Role Models: Sonu Sood helped migrants workers and health workers during the pandemic through
- Commitment & Self-determination: Quality of being dedicated to a cause or activity. Example: Michael initiatives like Pravasi Rojgaar, arranging buses, toll-free helpline numbers, etc.
Phelps spent most of his time training. He had only ONE goal—getting a gold medal at Olympics. He - Role of Art, Architecture, and Cinema
got 6 gold medals in the 2004 Olympics at age of 19. ✓ ‘Satyamev Jayate’ TV show by Aamir Khan
- Ability to delay gratification (while preparing for UPSC CSE, an aspirant delays gratification/ pleasure ✓ ‘Pather Panchali’ drama (portrays poverty and rural India).
to focus on the preparation and larger goal of becoming a civil servant) • Institutional-Level Measures:
- Sensitivity Training: It is a form of training to make people more aware of their own goals as well as
Side-Note: their prejudices, and more sensitive to others and the dynamics of group interaction.
MASLOW’s Need Hierarchy Theory: It is a ✓ Example: Sensitivity training of judges, civil servants, etc. towards various social issues like
theory of motivation which states that homosexuality, poverty, etc. through steps like Bharat Darshan.
five categories of human needs dictate an ✓ Justice Venkatesh (Madras HC) educated himself on LGBTQIA+ issues before delivering judgement.
individual's behavior. Those needs are: - Effective Communication: Using the latest means of communication like Memes contests (by
• Physiological needs, mygov.in) to connect with the youth and build a positive relationship between people and the
• Safety needs, government.
• Love and belonging needs, • Individual-Level Measures:
• Self-esteem needs, and - Emotional Literacy: It is the ability to identify, label, understand, and act upon the feelings (emotions)
• Self-actualization needs. of oneself and others in a healthy and socially acceptable manner.
✓ Talking to friends, family, etc. to know about own emotional impulses.
✓ Self-introspection: It refers to the examination of one's own conscious thoughts and feelings.
- Meditation & Yoga
- Objective appraisal of the situation
- Practice Responding and not reacting:
4. SOCIAL-AWARENESS/ EMPATHY (Knowing about the emotions of other people) ✓ Case Study [‘Cockroach Theory’ of Sundar Pichai]: At a restaurant, when a cockroach flew from
It is the ability to understand & share the feelings of another. It also means hearing what the other person somewhere and sat on a lady, she started screaming out of fear. Her reaction was contagious and
is ‘really’ saying. An empathetic person has the following attributes: made everyone in her group panic. A waiter came to the lady’s rescue and the cockroach fell on
- Selfless Service Orientation: Service to mankind is service to God (Swami Vivekananda) him. He, however, stood firm and composed and observed the behavior of the cockroach. When
- Socio-cultural & Political awareness: For a better appraisal of surroundings. he was confident enough, he grabbed it and threw it out of the window. It shows that ‘reactions

are always instinctive, whereas responses are always well thought of, just and right to save the - Buddha’s Ashthangika Marg (8-Fold Path) to be free of all desires (which lead to emotional instability)
situation from going out of hand’. - Buddha’s Madhyama Marga (The Middle Path) for management of emotions
✓ Jacinda Ardern, PM of New Zealand stayed calm even when a 5.5 magnitude earthquake hit the • Attitudinal change techniques: To eliminate prejudices and predispositions towards certain sections of
country during her TV interview. society and improve general outlook towards life.
- Being creative: Using techniques like listening to music, talking bath, hitting the gym, reverse counting, • Institutional Factors
etc. to control anger, frustration, and such other negative emotions. - Introduction of Ethics Paper by UPSC in Civil Services Examination
- Good Sense of Humour: Ability to see the lighter side of the life - NITI Aayog has suggested the introduction of mid-career training modules for All-India Services and
- Social Memory: Remembering the faces, names, dates (like birthdays and anniversaries), etc. preparation of handbooks for skill orientation to improve competency which includes EI.
- One needs to take responsibility for his/ her emotions and should not become ego-defensive. Example:
When we become angry on seeing our fewer marks, we need to recognize our inability to score rather 1.8 IQ vs EQ vs SQ
than blaming the teacher for it (avoiding blame-game).
- Avoiding decision-making in anger or heat of the moment as any such decision is seldom ethical. • IQ (Intelligence Quotient): Denotes the mathematical, reasoning, and logical ability of an individual.
- Goal Setting (defining your ideals): Defining one’s goals and ideal-self • EQ (Emotional Quotient): Demonstrates the ability of an individual to recognize his/ her behaviors, moods
- Leadership: Inspiring and guiding people (Lead by example). Example: Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Luther and impulses, and manage them best according to the situation.
King Jr., Nelson Mandela, Abraham Lincoln, etc. • SQ (Spiritual Quotient) [High spirit]: Capacity of an individual to possess a socially relevant purpose in life
- Change Catalyst: ”Be the change you want to see in the world” (Mahatma Gandhi) by understanding 'self' and having a high degree of conscience, compassion, and commitment to human
(Ways to inculcate Empathy would be dealt in depth in the handout on “Empathy and Compassion”) values.
Intelligence Quotient (IQ) Emotional Quotient (EQ)
1.6 IMPACT OF MEDIA ON EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE (EI) It is a score that is used to express the Ability of an individual to recognize his/ her
What we surf on the internet and browse through the news on phones and TV, it has a high impact on the apparent relative intelligence of a behaviors, moods and impulses, and
What?
person we become. Media acts as a source of indirect socialization and provides observational learning. It person. It is proficiency in or knowledge manage them best according to the
can play both positive and negative roles in shaping the emotional intelligence of individuals. of a specified subject. situation
• Positive Role: • Problem Solving Approach • Self-Awareness + Self Management
- Sharing of best practices on social media platforms motivates others to follow them. • Learning and adapting to change • Self Motivation
Abilities/ Skills
- Enables crowdfunding for the poor (like by Armstrong Pame for building a road in the northeast) • Planning and strategizing • Social Awareness/ Empathy
• Negative Role: • Imagination • Relationship Management
- Echo chamber effect (situations in which beliefs are amplified or reinforced by repetition): Due to the
anonymity, absence of monitoring mechanisms, lack of instant feedback, use of artificial intelligence, IQ is usually less important in
a similar type of posts are seen by the individuals, thus reinforcing the similar ideology. Example: If a determining how successful
person has bad emotions towards lower castes, then it might transform into hatred over time due to we are than EQ. It has been
reinforcement and sharing of social media posts. often seen that it’s not the
- Feeling of relative deprivation by looking at the relatively better status of others on social media. smartest people that are the
Example: One might get depressed by looking at foreign tour photographs of colleagues whereas he/ most successful or the most
she is working in the office. fulfilled in life. “IQ can make
- Media sensationalism: Sensationalisation of COVID-19 led to fear psychosis and impacted the mental one a manager but it is
health of many people. EI media would have humbly presented facts without escalating the crisis. through EQ that one becomes
a leader”. Example: Refer to
1.7 OTHER FACTORS FOR INCULCATING EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE (EI) the Case Study – 1.
“It has been found that 90% of
• Religious Factors:
top performers are high in EI
- Bhagavad Gita: Path of ‘Nishkama Karma’ (action with detachment from the outcome) as advocated
whereas only 20% of bottom
by Krishna to achieve emotional stability (Sthithapragnya)
performers were high in EI.”
- “Do unto to others what you would want others to do to you” – Mahabharata

1.9 IMPORTANCE/ UTILITY OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE IN ADMINISTRATION - Depersonalization of criticism. Example: An EI civil servant should not be offended by any question
EI can be used in governance and administration for the appraisal of emotions arising from situations and better asked by media due to governance failure like corruption.
decision making, and effective emotional management during public management activities. - Examples: A DM in Bihar ate MDM (Mid Day Meal) cooked by a widow, which was considered a bad
• Better Government-Public Relations omen, to persuade others to follow (Lead by Example).
- Good Communication: If people come to a civil servant with some problem, s/he needs to clearly ✓ After claims of a higher than average injury rate at a Tesla factory, CEO Elon Musk urged workers
understand it and convey the message clearly without any ambiguity. to report all injuries. He offered to personally visit the factory and perform the same tasks as the
- Examples: Regular communication with the people by the PM during COVID-19 induced lockdown injured Tesla staff.
helped in building trust. He used EI to encourage the masses to participate in ‘Janta Curfew’ & ‘Thali ✓ PM’s address to the nation after the abrogation of Article 370 was an emotionally intelligent step
Bajao Appeal’. to prevent any large-scale protests and assure residents of J&K that it is a step for their benefit.
• Good Governance: EI civil servants enable speedy grievance redressal and delivery of services to the public. • Inculcates foundational values of civil services
- “Relationships are the DNA of governance” and Relationship Management is one of the components - Temperance and Tolerance (through self-regulation & self-management)
of EI. Thus, a civil servant with high EQ contributes towards good governance. - Empathy/ Compassion (through social awareness)
- EI helps in targeting government policies and programs in a better way. Example: Doubling Famers’ - Dedication towards public service (through self-motivation)
Income by 2022 (to improve the living conditions of farmers of our country) - Impartiality: EI helps in avoiding extreme measures like favoring the poor illegally to achieve
• Conflict Management: constitutional goals
- EI helps in arriving at win-win models of negotiation (Interlocution/ mediation in J&K, communal riots,
labor strikes, etc.). Example: The SC sent the Ayodhya Case for Mediation before giving a final verdict 1.10 THE DARK SIDE OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE (EI)
shows the high EQ of the SC judges. A well-developed EI is not only an
- Case Study (Sabarimala Protests against Supreme Court Order): An EI civil servant would help people instrumental tool for accomplishing
understand the constitutionality of the verdict. S/he would invite people to the same table to discuss goals but has a dark side as a weapon for
their issues and arrive at a peaceful solution. manipulating others by robbing them of
• Handling Pressure from politicians, media, social media, RTI activists, high workload (23% shortage of IAS their capacity.
officers in India), etc. • Manipulation of others: Potential use
- EI helps in maintaining calm and composure in the above situations (self-regulation). of skills of EI to deceive and
- EI increases the adaptability to new situations in case of frequent transfers and punishment postings manipulate others. Examples:
(Ashok Khemka, IAS of Haryana Cadre) Brainwashing by terrorists, false
- Maintaining a better work-life balance claims by political leaders, Killing of
- Examples: Ira Singhal (IAS) maintained her calm when she was cyberbullied because of her physical Jews on the message of Hitler, etc.
condition. Instead, she made a case for more inclusivity and sensitization at the level of school • Exploitation of EI by leaders for their
education. gain: Emotional speech by leaders
✓ When an MLA in Kerala bad-mouthed a young woman IAS officer for doing her duty, she often causes no rational inquiry by
continued to do her duty without being swayed by these comments. the audience. Examples: Hate speech
✓ Handling situations like Sterlite protests (where police open fired on the protesters which was not by political leaders for gaining vote
an emotionally intelligent decision) bank but they lead to communal riots.
• Problem-solving approach: EI can help in thinking rationally than emotively and thus improves our • A highly EI person may face difficulty
problem-solving and decision-making abilities. in giving and receiving negative
- Helps in building a 3600-perspective of any issue without any bias. feedback: High interpersonal
• Better work culture: sensitivity and empathic concern may
- EI helps in motivating subordinates and nudging them towards a specific goal. make it difficult to deliver critical or negative feedback to others.
- Better utilization of diverse emotions of team members for overall benefit. • Risk Aversion: Higher the EQ, the more likely it is for people to resist their impulses. EQ equates with more
• Effective Leadership: self-control. Extreme levels of self-control might translate into counterproductive perfectionism and risk
- EI Encourages civil servants to use a more collaborative and consultative approach to decision making. avoidance.
- ‘Power with others’ rather than ‘Power over others’ approach

2 QUOTES ON EI
1 ATTITUDE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
3
1.1 What is Attitude? 3
• “Anybody can become angry – that’s easy. But to be angry with the right person at right time in the right
1.2 Attitude – Content & Structure 5
degree and for the right reason – that isn’t easy! ” – Aristotle 1.3 Formation of Attitude and Attitude Change 8
• “Self Knowledge is the beginning of all wisdom” – Aristotle 1.4 Functions of Attitude 13
• “Passing on the pain inflicted by others only gives an illusion of strength. Absorbing it and not passing it on 1.5 Social Influence and Persuasion 15
is what makes you truly strong and emotionally intelligent” 1.6 Moral Attitude and Political Attitude 24
• “Between stimulus and response, there is a space. In that space lies our freedom and ability to choose our 2 PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS 27
response. In our response lies our growth and freedom” – Viktor Frankl
• Our Indian psychology emphasizes Chitta-shuddhi (purification of heart or hridaya-vritti) as a more
============================================================================================
important and prior requirement in human development than buddhi-vritti (building of intellect).
Intelligence can be safely mounted only on such a base of a pure heart.

3 PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION

1. “I count him braver who overcomes his desires than him who overcomes his enemies” – Aristotle. Bring
out what it means to you in the present context? (2013)
2. What is ‘emotional intelligence and how can it be developed in people? How does it help an individual in
taking ethical decisions? (2013)
3. How will you apply emotional intelligence in administrative practices? (2017)
4. “Emotional intelligence is the ability to make your emotions work for you instead of against you”. Do you
agree with this view? Discuss. (2019)
5. What are the main components of emotional intelligence (EI)? Can they be learned? Discuss. (2020)
6. In case of crisis of conscience does emotional intelligence help to overcome the same without
compromising the ethical or moral stand that you are likely to follow? Critically examine. (2021)
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•
1
Like beliefs, our values may not be based on empirical research or rational thinking, but they are even
ATTITUDE more resistant to change than our beliefs.
• To change values, a person may need to undergo a transformative life experience. Example: If a person
1.1 WHAT IS ATTITUDE? highly values her freedom to make personal choices, including whether or not to wear a helmet while
driving a bike. However, if her brother was driving a bike without a helmet and suffered an accident
Attitude is a psychological tendency to view a particular object (things, people, groups, or ideas) with some that left him with permanent brain damage, she might reconsider her value. She might still value
degree of favor or disfavor. It is a person’s evaluative disposition and judgement about an ‘object’ that is derived freedom in her other choices but at the same time, she is likely to become a crusader of traffic rules.
from their experience and/ or situation. • Attitudes = Attitudes are the immediate disposition of a person towards an object or concept.
Attitude is related to personal experience and is formed through personal experience and evolves from positive • They arise out of core values and beliefs we hold internally.
or negative experiences (cognitive aspect) associated with the specific object being assessed to which the • Attitudes can change easily and frequently. Example: A person who prefers vanilla may be persuaded
attitude is expressed. to try peppermint too after describing how delicious peppermint is. He/ she may find it even better
than vanilla.
• Behaviors = are how these internalized systems (attitudes, beliefs, and values) are expressed.
CHARACTERISTICS OF ATTITUDE
• An attitude exists in every person’s mind. It helps to define our identity, guide our actions, and influence Correlation between Beliefs, Values, Attitude & Behavior
how we judge people.
• Although the feeling and belief components of attitude are internal to a person, we can view a person’s Experiences Education
attitude from their resulting behavior.
• It may be positive or negative and may be affected by age, position, and education. Culture Mentors
“Ability is what you are capable of doing. Motivation determines what you do. Attitude determines how well
you do it.” BELIEF
“Our attitude towards life determines life’s attitude towards us.” (Ideas one hold to be
“Be + Have = Behave. We will experience our success when we BEHAVE accordingly. BE and you shall HAVE.” Reinstates the true)
Belief System Family
“Our attitude, not our aptitude will determine our altitude.”
“Our THOUGHTS become our WORDS. Our WORDS become our BEHAVIOR. Our BEHAVIOR becomes our HABITS.
Our HABITS become our VALUES. Our VALUES become our DESTINY.” – Mahatma Gandhi. VALUES
BEHAVIOR Leaders
“Education is not the name of any degree or certificate that can be shown as proof. It is the name of our attitude, (Importance one
actions, language, and behavior with others in real-time.” – Barack Obama. (How one acts)
attaches to something)
become
Thoughts Words Behavior Habits Values Destiny
Guide Media
“Attitude is like a MAGNET – what you think is what you attract.” ATTITUDES
(How one treat others &
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BELIEFS, VALUES, ATTITUDES, AND BEHAVIORS approaches situations)
• Beliefs = Beliefs are assumptions and convictions we hold to be true based on past experiences and may
not necessarily be based on logic.
• Attitudes are not the same as behaviors.
• A person can base a belief upon certainties (e.g. mathematical principles), probabilities, or matters of
• Attitudes are a construct of internal beliefs and value systems.
faith. E.g. Political, Economic, and religious beliefs (e.g. Doctrine of Punara Janam or rebirth).
• Attitudes, capabilities, or circumstances influence observed behavior.
• Although they can be changed, it often takes time or strong evidence to persuade someone to change • Use caution when assessing attitudes and use behaviors as examples.
their belief. • Feedback and behavior management can change attitudes.
• Values = Values are the importance we attach to ideas based on things, concepts, and people. • Changing attitudes can also change values and beliefs and vice versa.
• A belief would develop into a value when the person’s commitment to it grows and they see it as being
important.

1.2 ATTITUDE – CONTENT & STRUCTURE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE THREE COMPONENTS:
Although most attitudes are determined by affect, behavior, and cognition, there is nevertheless variability in
THE CAB MODEL OF ATTITUDE this regard across people and attitudes. Some attitudes are more likely to be based on feelings, some on
Attitudes have cognitive components (e.g. beliefs or knowledge), affective components (e.g. feelings or behaviors, whereas others are likely to be based on beliefs. Affect, behavior, or cognition could each win out
emotions), and behavioral components (e.g. a predisposition that may influence whether and how to act). in a decision. This changes depending on the situation.
• Cognitive component: It is an evaluation of the entity that constitutes an individual's opinion (belief/
• Affect-Behavior-Cognition (A-B-C): In a low-
disbelief) about the object.
cost or less preference situation where low
- Cognitive refers to the thoughts and beliefs an individual has about an attitude object.
risk is involved in the action, the affective
- Cognitive and affective components are interrelated but they might not always overlap. Example:
component becomes more dominant.
One might think it’s a bad idea to take a holiday, even though we have positive feelings about it.
Example: Decision to buy ice cream.
They may base their decisions on the logic that it would be too expensive, overriding their impulsive
• Cognition-Affect-Behavior (C-A-B): When a
feelings.
task needs to be done or holds high
- Analogy: I believe spiders are dangerous importance even though we don’t feel like
• Affective component: It is the emotional response (liking/ disliking) towards an attitude object. doing it, the cognitive component takes the
- It is often our first reaction – positive or negative such as fear-based or excitement-based reaction. front seat. Example: A person needs to buy
- Affect deals with what we feel whereas Cognition is what we think. petrol for her car. She knows that needs it to
- Examples: Being repulsed by a smell because we have associated it with a bad memory, Being afraid drive the car, but she doesn’t want to spend
of a lion because we’ve never seen one before, etc. the money. The cognition here wins over
- Analogy: I am afraid of spiders. because the task must be done rather than
• Behavioral component: It is a verbal or nonverbal behavioral tendency by an individual and it consists attending to one’s negative feelings about
of actions or observable responses that are the result of an attitude object. the task.
- It involves a person’s response (favorable/ unfavorable) to do something regarding attitude object. • Behavior-Cognition-Affect (B-C-A): When the past experience of a person about a certain object affects
the attitude, then the Behavior component takes the priority. Example: A person buys a mobile phone,
- The behavioral component is generally changeable. Example: If a marketer does a good job at
which turns out to defective after a mother. They re-assess how they think of the purchase (cognition
marketing a product, then he/she could influence the behavior so that it is favorable (i.e. that the
= it wasn’t worthwhile) and now have a negative affect (dislike for) toward the object or brand.
person purchases the product).
- Examples: If we’re afraid of something (affective component), we might run or shout (our behavior)
- Analogy: I will avoid spiders and scream when I see one. Attitude Object Affect Behavior Cognition Likely Sequence
Puppy dog Adoration Pet the dog Dogs are friendly A-C-B
The CAB Model of Attitude Pizzahut Hunger Don’t buy the pizza Junk Food is unhealthy. A-C-B
Beer I would like a drink Getting Drunk We are going to regret it A-B-C
Cleaning toilet It’s Boring Avoid cleaning it It needs to be done. C-A-B

• Different people may hold attitudes toward the same attitude object for different reasons. Example: Some
EXPERIENCES people vote for politicians because they like their policies, whereas others vote for (or against) politicians
because they just like (or dislike) their public persona.
• Attitudes are also stronger when all the three components - affect, behavior, and cognition align. Example:
The attitude of most of the people towards their own nation is universally positive. They have strong
ATTITUDE Behavior positive feelings about their country, many positive thoughts about it, and tend to engage in behaviors that
support it.
• Attitude-Behavior Consistency: It states that for any given attitude object, if all three components - affect,
behavior, and cognition are normally in line with each other then it is highly likely that our attitudes guide
TENDENCY our behavior. Example: A person’s attitude behavior is likely to align with the attitude they hold towards a
particular political party or candidate.

• Inconsistencies in Attitude & Behavior

However, this (consistency) is not true in many cases. There are various others factors at play in determining
the actual behavior of a person apart from the attitude towards an object. A few of them are listed below:
- Normative Influences: Norms define how to behave as per what society has defined as good, right,
and important. Most members of society adhere to them.
✓ Social Norms: These are defined as accepted group rules and standards that guide our behavior
without the force of law.
✓ Subjective Norms: These are defined as the degree of social pressure one feels regarding the
performance or non-performance of a specific behavior. It is a perception about our behavior
that is influenced by the judgement of people we hold dear (parents, friends, etc.)
Examples: A child, who feels like playing, might study hard for exams because his parents
expect him to score high.
✓ Descriptive Norms: These are defined as perceptions people hold about what most people
would do in a given situation.
Examples: If society wants that we put litter in a public dustbin, or speak softly or stay silent
in libraries, then that’s what most people will do.
Homeowners reduce the amount of energy they used when they learned that they were
consuming more energy than their neighbors. Various Factors guiding the
More people are likely to begin using stairs instead of the elevator when they are Behavior
informed that the vast majority of people took the stairs to go up one or two floors.

- Theory of Planned Behavior: It outlines three key variables that affect the attitude-behavior
relationship:
1.3 FORMATION OF ATTITUDE AND ATTITUDE CHANGE
(a) Attitude toward the behavior (the stronger the better)
(b) Subjective Norms (the support of those we value) • Classical Conditioning: It refers to the unconscious process of learning through association with a particular
(c) Perceived Behavioral Control (the extent to which we believe we can actually perform the stimulus.
behavior).
Examples: Suppose Sam is trying to decide whether to recycle his used phone batteries or just throw - An individual forms a negative attitude towards a thing, to which he associates negative characteristics.
them away. For example, One may associate bad characteristics to junk foods, such as high amounts of
carbohydrates and fats, and thus, causes obesity and health complications. This individual will have a
(a) Suppose his attitude towards recycling is positive. Recycling the batteries would also demand
negative attitude towards junk food consumption.
some work from Sam. However, it’s much easier to just throw them away.
(b) If Sam feels strongly about the importance of recycling, and if his family and friends (external - On the other hand, one who associates good characteristics to junk foods, such as good taste, high
influences in the form of subjective norms) are also in favor of recycling, then this will be energy, etc, then such an individual may form a positive attitude towards junk food consumption.
observed in his behavioral outcome.
(c) Also, if Sam has easy access to a battery recycling facility (high perception towards behavior), • Operant/ Instrumental Conditioning: It is a learning process through which the strength of a behavior is
then he would develop a strong intention to perform the behavior and likely follow through modified by reinforcement or punishment. When a particular view or attitude is reinforced with rewards of
the same. praise and encouragement, the attitude strengthens; while an attitude that is punished with negative
experiences is less likely to persist.
- Self-Determination Theory: Unlike the theory of planned behavior that examines external
influences (subjective norms) as a factor to predict behavior, the self-determination theory focuses • Positive Reinforcement: It involves receiving a reward for acting in a certain way.
on motivation and personality (internal cues) as predictors to attitude and behavior. - Examples: When a child receives praise for performing a chore without complaint, like cleaning their
room, they are more likely to continue to perform that chore in the future.
✓ Warm-Glow Effect (Intrinsic Reward): It is the intrinsic motivating factor consisting of personal
• Negative Reinforcement: It involves rewarding behavior by removing an unpleasant stimulus, rather than
satisfaction and altruistic motives that benefit the well-being of others. Example: A person
adding a pleasant one.
might feel good (intrinsic motivation) for helping a poor disabled old lady with her food
regardless of his attitude towards the poor.

- Examples: Screaming, tantrums, and other "acting out" behaviors are generally intended to draw a • Mere Exposure Effect: It is the tendency to develop a more positive attitude towards objects or people,
parent's attention. When the parent behaves as the child wants, the unpleasant condition - the the more we are exposed to them. We begin to like just by being constantly close to something or someone.
screaming and crying - stops. That's negative reinforcement. - Example: Many popular styles of clothing (especially designer clothes) seem bizarre at first, but then
✓ Prisons will sometimes ease regulations on a well-behaved prisoner, and sentences are sometimes as we see more of them we may start accepting and even liking them.
shortened for good behavior.
• Punishment: It refers to something done as a result of deliberate action that lowers the chance of that • Direct Personal Experience: A person’s direct experience with the attitude object determines his attitude
action taking place in the future. Whereas reinforcement is meant to encourage certain behavior, towards it. The personal experience of an individual, whether it is favorable or unfavorable, will affect his
punishment is meant to discourage certain behavior. attitude deeply.
- Positive Punishment: It is an attempt to influence behavior by adding something unpleasant. - Example: A individual joins a new job. If he finds his work repetitive, supervisors too tough and co-
✓ Example: An employee who misses work may suffer a cut in wages. The loss of income (an workers not very cooperative, then he would develop a negative attitude towards his job, because the
undesired consequence) constitutes the punishment for missing work (an undesired behavior). quality of his direct experience with the job is negative.
- Negative Punishment: it involves taking something good or desirable away to reduce the occurrence ✓ If an old lady is unable to get benefits of a government scheme despite having requisite
of a particular behavior. documents due to an apathetic attitude of bureaucracy, then she would have a negative attitude
✓ Example: Withdrawing bonus from an employee’s payslip (taking something desirable) to induce towards civil servants of the country.
greater efficiency in the work (desired behavior). • Self-Perception: Attitudes of people may be developed by observing their own behavior. We look to our
behavior and figure out our attitude based on what we have done or are doing.
- Example: I love JK Rowling because I read a lot of her books.
• Cognitive Dissonance: We strive for consistency between our attitudes and our actions and when the two
do not match, we may form a new attitude to coincide with our past actions.

OTHER FACTORS DETERMINING THE ATTITUDE FORMATION AND CHANGE

• Modelling Family and Peer Groups: Attitudes like values are acquired from parents, teachers, and peer
group members. We observe the way our family and friends behave and we shape our attitudes and
behavior to align with theirs.
- Example: If the parents tend to favor a particular political party, then the child would also
automatically start favoring it without being asked to do so.
• Role-Playing: Activities such as improvising persuasive arguments, giving personal testimony, taking on
another person’s perspective, or even play-acting, etc. can also form attitudes in people based on their
behaviors.
- Examples: People who are heavy smokers participate in a staged play where they played the role of a
person dying of lung cancer. Sometime later, these people are likely to smoke less and hold less
positive attitudes toward smoking than those who had not been through this role-play procedure.
• Socio-economic Status & Occupation: Our socio-economic background influences our present and future
• Observational Learning: Attitudes are also formed by imitating and observing others. We observe the attitudes.
preference, choices, and attitudes of other people towards different things which may also shape our own - Examples:
attitudes towards those things. ✓ Unemployment disturbs former religious and economic values.
Example: Children believe in whatever they watch on TV through movies, ads, shows, etc. They even try to ✓ Respect for the laws of the country is associated with increased years of higher education.
imitate their favorite superheroes or characters.
TYPES OF ATTITUDES
• Evaluative Learning: It occurs when we form attitudes toward an object or person because our exposure to
Based on the above factors, we can form positive, negative, neutral, or mixed attitudes.
them coincided with positive or negative emotion. Thus, an object need not be a direct cause of a positive or
negative attitude.
1. Positive Attitudes: It involves having a positive mindset and thinking about the greater good irrespective of
Example: A couple may feel positive toward a particular song that was playing on the radio during their first what the situation is.
meet, which is a result of the song’s association with the happy experience of a date.

• The Persons, who will be possessing positive behavior, will explore good things in others and will not go • Their traits include the following:
after negativity. i. Complacence
• It helps us to accept our strengths and weaknesses and stay resilient. ii. Indifference
• A person who has a positive attitude and mindset will look for the good in other people’s no matter how iii. Detachment
bad they behave or how bad is their attitude. iv. A feeling of being disconnected
• “A positive attitude brings strength, energy, motivation, and initiative.” v. Unemotional
• Significance of Positive Attitude:
- Productivity: With a positive attitude, people tend to take more interest in what they do and deliver. 4. Attitude Ambivalence: It refers to the degree to which an attitude object is evaluated positively and
This improves their overall output as well as productivity. negatively at the same time. It is a state of having simultaneous conflicting reactions, beliefs, or feelings
- Decision-Making: Having a positive outlook helps in making unbiased and objective decisions without towards some object.
any prejudice.
- Relationship Management: People often prefer to talk to those with positivity in their nature. A • Examples: When a person believes that a certain individual is intelligent (positive belief) but also not
positive attitude enables one to share a better rapport with others, earning their valuable loyalty and very reliable (negative belief).
trust. • Uncomfortable ambivalence, also known as cognitive dissonance, can lead to
- Stress Management: Stress can be reduced through positive thinking, determination, and passion avoidance, procrastination, or to deliberate attempts to resolve the ambivalence.
which directly flow from a positive attitude. With reduced stress, people will enjoy better health and
take fewer anti-stress medicines.
Types of Attitude based on the reactions
✓ People with a positive attitude are lively, energetic, and healthy. Positive thinking renders a
positive effect on health as well; it lowers stress and improves your overall wellbeing. Even when
they fall sick, their body recovers faster.
- Boosts creative thinking: With a positive attitude, one is not afraid to look for new ways of doing
things. This makes people unique and can help them do things in a better way than others.
✓ They tend to look at life and situations with a broader vision and finding creative solutions.
• Some of the positive attitudes are listed below:
- Confidence: “If you have no confidence in self, you are twice defeated in the race of life.”
- Happiness: “Happiness is not out there, it’s in you.”
- Determination: “A dream doesn’t become reality through magic, it takes sweat, determination, and
hard work.”

2. Negative Attitude: A negative attitude prevents people from looking at things with hope or happiness. It’s
the opposite of having a positive mindset.

• “A bad attitude is like a flat tire. You can’t do anywhere unless you change it.”
• Some of the negative attitudes are:
- Anger: “Anger is the root cause of self-destruction.”
- Frustration: “To conquer frustration, one must remain intensely focused on the outcome and not
the obstacles.” COGNITIVE DISSONANCE:
• It refers to the mental discomfort that results from holding two conflicting beliefs, values, or attitudes.
3. Neutral Attitude: This attitude is composed of indifference and detachment.
• Cognition is any piece of knowledge a person might have, whether about behaviors, attitudes,
• People with a neutral attitude often remain complacent and self-satisfied. Such types of persons are perceptions, beliefs, or feelings. Cognitive inconsistency can occur within or between any of these.
very balanced in their approach. They remain indifferent to problems and wait for others' intervention
• One may hold two attitudes inconsistent with one another. or hold an attitude inconsistent with their
regarding resolutions.
behavior. One may have a strong belief but also feel emotions which contrast their belief.
• They never feel the need to change themselves as they can simply live the way they are.
• Magnitude of dissonance: The greater the discrepancy between cognitions, the more dissonance
• People with neutral attitudes wish to be silent spectators, play it safe, and try to avoid risks. experienced; the greater the consonance between cognitions the less tension experienced.
• Reduction of Cognitive dissonance:
- Removing inconsistent cognitions

- Increasing the importance of consonant cognitions. - Examples:

- Adding new cognitions which are consonant/ consistent ✓ A person has a negative attitude towards insects. She tends to have large reactions to bites from
- Reducing the importance of inconsistent cognitions. them. Although most do not bite, her immediate reaction would be to avoid them if possible. In
this way, her attitude keeps her from evaluating every type of insect she comes into contact with.
• Example: Consider the example case of a person who has adopted the attitude that they will no longer eat ✓ Someone who has an interest in the latest car models is likely to read magazines about them, go
high-fat food. However, when they eat a high-fat candy anyway, it might lead to mental stress and to the auto shows, etc.
dissonance. They would attempt to alleviate this through one of these ways: ✓ Stereotyping is an example of the knowledge function of attitudes. Stereotypes are mental
- Change behavior or cognition (I will not eat any more of this candy) structures that allow us to predict the characteristics a person will have based on the group they
- Justify behavior or cognition by changing the conflicting cognition (I am allowed to have some cheat belong to. Using stereotypes to make sense of people is quick and requires minimal mental effort.
meals every once in a while) But the downside of this type of thinking is that the inferences we make about people based on
- Justify behavior or cognition by adding new cognitions (I will spend an extra half an hour at the gym to stereotypes may be unhelpful and wildly inaccurate.
burn this extra fat off)
✓ Ignore or deny any information that conflicts with existing beliefs (This candy is not high in fat) • Utilitarian/ Instrumentality Function: An individual uses the attitude to obtain satisfaction from the object.
✓ When dissonance in cognitions is experienced, it is more likely to be reduced by changing one's Some attitudes enable people to attain particular, desired goals or avoid undesirable circumstances. The
attitude rather than one's behavior. Thus, cognitive dissonance is also an important tool of holding/ expressing of certain attitudes may bring about direct rewards.
attitudinal change. - It is based on the Utilitarian Approach to ethics according to which right act to choose in any situation is
the one that will achieve the highest balance of pleasure over pain for all affected beings.
- If no such action is available that will produce net pleasure, the right action would be to produce the
Another example of Cognitive Dissonance least net pain.
✓ Examples: An attitude of a person toward ice cream may serve a utilitarian function because it is
likely to be based on the reward (enjoyable taste and smell) and punishments (weight gain or
cold/ cough) associated with ice cream. This will guide the behavior towards maximizing benefit
while minimizing costs (eating low-fat ice cream or eating ice cream only once in a while).
✓ If a person likes the taste of a cheeseburger, that person will develop a positive attitude toward
cheeseburgers (a reward of good taste and satisfaction to the taste buds).

• Social Adjustive Function: Some attitudes enable individuals to regulate social relationships and improve
their social status by making them more attractive or popular in the eyes of others.
- An individual with a social-adjustive attitude is concerned with status, popularity, and how they are
viewed by others and will seek objects that assist in developing their desired social image.
✓ Example: A child whose parent holds strong attitudes about football might learn that expressing
support for, say, Cristiano Ronaldo brings parental approval.

• Ego-defensive: They serve to protect the individual from both internal and external unpleasantness.
- It helps us to cover up things we do not like about ourselves and makes us feel better about ourselves.
Thus, it protects one’s own self-esteem or self-glory.
✓ Example: A child might think that the teacher didn’t teach well to protect himself from feeling bad
about the low marks.
✓ Many deodorant campaigns stress the embarrassing consequences of being caught with an
1.4 FUNCTIONS OF ATTITUDE underarm odor in public. So, people might resort to using deodorants to avoid such embarrassment
in public.
• Knowledge Function: We do not have to evaluate and process each thing we come into contact with to ✓ A person wearing a T-shirt with the logo of a championship-winning sports team to boost one's own
know if it is good (safe) or bad (threatening). This way the attitude makes our lives more efficient allows us ego (self-glory) through basking in reflected glory (individual associates with successful others such
to understand and make sense of the world. This function is, thus, related to the need to understand what that the winner's success becomes the individual's own accomplishment).
the object is all about.
- Knowledge-oriented attitudes put a positive value on objects that serve to shorten or assist people
understanding of the globe around them.

• Value-expressiveness: Some attitudes are important to a person because they express values that are integral Social influence is often unintentional. One may influence others by being a role model or mentor. Persuasion
to that person’s self-concept (i.e. their ideas about who they are). It is the opposite of ego-defensive and is always intentional since the persuader motivates someone to do something with a specific goal in mind.
consists of a drive for self-expression. Influence can be implicit, subtle, and often invisible to the person being influenced, whereas persuasion is
- Examples: This kind of attitudinal function is displayed on social media platforms at a large scale. The mostly explicit and people know when they are being persuaded although they might not know the method.
posts of people on Facebook or Twitter are full of their attitudes about life. They intentionally post certain Example: People (even the revolutionaries) were unintentionally influenced by the non-violent and truthful
things so that people will know who they are as a person. For example – One might post a lot of political means of Gandhiji and his influence was invisible. Whereas when parents try to persuade their child to do
things and people might see him/ her as a politically engaged person. homework instead of watching TV, it is visible to the child that he is being molded to do so.
- A tourist would prefer to stay in an eco-lodge that supports his/ her environmentally conscious values.
- An individual who values freedom would have a strong positive attitude towards an organization where
Influence Persuasion
there is a decentralization of authority, flexible work schedules, and relaxed dress codes.
- Wearing an Indian Cricket team T-shirt at work might show a person’s strong attitude towards Indian Influence is the process by which an Persuasion is the process by which an
individual changes the thoughts, actions, or individual uses messages that are intentionally
Cricket. Definition
emotions of another even when change is designed to appeal to another’s reason,
unintended. emotions, or both to enact change.
• Inherent appeal & power like Mahatma • Convincing
Gandhi • Deliberate Optimism
Characteristics of • Self-Confidence • Intentional Communication to assuage
those in high • Effective Communication to exchange others
competency ideas, thoughts, and knowledge. • Change Leadership (ability to motive action
• Charismatic Leadership (ability to inspire in others)
and inculcate actions in others)
• Might lead to blind following • May appear to be coercion or manipulation
Competency
• Lack of differentiation between the ideal • Loss of authenticity
Overuse
self and the influencer’s visionary self.
• Unrealized potential of the person • Lack of confidence in self and others about
Competency
• Lack of impact creation in society motivating and being motivated to do
Underuse
something (respectively)

FACTORS AFFECTING SOCIAL INFLUENCE:

• Conformity: It refers to adjusting one’s actions to a norm. It is a situation when one goes along with
something just because others are doing that, just because they don’t want to be stand out odd.
- It is the pressure to behave in a socially acceptable way. Factors affecting conformity are:
✓ Cohesiveness: It is the extent to which one is attracted to a social group and wants to belong to it.
✓ Group Size: The larger the group size, the greater the number of people who behave in a specific
way, the greater would a person’s tendency to conform.
1.5 SOCIAL INFLUENCE AND PERSUASION ✓ Normative Influences (the desire to be liked):
Social Norms: These are defines as accepted group rules and standards that guide our
Social influence refers to the change in one’s attitude, beliefs, or behavior due to external pressure that may
behavior without the force of law.
be real or imaginary. It may also be defined as creating, changing, or reinforcing the cognitions, affective states,
The Subjective and Descriptive norms could also be included in this category.
or intention towards a behavior (the three components of attitude) of another person. Example: Many people
(Already discussed earlier in this document)
were influenced by the ideals of Mahatma Gandhi and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel during the freedom struggle.
✓ Informational Influence (the desire to be right): It is observed when individuals don't know what
to think about a given topic or how to answer a particular question, they tend to copy the viewpoint
Persuasion is a special case of the larger study of social influence. Persuasion involves an intentional of a peer whom they perceive to be right. Example: When a student changes the school, she is not
communicative act that excludes force (i.e., coercion) and achieves private acceptance. Persuasion is used in aware of the new rules yet. No one in the new school runs in the corridors and hence, she doesn’t
almost every sphere of life. Examples: Parents persuade their children to eat healthy food, Clinicians/ Doctors run either.
persuade their patients to take medicines regularly, Politicians persuade the public to receive votes, etc.

✓ Situational Norms: These are the norms that guide people’s behavior in a certain environment or EFFECTIVE TACTICS IN PERSUASION
situation. Example: Behaving quietly when visiting the library.
- However, people may not choose to confirm. This might be dependent on the following factors (i.e., • Social Proofing: It is a social phenomenon wherein people tend to copy the actions of others on basis of the
the factors in which minority can sometimes influence the majority): assumption that the high frequency of such action by people reflects the right behavior. It is similar to
✓ Right to self-determination: The need to maintain individuality. social norms or descriptive norms.
✓ Individual locus of control: The desire for personal control or autonomy. - When we are unsure about something, we subconsciously look for external cues. If others act similarly,
✓ Right to dissent: It is the right of people to express their opinions publicly without governmental we tend to act in the same way as it reduces the perceived risk of our actions. Example: When a person
interference or social influence, subject to the laws against incitement to violence or rebellion, or sees a long queue in front of a mall due to the launch of a new product, he/ she would believe that the
reasonable restrictions, etc. product must be good otherwise why would people spend hours on a line to just buy it.
- If no one acts, we don’t act: People tend to not act when others abstain from acting in a particular
• Compliance: It means agreeing on a course of action. It is a behavioral change generally produced by a situation. Example: This behavior can lead bystanders not to help someone injured or attacked.
request. Various methods can be used to bring about compliance. Everyone looks around and sees no reaction, so they don’t act.
- Examples in Governance:
• Obedience: It refers to going along the authority figure commands regardless of personal preference. It ✓ Improving Tax Compliance: Repeated enforcement of messages such as most people in your
differs from compliance which involves changing the behavior at the request of another person and local community pay their taxes on time, the person concerned was in the very small minority
conformity which involves altering behavior to go along with the rest of the group. who had not yet done, etc., could help in reducing late tax payments.
✓ Jan Dhan Yojana: Repeated reinforcement of the fact the most people save their income to
THE DARK SIDE OF PERSUASION the tune of ~25% to secure their retirement can improve savings in PMJDY accounts.
✓ Give Up Subsidy: Increasing the visibility of donors (display of data about how many people
• Persuasion is convincing someone that what the persuader is proposing is beneficial whereas Manipulation
are giving up subsidies in the district or town), highlighting the noble act of famous
is a bait-and-switch that results in people doing something they’re not comfortable with.
personalities, #GiveItUp badge on social media profiles, etc. could reinforce the same behavior
• Manipulation implies persuasion with the intent to fool or control another person into doing something,
in others too.
believing something, or buying into something that leaves them either harmed or without benefit.
✓ Swachh Bharat, Sundar Bharat, Ayushman Bharat: Giving out messages in information
• Factors that help us to differentiate between persuasion and manipulation:
campaigns such as “90% of doctors agree that vaccines are safe” can significantly reduce public
- Intention: If a person attempts to present an idea or behavior that is not in the best interest of another,
concern about childhood vaccines.
they are engaging in manipulation. As per Kantian Ethics, morality is treating a person as a human being
❖ Presenting information on how many people in the neighborhood have chosen to take up
and not as a thing. Thus, humans should be treated as ends in themselves. Examples: Use of hate
the health insurance plan with similar diseases in that area can increase enrolment rates.
speeches by political leaders to obtain vote bank.
✓ Social Norm in BBBP (Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao): Started by one proud father in a village in
- Withholding truth: Manipulation involves distorting or withholding the truth.
Haryana, the campaign went viral, and #SelfieWithDaughter became a worldwide hit.
✓ “Anything other than honest representation is blatant manipulation.”
- How to effectively use this tactic?
- Coercion: It occurs when the influence agent delivers a threat of some consequence and deprives the
✓ Expertise: Approval from credible experts in relevant field (E.g. 90% of doctors agree that
individual of freedom of autonomy. Example: Extortion, blackmailing, etc.
vaccines are safe)
✓ Celebrities: Approval or endorsement from celebrities (E.g. “India vsTB” ads for TB-related
early checkups and #BreakingTheStigma campaign to prevent any stigma or social
discrimination against the Covid survivors by Amitabh Bachchan).
✓ Approval from current/ past users: Ratings/reviews/ testimony of existing users regarding a
new product or government service or the exemplary behaviors by people in the society (E.g.
Increasing the visibility of donors in the #GiveItUp campaign)
✓ Wisdom of Crowds: Approval from a large group of other people (E.g. Listing what other
customers also bought by Amazon)
✓ Peer Social Proof: Approval from friends or people we know (E.g. Most people in your local
community or neighborhood pay their taxes on time)

• Leveraging “Default” Rules: People tend to have status-quoist approach unless there is a strong reason to ✓ Give Up Subsidy: People tend to not opt-out of LPG gas subsidies to avoid any unwanted losses
change. Our mind preserves energy and reduces the number of decisions we should actively make. which others are utilizing.
- When presented with two options, one preselected and one not, people are more likely to choose the ✓ Swachh Bharat, Sundar Bharat, Ayushman Bharat: People often find it difficult to achieve
pre-selected option. goals like weight loss or quitting smoking. So, they can voluntarily enter into deposit contracts
- Examples: For years, Internet Explorer was the most popular browser. It wasn’t great but it was the on a website. The contracted amount would be returned to them if they achieve their goals
default. (weight loss or quitting smoking), but are forfeited otherwise. This can help them achieve
- Examples in Governance: these difficult goals.
✓ Improving Tax Compliance: Automatic deduction of tax and directing all or portion of refunds
into savings accounts can be used to encourage savings, including retirement savings. In Loss Aversion, loss is perceived as double to the gain
❖ Sending messages to individuals suggesting that not declaring taxes is a deliberate choice
on their part can help them overcome status quo bias and improve compliance.
✓ Jan Dhan Yojana: Make auto-enrolment into a savings plan the default while offering people Meaning of Loss Aversion
the option to opt-out.
✓ Give Up Subsidy: The default option for households above a certain income threshold can be
modified as “opt-out” and they have to opt-in to continue their subsidies.
✓ Swachh Bharat, Sundar Bharat, Ayushman Bharat: Giving individuals with default COVID shot
appointment time and the option to opt-out by logging in Arogya Setu App can further
increase the vaccination rates.

• Leverage “Scarcity Complex” or “Loss Aversion”: Scarcity is the perception that products or services are
more attractive when their availability is limited.
- “Opportunities seem more valuable to us when their availability is limited.”
- Even the value of a currency, like the U.S. dollar or the crypto-currency Bitcoin, is influenced by the
number of them available.
- Loss aversion is the tendency to prefer avoiding losses to acquiring equivalent gains. It just means we
feel a loss about twice as much as we perceive gain.
- Why does the Principle of Scarcity work? • Reciprocity: It is the feeling we owe a moral debt to someone else when they’ve assisted us in some way.
✓ The lesser the opportunities, the more freedom we lose: Humans are hardwired to react In such situations, we use phrases like, “I owe you” or “to owe someone a favor”.
against losing their freedom of choice. - “Give a little something to get a little something in return.”
✓ Scarcity as a result of demand: Scarcity of something implies high demand which is perceived - Reciprocity builds trust and the relationship develops, reinforcing everything from personal to brand
as an indicator of the good quality of the given product, service, or idea. loyalty.
✓ Scarcity of Information: The lesser the information, the more is persuasion. Example: People - How to use it? Give away some of your knowledge or skills for free, no strings attached. Create value
for other people.
are highly persuaded towards lifestyles of celebrities due to lack of information about the
- Examples in Governance:
same.
✓ Improving Tax Compliance: Providing good governance and administrative services, better roads,
- How to use Loss Aversion to persuade people?
transportation, education, and healthcare infrastructure would motivate people to reciprocate by
✓ Design incentives to reward good behavior ex-ante with a threat to revoke reward later if
paying more taxes.
behavior fails to match expectations.
- Examples in Governance: • Attention and Clear Messaging: If a person is paying attention, they are more likely to respond to the
✓ Improving Tax Compliance: Withholding Tax (tax deduction directly from employee’s salary) persuader's message.
combined with the facility of a tax refund at the time of tax filing can increase tax compliance.
- Understanding the nuance of retaining attention will help to increase a person’s ability to persuade
Taxpayers are more concerned about tax deduction claims (loss aversion) than when they
others.
have to pay taxes on their own. - Drawing attention to something increases its perceived importance.
✓ Jan Dhan Yojana: Best time to get people to save money is when salary increases. At such - How to gain the attention of the audience?
times, people are less likely to consider increased savings as a loss than at other times of the ✓ Some of the ways of gaining the attention of the audience are making use of strong words, key
year. messages, paraphrases, matching the mental construct of the audience, etc.

✓ Train people to shift to new rules of thumb, for example, “fluids out – so fluids in” to increase fluid - Characteristics of a good messenger:
intake during diarrhoea. ✓ Expertise on the topic (E.g. Opinion of highly qualified AIIMS doctor about the safety of vaccines)
✓ Make the rules of thumb catchy, easy to remember, and intuitive. ✓ Authority over topic
- Examples in Governance: ✓ Similarity: The audience needs to perceive them as “one of us.” (E.g. Mahatma Gandhi discarded
✓ Improving Tax Compliance: clothes to appear and feel like the common poor rural Indian and appeal to the masses as one of
❖ Transparent Taxation: Honoring the Honest their own).
✓ Give Up Subsidy: Using social media platforms (trending tweets, social medial challenge, etc.) and ❖ The similarity in clothes, culture, religion, language, ethnicity, gender, college studied from, etc.
government websites to popularize the idea of giving up subsidies can gain the attention of the between the messenger and audience is likely to be more persuasive.
masses. ✓ Physical Attractiveness: Halo effect of good looking equals good.
✓ Catchy phrases like Swachh Bharat, Sundar Bharat, and Ayushman Bharat to achieve the target of ✓ Change Agents used as persuaders
a healthy and prosperous India. - Examples in Governance:
❖ Message boards in public hospitals and medical advertisements on media must emphasize gains ✓ Utilizing the expertise of various people in policymaking and persuading people to follow them:
from smoke cessation and breastfeeding to foster preventive action. ❖ Kailash Satyarthi for child rights,
❖ Pulse Polio Programme tagline “Do boond zindagi ke” (Two drops for life) is very attractive to ❖ Bezwada Wilson for the welfare of Safai Karamcharis or manual scavengers,
persuade people towards getting their child vaccinated for polio. ❖ PETA (People for Ethical Treatment of Animals) for animal and wildlife welfare,
❖ Ayushman means “Being Blessed with long life” which aligns with its objectives of Universal and ❖ Salman Khan and Akshay Kumar (actors who stood highest for advance tax payment across
affordable access to good quality health care services. India) for improving tax compliance,
✓ Sabka Sath Sabka Vikas Sabka Vishwas: Such attractive government taglines can persuade people ❖ MS Dhoni (often called Captain Cool for his calmness, positivity, and tolerant attitude) for
to grow inclusively and might reduce the discrimination against various sections of society. propagating values of tolerance and social harmony in society, etc.
✓ Using local leaders, sportspersons, MLAs, or Panchayat heads to persuade people towards
government programs.
✓ Community policing in Karnataka (SHE Model) and Maharashtra.

• Public Commitment: People want to be consistent with what they had committed in public to uphold their
integrity, trustworthiness, social reputation, and self-image in society.
- Example: When we publicly commit to losing weight and other people know about the commitment,
we will work harder to lose the weight. We want our outer actions to match our belief that we are an
individual who achieves their goals.
- If we commit to vote or lose weight but don’t do it, we feel psychological stress which is called cognitive
dissonance and happens when we hold two contrary views of ourselves.
- How to use it? Getting people to commit now to do something in the future and then reminding them
of their commitment later can persuade them to live up to their previous commitment.
✓ Foot-in-the-door technique: It is a compliance tactic that aims at getting a person to agree to a
large request by having them agree to a modest request first. Example: Asking people practising
open-defecation to keep their surroundings clean. If they comply, then asking them to use public
toilets and gradually moving towards building toilets in their homes.
- Examples in Governance:
✓ Public Pledges along with the leaders. Example: Unified Online Pledge Platform of MyGov for taking
online pledge on any government initiative.
✓ Volunatry Public Commitment Ceremony could be organized at local levels for people to commit
to personal, professional, and governance-level goals to build discipline in life and persuade them
towards better behavior.
• Messenger Liking or Similarity:
- Sometimes people are better off with a weak message from the right messenger rather than the right
message from a poor messenger.

• Priming: It is a phenomenon wherein exposure to one stimulus influences a response to a subsequent 1.6 MORAL ATTITUDE AND POLITICAL ATTITUDE
stimulus, without conscious guidance or intention.
MORAL ATTITUDE
- Examples: The “Make In India” has an Asiatic Lion which is indigenous to India, thus, helping people to
associate the aim of the program with its logo. • An attitude based on the moral convictions and conscience of right or wrong and good or bad is called a
moral attitude. However, not all attitudes are concerned with morality. Example: If someone dislikes
OTHER TECHNIQUES OF PERSUASION snakes because a relative was bitten by one and was suffered a critical illness, then this attitude has
• ‘A Little is Better than Nothing’ Technique: It consists oif helping the target to understand that even a tiny nothing to do with morality. Whereas if someone dislikes liars or violent people, then the moral values
contribtion or participation is better than nothing. of truthfulness and non-violence might be guiding them in such an attitude, and hence, can be called a
• Authority: People tend to obey authority figures, even if they are asked to perform objectionable acts. moral attitude.
Example: People tend to pay their taxes due to penal provisions under Income Tax Act. • Family, society, religion, culture, and educational institutions and schools play an important role in
• Peer Pressure framing those moral convictions.
• Emotional Intelligence: The ability to use empathy and compassion to understand the feelings of others • “Morality is simply the attitude we adopt towards people whom we personally dislike.”
would enable the influencer to persuade the audience towards a particular behavior. • A moral attitude may even vary over time and space (Temporal and Spatial Relativism). Similarly, they
can also vary with gender. Example: Men may have a less negative attitude towards patriarchy than
women. Similarly, women may have a more autonomous attitude towards freedom to wear clothes of
choice.
• Fundamental Moral Attitudes:
- Reverence: It is the feeling or attitude of deep respect and humility towards things, actions, or
situations.
✓ “Reverence is an attitude of honoring the life that automatically brings forth patience. It
permits non-judgemental justice. It is a perception of the soul and not merely the body.”
✓ Ethics is nothing other than Reverence for Life. Reverence increases the capacity of an
individual to grasp values and looking into beings as a depository of the values. It is the
ability to hold moral values, sustain them, and respond to them.
✓ It gives rise to the virtues of compassion, gratitude, justice, hope, and the pursuit of peace.
- Faithfulness/ Fidelity: It is the quality of remaining unfailingly loyal to someone or something, and
putting that loyalty into consistent practice regardless of the compelling circumstances. Example: It
can be exhibited by a couple by remaining loyal to each other and not indulging in a sexual
relationship outside of the marriage (adultery).
✓ It projects the ability of a person to stand one’s ground in the situation of temptation.
- Veracity/ Truthfulness/ Honesty: It is the quality of moral character of being truthful,
straightforward, free of deceit, and free from lie and theft. It brings about the genuineness and
integrity of an individual.
✓ “Honesty is the best policy” – A famous proverb.
- Goodness: It is the quality of being morally good and virtuous. Goodness is the very heart of the
whole reign of moral values.
✓ Goodness flows from a conscious response of love.
✓ “No beauty shines better than that of a good heart.”
✓ Goodness, the breath and fragrance of love, is the essence of every truly moral life.

✓ Young people are more liberal and radical. They are more interested in change because they
The Cycle of Morality & Moral Attitude will ‘live’ to enjoy the fruits of those changes.
• Role of Media: Media is an important source of molding the political attitudes of people.
Moral - The information processed, shared, and posted on social media, molds a person’s political views. They
Awareness act as echo chambers in reinforcing a particular political ideology on the individuals.
- Examples: Former USA President Barack Obama hired psychologists to guide his media campaigns to
garner more votes in the elections.
✓ The Facebook-Cambridge Analytica Data Scandal: The data collected by Facebook was used
by Cambridge Analytica for targeted political advertising, thus, influencing the political
Ethical Moral
attitude of the people.
Culture Action
• Geographical Factors: The geopolitical situation of a country or state may impact the political attitude of
the people. Example: The people of a country surrounded by adversaries and enemies might incline
towards the authoritarian regime to better tackle the hostile environment
Moral
Attitude

POLITICAL ATTITUDE

A political attitude is an expression of favor or disfavor towards different political ideologies, political parties,
politicians, and/ or political culture prevailing in a particular society.

Factors influencing Political Attitude

• Historical Factors: Historical events like political clashes, freedom struggle, etc. affect the political
attitude of people.
- Examples: The values of non-violence, tolerance, truthfulness, integrity, empathy, and compassion
propagated during the freedom struggle by personalities like Mahatma Gandhi, Sardar Vallabhbhai
Patel, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, etc. could guide the attitude of the masses.
• Social Factors:
- Caste & Religion: The people of a particular caste or religion are more likely to incline towards the
party that promotes their caste-specific or religious interests. Example: Emergence of the parties like
Hindu Mahasabha, Muslim League, etc. during freedom struggle on religious lines.
- Family: The child is likely to learn from the political ideology of the parents. Political Ideology Definition Examples
- Economic Status: The people hold the power to vote, make decisions, etc. Majority India, USA
Democracy
✓ Poor will tend to align towards communist or socialist ideology. They would vote for a party rules Representative
that promises to make food, water, shelter, healthcare, and fertilizer subsidies available to Democracy)
them. A king provides land to a noble, who promises military assistance, Medieval England &
Feudalism
✓ Rich will align towards the right-wing and free-market ideology of capitalism. They would who rents it to peasants who in turn provide food for the noble in India
vote for a party promising to annul the wealth tax and reduce taxes substantially. exchange for land.
- Gender: Females are more likely to lean towards parties with feminist ideology. Fascism A far-right political ideology in which the country is divided along Mussolini’s Italy, Hitler's
- Education: The school curriculum and syllabus also plays a major role. Example: A Chinese may find harsh ethnic lines with a dictator in power Germany
Indian democracy as repulsive because he has been taught that Mao’s Communist ideology is best. Comes from Karl Marx, calling for a class war which leads to a USSR, China, North
Communism
Whereas an Indian may find authoritarianism repulsive because he/ she has been taught democratic society where all property is publicly owned and everyone works Korea
values of our constitution. and is paid according to their abilities and needs
- Age: The political tendencies change with the age of the individual. Constitutional A monarch (usually a king) leads the government, but their power England
✓ Older people tend to become more conservative and lean towards democracy. Monarchy is limited by a constitution. There is usually an elected Parliament

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Capitalism Trade and businesses are controlled by private owners for profit, U.S.A., Canada, Australia 1 CONTRIBUTIONS OF MORAL THINKERS & PHILOSOPHERS FROM INDIA & WORLD 3
and you work for your money 1.1 Moral Thinkers & Philosophers of the World 3
The means of production and distribution should be owned or Sweden, Venezuela, 1.2 Moral Thinkers of India 18
Socialism 2 UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS 18
shared by the community India (Democratic
Socialism)
============================================================================================
A system of government in which most of the important decisions U.S.A.
Bureaucracy
are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives.

2 PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

1. It is often said that ‘politics’ and ‘ethics’ do not go together. What is your opinion in this regard? Justify
your answer with illustrations. (2013)
2. What factors affect the formation of a person’s attitude towards social problems? In our society,
contrasting attitudes are prevalent about many social problems. What contrasting attitudes do you notice
about the caste system in our society? How do you explain the existence of these contrasting attitudes?
(2014)
3. In the context of defense services, ‘patriotism’ demands readiness to even lay down one’s life in protecting
the nation. According to you, what does patriotism imply in everyday civil life? Explain with illustrations
and justify your answer. (2014)
4. How could social influence and persuasion contribute to the success of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan? (2016)
5. Young people with ethical conduct are not willing to come forward to join active politics. Suggest steps to
motivate them to come forward. (2017)
6. A positive attitude is considered to be an essential characteristic of a civil servant who is often required to
function under extreme stress. What contributes to a positive attitude in a person? (2020)
7. Attitude is an important component that goes as input in the elopement of human. How to build a suitable
needed for a public servant? (2021)
8. The Rules and Regulations provided to all the civil servants are same, yet there is difference in the
performance. Positive minded officers are able to interpret the Rules and Regulations in favour of the case
and achieve success, whereas negative minded officers are unable to achieve goals by interpreting the
same Rules and Regulations against the case. Discuss with illustrations.(2022)

============================================================================================

II. ETHICAL THOUGHTS OF PLATO

CONTRIBUTIONS OF MORAL THINKERS & PHILOSOPHERS FROM
1 Virtue Approach:
INDIA & WORLD • Four Cardinal Virtues (Moral Universalism)
- Prudence: Ability to govern and discipline oneself by use of reason. Example: Checking the bank
1.1 MORAL THINKERS & PHILOSOPHERS OF THE WORLD balance before spending money would be fiscal prudence.
- Justice: Quality of being just, fair, and following righteousness. It is the principle that people receive
I. SOCRATES: He is considered one of the founders of western philosophy.
what they deserve. Justice is giving what is good to good people and bad to bad people. Example:
• Socratic Method (Dialectic): It is a form of an argumentative dialogue between individuals based on asking Ensuring every section of the community receives an equitable share of benefits out of the vaccination
questions and answering them to stimulate critical & rational thinking. The steps involved are explained trials and research (like India’s COVID-19 Vaccination program).
below: - Fortitude: Mental and emotional strength in facing difficulty, adversity, danger, or temptation
- We start with the initial argument (an opinion) courageously. Example: The soldiers displayed a high level of fortitude to carry out the surgical strikes
- Some contradictions emerge out of the initial argument on the terror outfits near the India-Pakistan border in response to the Uri terror attacks.
- We modify the initial argument accordingly - Temperance: Moderation or voluntary self-restraint. This includes restraint from revenge by practicing
- The process continues until no Contradiction is left non-violence & forgiveness, restraint from arrogance by practicing humility, restraint from extravagant
- Finally, we arrive at truth or knowledge.
luxury, and restraint from rage/ craving by practicing calmness & self-control.
• He taught that rational inquiry is a priceless tool that allows one to test one’s opinions, weigh the merits
• Plato believed that the human soul is divided into three parts.
and demerits, and alter beliefs on basis of newly discovered knowledge.
- Reason/ Knowledge: Our thinking ability to judge
Ethical Thoughts of Socrates: - Spirit/ Emotion: Our emotional ability to feel empathy
• Virtue Ethics - Appetite: Our desires
- One should become a better person by self-improvement, self-reasoning, and self-introspection. - According to Plato, we should balance these three parts of our souls to make good decisions and
- Virtue as Knowledge: Socrates thought that knowledge is the most important virtue, and virtue moral choices. Letting ourselves take too much control of our minds is not good for us and often leads
leads to happiness. If one knows what is good, one will do what is good. A good person’s virtue alone to bad decisions. To make our life happier, the three parts – reason, spirit & appetite should be in
keeps them away from bad fortune. perfect synchronization and balance.
✓ He believed that knowledge is innate in every human mind. To extract it out into the conscience, • Quotes:
he proposed using the question-and-answer method (Socratic Method). - “Excellence is not a gift but a skill that takes practice. We do not act rightly because we are excellent
- Virtue as Happiness: Happiness doesn’t flow from external or physical conditions like bodily pleasures, we achieve excellence by acting rightly.”
wealth, or power, but from living a life that’s right for one’s soul. - “Good actions give strength to ourselves and inspire good actions in others.”
- Socrates proposed unity of the virtues – if we have one virtue, then we have them all. Example:
- “If people do not take interest in the affairs of their government, then they are doomed to live under
Tolerance requires courage to accept different ideologies, courage requires commitment,
the rule of fools.”
commitment requires discipline, and so on.
- 4 Chief Virtues: Courage, Moderation, Justice, and Wisdom. - “He who is not a good servant will not be a good master.”
• Ethical Universalism: Universal standards of Ethical Conduct exist but he didn’t prescribe them. He told - “Reality is created by mind. We can change our reality by changing our mind.”
that these could be found by the individuals themselves through the application of reason. - “Good people do not need laws to tell them to act responsibly, while bad people will find a way around
• Ethical Intellectualism/ Meta-Ethics: the laws.”
- Socrates states no one chooses evil; no one chooses to act in ignorance. People seek to achieve the
good but sometimes they fail to do so which might be due to the lack of knowledge about how to III. ARISTOTLE
obtain such good. He believed that no person could willingly choose to do something harmful if they • Happiness: Aristotle's ethics is built around the premise that people should achieve an excellent character
were fully aware of the value of life. (a virtuous character) as a pre-condition for attaining happiness or well-being (eudaimonia).
• Values of Socrates: • Friendship: As per Aristotle, Happiness is a public affair and not a private one, so with whom we share this
- Truthfulness & Integrity: Socrates refused to avoid his death by leaving Athens, although he could happiness is of great significance.
flee, but such an escape would be contrary to his moral principles and would be an injustice to the - Friendship of Utility: Being friends with someone who is useful in some way. Example: Friendship with
state which was his parent, his education, and the origin of law. an intelligent roommate to gain access to his/ her class notes.
• Quotes: - Friendship of Pleasure: Occurs when people find each other because of the enjoyment it brings.
- “Do no do to others what angers you if done to you by others.” Example: Spending time with people due to complementary hobbies, common interests.
- “The true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.” - Friendship of Good: Based on mutual respect and admiration. These take longer to build than the
- “I am not a Greek, but a citizen of the world.” other two and are more powerful and enduring.
- “An unexamined life is not worth living.”

• Life of Contemplation (Thinking profoundly about something): As per Aristotle, the goal of human life is • Quotes:
the exercise of our rational powers. Amongst all intellectual virtues, he accorded wisdom the highest - “Anybody can become angry - that is easy, but to be angry with the right person and to the right degree
importance. and at the right time and for the right purpose, and in the right way - that is not within everybody’s
• Functions of State: According to Aristotle, the foremost function of the State is to promote good life and power and is not easy.”
create essential conditions for the mental, moral, and physical development of the people. - “All human actions have one or more of these seven causes: chance, nature, compulsions, habit,
- The state should function to transform the good habits of people into good actions and promote a reason, passion, desire.”
good, happy, and honorable life. - “Educating the mind without educating the heart is no education at all.”
• Justice: He classified justice into general and particular justice. - “What are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, thus, is not an act but a habit.”
- General Justice deals with virtue expressed towards other people. A just person would deal properly - “Dignity does not consist in possessing the honors, but in the consciousness that we deserve them.”
& fairly with others. Examples: Being respectful towards others, understanding and patiently listening - “It is the mark of an educated person to be able to entertain a thought without accepting it.”
to the problems and issues of others, etc.
- Particular Justice deals with the following: IV. EMMANUEL KANT (known for Deontological Approach)
✓ Distributive justice deals with the correct distribution of benefits to others – people receive what • Kantian Categorical Imperative: It is an unconditional moral obligation that is binding in all circumstances
is proportional to their merit. Example: Equitable distribution of wealth in society as per the and is not dependent on a person's inclination or purpose. It was devised by Kant by which we can apply
contribution (skills, hard work, dedication, etc.) of the individuals towards its progress. our human reason to determine the right, rational thing to do -- that is our duty. An action can be done by
✓ Rectification justice seeks to remedy the unequal distributions of gain and loss among people. accident, so the intent is necessary, but it is not enough. There must be a universally binding principle that
The judge needs to be blindfolded (symbolizing objectivity and impartiality) weighing all the must be an obligation and not externally enforced.
evidence and deliberating each particular case individually. Example: Positive discrimination - Principle of Consistency/ Universalizability: One should act according to a moral rule which can at the
(Reservation) to remedy the historical social wrongs like untouchability and discrimination against same time become a universal law or moral precedent.
the lower castes – SCs/ STs/ OBCs. ✓ It refers to everyone following a moral rule all the time without producing any contradiction.
• Aristotle’s GOLDEN MEAN (Could be considered similar to Buddha’s Middle Path) ✓ Whatever can be universally agreed to is what is right or wrong without contradiction.
- It states that moral behavior is the mean between two extremes – at one end is excess, at the other ✓ It inclines more towards Ethical Universalism/ Absolutism. It lays down the objective criteria.
deficiency. ✓ Examples: Honesty, Integrity, Empathy, Compassion, Objectivity, Impartiality, etc.
- The person’s character, or virtue, is engrained by habitual action. Example: An honest person will not - Principle of respect: One should treat other rational beings as ends in themselves, never as means to
lie because telling the truth is a personal value and/ or habit. an end.
VICE VIRTUE VICE ✓ Example: Acts like human trafficking, slavery, etc. should be abandoned since they treat fellow
(Deficiency) (Mean/ Balance) (Excess) humans as means to achieve ends (wealth).
- Principle of Autonomy: One must act according to universal principles but that should not infringe on
Recklessness
Cowardice one’s freedom. A universal maxim could then only be followed if one has some form of self-restraint
COURAGE (Performing an action disregarding associated risks)
(Warrior would flee battlefield) or self-legislation.
(E.g. Hitler’s actions against Jews)
✓ “It is not only important that right conduct be followed, but that conduct should flow from one’s
Disregard conscience.”
(state of paying no attention; ignorance) Idolatry (Idol worship)
RESPECT
(Apathetic attitude: Non-filing of FIRs by (Raja Rammohan Roy strived to eliminate idolatry)
police) “Kantian Categorical Imperatives” Schematic Representation
Legalism
Corruption
(Following laws & standards while disregarding the
(Involvement in scams, bribery, illegal INTEGRITY
emotional intelligence leads to excessive administrative
practices, etc.)
procedures) Action
Enablement
Selfishness
LOVE (Allowing loved ones to do self-destructive behavior &
(Lack of consideration for other people) A general truth
drive to save them from any circumstances)
or rule of Principle of Principle of
DILIGENCE
Workaholism conduct CONSISTENCY RESPECT (AUTONOMY)
Laziness (Working
(Uncontrolled need to work constantly)
(Reluctance to work or make effort) carefully with
(Might lead to bad interpersonal relations & stress)
high effort)
Sloth Greed
AMBITION
(Reluctance to work or make effort) (intense or selfish desire for something)

Comparison of Various Ethical theories

An example of the Categorical Imperative is
shown in the diagram on the right:
• Kant Duty-based Ethics:
- It is concerned with what people do, not
with the consequences of their actions.
- It involves the following:
✓ Doing the right thing.
✓ Do it because it’s the right thing to do.
✓ Avoid them because they are wrong.
- Universalism: It states that some things
should never be done, no matter what good
consequences they produce. Example:
Killing, Lying, Stealing, etc.
• Relevance of Deontology in the present context:
- Fundamental Duty (Article 51A (h)): It shall
be the duty of every citizen to develop
scientific temper, humanism, and a spirit of
inquiry and reform.
- Gandhian Ethics is also based on following
Eg: I need to take
the right means & the right ends would
care of a pending
ultimately follow.
business in that time.
- Rising use of incorrect means:
✓ Seven Social Sins as per Gandhiji (Discussed in the handout on Human Values)
✓ Negative Consequences of absence of Ethics (Handout on Ethics & Human Interface)
• Criticism of Kantian Duty-Based Ethics:
- Inclines towards Ethical Absolutism: Since it relies on universal ethical rules and principles, it leads to
rigid uniform prescriptions leaving a little scope of flexibility.
- Sometimes, compliance with deontological norms will bring about disastrous consequences.
Example: Following a universal principle of not killing anyone (banning capital punishment) might V. MAX WEBER
promote activities like heinous crimes (rape, sexual assault, murder, etc.), terrorism (which effectively
hampers the unity & territorial integrity of a state like in Afghanistan), etc. • Civil Servants ethics: If the officer receives orders contradictory to one’s viewpoint, one should make his/
her views known to the superior. However, as per Weber, if the superior insists, the officer must comply
- People are not judged based on principles alone. They are also answerable to the consequences of
with the order to the best of his capability.
action as well.
- Thus, a sense of duty towards authority should prevail over personal views. This should be an integral
Example: Immediately telling the complete truth about the terminal illness to the mother might
part of the civil servant’s ethic.
hamper her health ever further. Instead, one can gradually tell the truth in a phased manner to keep
her calm and composed. The benefits of this approach are explained in detail below:
• Quotes: • Specialization or Expertise: In bureaucracy management, the work is divided among the employees
- “In law, a person is guilty when he violates the rights of others. In ethics, a person is guilty if he only according to their skill, capabilities, and expertise, which results in job specialization in the organization.
thinks of doing so.” • Skill-Based Recruitment: The employees are recruited by matching their skills and experience with that
- “All our knowledge begins with our senses, proceeds then to the understanding, and ends with the required for the vacant job position to ensure that the right person is placed at the right job.
reason. There is nothing higher than reason.” • Predictability: When there is a systematic hierarchy and defined rules and methods of performing the
- “Morality is not the doctrine of how we may make ourselves happy, but how we may make ourselves complicated tasks in the organization, actions in similar situations become somewhat predictable for the
worthy of the happiness.” management.
• Equality: The management remains unbiased towards the employees and ensures a fair judgement at the
time of any issue or problem in the organization.
• Structure: A systematic organizational structure can be developed through bureaucracy where the rules,
regulations, methods, and procedures are pre-defined.

• Rationality: The recording of operations and decisions based on these past experiences brings rationality between jobs within an organization) and job enrichment (adding dimensions to existing jobs to keep the
in the framing of laws, rules, regulations, and procedures for the future, based on the experience. employees motivated).
• Democracy: Emphasis on qualifications and technical competence make organization more democratic. • Paperwork: Bureaucracy involves excessive paperwork as every decision must be put into writing. All
documents have to be maintained in their draft and original forms. This leads to great wastage of time,
stationery, and space.
WEBER’s IDEAL BUREAUCRATIC MODEL
• Red Tape: Bureaucratic procedures involve inordinate delays and frustration in the performance of tasks
Different bureaucratic setup in different fields: due to emphasis on procedures rather than outcomes.
1. CMO (Chief Medical Officer) to supervise the health setup.
2. SP (Superintendent of Police) to deal with Law & Order in the district
3. DEO (District Education Officer) for managing overall education in district
VI. KARL MARX: Karl Marx inspired the foundation of various communist regimes in the modern world.

GANDHISM MARXISM
State Both wanted to establish a stateless & classless society but their means for achieving it differed.
• Means = 5 Principles of Jainism (Ahimsa, Satya, • Means = Class Struggle + Violence +
Asteya, Brahmacharya, and Aparaigraha) + Revolutionary overthrow of the State
Means & Satyagraha (Insisted on Truth).
Ends
(Means as ends in themselves) (Marxists: Ends justify the means)
Hierarchy in IAS: • Ends = Stateless and Classless society (Sarvodaya) • Ends = Stateless & Classless Society
1. Cabinet Secretary
(Highest) Both didn’t have faith in Capitalism and its exploitation but their means differed again.
2. Secretary • Gandhiji wished to remove capitalism through his • The explosive growth of capitalism
3. Additional Secretary Doctrine of Trusteeship (by creating Capitalist & doesn’t occur smoothly but includes
4. Joint Secretary Capitalism Rich Trustees of wealth who would decentralize periods of overproduction in which
5. District Magistrate stagnation occurs (recession).
the benefits to the poor)
• Development of Cooperative societies & Cottage • Violent and means to uproot
industries to impart self-sufficiency Capitalism.
Economy & • Strengthening of local economy by cooperatives. • Envisaged Industrial Economy and
Industries • “Not Mass Production but Production by Masses” Working-class dominance.
Promoter of Decentralized Democracy rather than Dictatorship of the working class
Form of
western concept. He envisaged the self-rule of (Proletariat)
Government
Civil Services Examination people by giving more powers to Panchayats.
Hiring & Promoting people conducted by UPSC Rights & Supporter of Individual Liberty and rights Gave preference to Collective rights over
based on objective merit (UPSC Liberty Individual rights
CSE) rather than favoritism All India Services (Conduct)
Gandhiji believed in God and used various religious Marx had no faith in God and considered
Rules, 1968
principles from Jainism, Christianity, and Hinduism to religion as opium for the workers because
Religion guide his spiritual well-being. religion made man a fatalist & didn’t
allow discontentment to arise in the
The disadvantages of Weberian bureaucracy are: workers against capitalism.
• Rigidity & Apathy: Rules and regulations in a bureaucracy are often rigid and inflexible. Rigid compliance
with rules and regulations discourages initiative and creativity. It may also provide the cover to avoid VII. JEREMY BENTHAM & JOHN STUART MILL
responsibility for failures. Example: A person may not think out of the box to help the poor lady who
couldn’t get the benefit of a scheme despite being eligible for it. Rather they would simply comply with • Utilitarianism: The branch of ethics that states that an action is right if it produces the maximum good
rules might show an apathetic attitude, saying that the rules do not specify any such initiative. (happiness) for the maximum number of people.
• Impersonality: A bureaucratic organization stresses a mechanical way of doing things. Organizational rules • Bentham’s Ethical Egoism: Individuals fulfill their pleasures for benefit of society. According to Bentham,
and regulations are given priority over an individual’s needs and emotions. people should be given individual liberty to satisfy their ego needs. Once Individual pleasures are satisfied,
• Compartmentalization of Activities: Jobs are divided into categories, which restrict people from it benefits society by self-development.
performing tasks that they are capable of performing. This discourages job rotation (moving employees • Mill’s Ethical Altruism: Human actions should not only bring happiness to individuals but also society. A
good act would increase the general prevalence of pleasure over pain in the whole of society.

Act Utilitarianism (Bentham) Rule Utilitarianism (Mill) VIII. JOHN LOCKE

Morality of Determined by its usefulness to the people. Determined by its conformity to a certain • Accountability of Government: Societies create the
action? rule leading to greatest good of the people. government by their own consent to protect their
Simple Act in such a way so as to maximize pleasure Act following rules that maximize happiness natural rights. So, the ruler/ government should not
Definition and minimize pain or minimize unhappiness. have absolute power (power without limit) but exercise
Consequences Are on the action Are on the rule (s) followed them with restraint to ensure responsibility towards
the people.
Emphasis on Pleasure Happiness • Three Natural Rights: As per Locke, a person has three
Pleasure – Concerned with the quantity of pleasure Concerned with the quality of pleasure (It is natural rights – Life, Liberty, and Property (which is the
Quantity or better to have a moral person dissatisfied product of a person’s labor).
Quality? than an immoral person satisfied) • Religious Tolerance: He proposed complete religious
Principle of Utility (A good act produces the Greatest Happiness Principle (Actions are freedom and the total separation of state from religion.
Principle greatest sum of pleasure or least sum of pain right in proportion as they tend to promote According to him, coercing religious uniformity would
followed? for the greatest number) happiness & wrong as they tend to promote lead to more social disorder than allowing diversity.
unhappiness) • Rights-based Ethics: It is the concept that there are some rights, both positive and negative, that all
humans have based only on the fact that they are human. These rights can be natural or conventional.
Counter-terrorist operations (killing a terrorist Acting as per rule, “No drunk driving”, “Not
Examples Natural rights are those that are inherent while conventional rights are those created by humans and that
for greater peace & harmony) jumping traffic light”, etc. reflect society's values.
Lying to terminally ill mother about her health Rule of “Telling the truth (Honesty is the best - Locke’s views on natural rights and the social contract can be seen as the inspiration behind the US
Lying status might be appropriate for the time being policy)” Declaration of Independence and the Canadian Charter of Rights & Freedoms among others.
but lying about a murder or rape is not. - Examples: Fundamental Rights in Part III of Indian Constitution, Bill of Rights in the USA, Universal
Might report her patient’s condition (teenage The doctor would follow professional code Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), 1948 of the United Nations (UN), Universal Declaration on
Doctor-Patient pregnancy) to the parents even though doctor patient confidentiality as in past such code Bioethics and Human Rights by UNESCO.
Confidentiality would be breaking the code. has promoted greatest happiness (teenagers NATURAL LAW CONTINUUM
are ready to go to doctors for help & support)

• Criticisms of Utilitarianism:
- Not only total happiness but the fair distribution of this happiness among members is also equally
important.
Example: Equal distribution of wealth (equal income for all) without considering the merit, efforts, and
hard work of the individuals towards the progress of society might achieve maximum overall happiness
but it would not be fair for the meritorious, hardworking, and innovative individuals. Also, giving an
equal share to anti-social elements like criminals would be detrimental.
- Sometimes, following Utilitarian principles might lead to violation of the human rights of some people.
Example: A wealthy person might not be willing to give a part of his/ her wealth to the poor to achieve
overall happiness in society as it leads to violation of the Right to Property of that person.
- Different perceptions of happiness: Someone might value the pleasure of helping others more. On
the other hand, someone else may give more value to materialistic pleasures like car, wealth, comfort,
etc.
- Happiness is not the only thing that people seek:
✓ A soldier sacrifices his/ her life or freedom for the security and integrity of the nation.
✓ A mother selflessly raises her child and derives joy from the same.
✓ Nelson Mandela spent most of his youth in jail, not for happiness but for his moral values,
principles, and integrity.
- Difficulty to measure happiness: As same actions or things might produce different levels of happiness
to different people.

✓ He suggests that we should imagine we sit behind a veil of ignorance that keeps us from knowing
who we are and identifying with our personal circumstances. By being ignorant of our
circumstances, we can more objectively consider how societies should operate.
✓ One should relieve oneself of every form of biasness – social, economic, political, cultural, ethnic,
religious, gender, etc. while discovering the just principles.
✓ “The principles of justice are chosen behind a veil of ignorance.”
- Maximum Rule: Adopting those alternatives, the worst outcome of which is better than the worst
outcomes of the others, i.e., adopting one with the best worst outcome among all the alternatives.

- Social Justice Theory (Justice as Fairness):

✓ Principle of Greatest Equal Liberty: All citizens should have basic rights & liberties with a similar
set of liberties for all. It means equal rights for all, in all normal circumstances.
❖ Political Liberty ⟹ Right to Vote (Universal Adult Franchise) and hold Public office
❖ Freedom of thought, expression, belief, faith & worship
❖ Freedom of speech, assembly, and occupation
❖ Freedom from a physical assault (torture)
❖ Freedom from arbitrary arrest
❖ Right to hold personal Property
✓ Equal Opportunity Principle: It states that citizens with similar levels of talent and willingness to
use them, should have the same educational and economic opportunities regardless of whether
they were born rich or poor.
❖ It includes not only equal opportunity to occupy offices and positions based on merit but
also reasonable opportunity to acquire skills on which this merit is assessed.
✓ Difference Principle: It states that inequality is allowed only when it benefits the least fortunate.
IX. JOHN RAWLS ❖ Any economic inequalities should be to the greatest advantage of those who are least
advantaged. It provides for a sense of positive discrimination to the advantage of the poor.
• He proposed that the most important virtue in society is justice. Justice is necessary but not a sufficient ❖ Example: The 10% Reservation to the Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) of society in
condition of a good society. Justice is the first virtue of society and cannot be sacrificed. government jobs and educational institutions through the 103rd Constitutional Amendment
• Theory of Justice: It is an alternative theory to utilitarianism. Act, 2019.
- Distributive Justice: Equitable apportionment of privileges, duties, and goods in consonance with the • Criticisms of Theory of Justice:
merit of the individuals and the best interest of society. - It might not always be possible for a person to use the Veil of Ignorance or be completely ignorant of
✓ Example: Article 39 (Adequate distribution of livelihood, resources of the community, etc. to one’s status and might be inherently biased towards oneself or one’s community unknowingly during
every citizen to ensure common good) the decision-making process.
- Original Position/ Veil of Ignorance: It is a hypothetical situation where people were unaware of their - Evaluation of Fairness might not always be possible:
status/ position in society so that they discover principles that will structure the society morally and ✓ Three Children and Flute Example (Amarta Sen): Three children – A, B, and C — are quarreling
equally. over a flute. ‘A’ claims to be the only one who knows how to play it. ‘B’ demands it on the basis
of poverty (unlike others ‘B’ has no other toys to play with). ‘C’ says that it belongs to her because
she has made it with her own labor. Here, it is difficult to decide who deserves the flute.

• Scientific Ideas: He had deep regard for science and its importance in promoting rational thinking over
Interplay between Rights and Justice Approach superstition.
• Personal Liberty: Voltaire was a proponent of personal liberty and freedom of speech.
- “I disagree with what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.” – Voltaire.
• Quotes:
- “It is forbidden to kill; therefore all murderers are punished unless they kill in large numbers and to the
HIGH sound of trumpets.” (Mob Lynching)
- “It is better to risk sparing a guilty person than to condemn an innocent one.”
- “Those who can make you believe absurdities can make you commit atrocities.” (Hate Speech,
Communal Violence, Hatred, etc.)
- “Don’t think money does everything, or you are going to end up doing everything for the money.”

XII. NELSON MANDELA

• He has been widely appraised for the peaceful termination of the Apartheid regime, and for laying the
LOW foundations for a new democratic South Africa. Apartheid was a system of racial segregation and white
rule in the country of South Africa that lasted from 1948 to 1994.
• Selflessness: He gave up whatever he could for the improvement and betterment of his country, and his
fight against injustice and apartheid.
- “Real leaders must be ready to sacrifice their all for the freedom of their people.” – Mandela.
• determination to fight against oppression and injustice
• Equality & Harmony: He fought for democracy as a plural society in which all persons of all races,
languages, and opinions can live together in harmony and with equal opportunity.
X. JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU • Spiritual Non-Violence: There was an absence of bitterness and vengeance in him. As a political leader, he
never tried to humiliate his political opponents to preserve his dignity as a prisoner.
• Political Ideas: According to Rousseau, the original forms of government to emerge – monarchy, • Icon of forgiveness & reconciliation: After being elected as President of South Africa, he reassured the
aristocracy, etc. – were all products of the differing levels of inequality in their societies. He propagated fellow white population that they are protected and represented in the rainbow nation.
direct democracy, where sovereignty (or power to make laws) lies in hands of people. - Mandela won the hearts of millions of white rugby fans by encouraging the Black South Africans to
• Education & Child rearing: As per Rousseau, education does not deal only with techniques of imparting cheer for and support the previously hated national rugby team (which consisted mostly of whites)
information and concepts, but also with developing the person’s character and moral sense. In this way, during the Rugby World Cup.
one would learn to practice self-mastery and remain virtuous even in the unnatural and imperfect society - Truth & Reconciliation Commission was formed to investigate crimes committed by the government
in which they will have to live. under the apartheid regime. Punishing their grave crimes through capital punishment or life
• Quotes: imprisonment would have led to the creation of martyrs and further riots between blacks and whites.
- “Individual should give up some privileges for the benefit of the community” (Selflessness, Service to To prevent such a situation, amnesties were granted in exchange for testimony of crimes committed.
humankind, Altruism) - “Forgiveness liberates the soul. It removes fear.”
- “Insults are the arguments employed by those who are in the wrong.” • Putting people and honor before money: He left his relatively less wealth (as compared to fellow African
- “No man has any natural authority over his fellow men.” (Racism, Discrimination, Inequalities) politicians) to not only his family but also staff & ANC (African National Congress). Some of the
- “Gratitude is a duty which ought to be paid, but which none have a right to expect.” grandchildren who were already given money when he was alive, didn’t get the share in his will. Also, he
left an equal share for his grandsons and granddaughters.
XI. VOLTAIRE • Integrity: He refused to renounce his principles and values. He spent 27 years in jail, and when he was
offered freedom in he refused, saying: “I cannot and will not give any undertaking, at a time when I and
• Religious Ideas: He proposed Deism which states that there is some kind of supernatural creator, but it is
you, the people, are not free. Your freedom and mine cannot be separated!”
not associated with any mainstream religion.
• Quotes:
- He supported tolerance towards all religions & ethnicities.
- “Courageous people do not fear forgiving, for the sake of peace.”
• Views on race & slavery: He promoted racial equality between black and whites and discarded the idea
- “What counts in life is not the mere fact that we’ve lived. It is what difference we’ve made to the lives
that all human races emerged from Adam and Eve. According to him, different ethnicities, cultures, and
of others that will determine the significance of the life we lead.”
races had different ancestral links and we should respect the differences arising in humans as a result of
- “There can be no greater gift than that of giving one’s time and energy to help others without expecting
the difference in their progeny. No human should be considered inferior to or a slave of another.
anything in return.” (Nishkama Karma)
- “As long as poverty, injustice, and gross inequality persist in our world, none of us can truly rest.”

- “Education is the most powerful weapon which we can use to change the world.” 1.2 MORAL THINKERS OF INDIA
- “I never lose. I either win or learn.”
- “Everyone can rise above their circumstances and achieve success if they are dedicated to and The Moral Thinkers of India have already been covered in the handout on “Human Values”.
passionate about what they do.” • Mahatma Gandhi,
- “No one is born hating another person because of their skin color, background, or religion. People learn • APJ Abdul Kalam,
to hate & if they can learn to hate, they can be taught to love, for love comes more naturally to the • Swami Vivekananda,
human heart than its opposite.” • Kautilya,
• Amartya Sen,
XIII. MARTIN LUTHER KING JR. • BR Ambedkar, and
• Raja Rammohan Roy
• Philosophy of Non-Violence: Violence in society is often given birth to by conflict, challenges, crises, and
other social vices. As a man of intelligence, determination, and integrity, Martin Luther used his intelligence
well when he refused to fight back violently against the white racists. Some of his thoughts on non-violence 2 PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS
are as follows:
- Non-violence is a way of life for courageous people. 1. What does this quotation mean to you in the present context: “Nearly all men can withstand adversity, but
- Non-violence holds that evildoers are also victims. This means that non-violence seeks to defeat if you want to test a man’s character, give him power.” —Abraham Lincoln (2013)
injustice, not people. 2. What does this quotation mean to you in the present context: “I count him braver who overcomes his
- Non-violence accepts suffering without retaliation. Suffering can have the power to convert the enemy desires than him who overcomes his enemies.”—Aristotle (2013)
when reason fails. 3. Which eminent personality has inspired you the most in the context of ethical conduct in life? Give the gist
- The nonviolent resister has deep faith that justice will eventually win. of his/her teachings giving specific examples; describe how you have been able to apply these teachings for
• Martin Luther Method of Conciliation and Conflict Resolution: your own ethical development. (2014)
- Learn about social problems through media, social and civic organizations. 4. Human beings should always be treated as ‘ends’ in themselves and never as merely `means’. Explain the
- Duty to make others understand: With this new knowledge, we must help those around us (neighbors, meaning and significance of this statement, giving its implications in the modern techno-economic society.
relatives, friends, etc.) better understand the problems facing society. (2014)
- Build a team of people devoted to finding solutions. 5. What does this quotation mean to you in the present context: “We can easily forgive a child who is afraid
- Accept that the team will face many obstacles and challenges as the team try to change society. of the dark; the real tragedy of life is when men are afraid of the light.” (2015)
- Negotiation with both sides: Go to the community deeply hurt by social evils. Also, go to the who are 6. Max Weber said that it is not wise to apply to public administration the sort of moral and ethical norms we
contributing to the breakdown of a peaceful society. Use humor, emotional intelligence & gradual apply to matters of personal conscience. It is important to realize that the State bureaucracy might possess
movement to lead to solutions benefiting the greater good. its own independent bureaucratic morality. Critically analyze this statement. (2016)
• Emotional Intelligence: He never allowed the punishment (being beaten by sticks, called ‘Niger’ or being 7. Analyse John Rawls’s concept of social justice in the Indian context. (2016)
sent to jail) to overcome him emotionally. 8. “Great ambition is the passion of a great character. Those endowed with it may perform very good or very
• Social Reform: bad acts. All depends on the principles which direct them.” – Napoleon Bonaparte. Stating examples
- Fought against Racial Discrimination: He insisted that he would not rest until all the Black men, women mention the rulers (i) who have harmed society and country, (ii) who worked for the development of society
and children are free from segregation, discrimination, and maltreatment. and country. (2017)
• Quotes: 9. What do these quotations mean to you in the present context: “Falsehood takes the place of truth when it
- “Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.” results in the unblemished common good.”- Tirukkural. (2018)
- “Darkness cannot drive out darkness; only light can do that. Hate cannot drive out hate; only love can 10. What does this quotation mean to you in the present context: “The true rule, in determining to embrace,
do that.” or reject anything, is not whether it has any evil in it; but whether it has more evil than good. There are few
- “Our lives begin to end the day we become silent about things that matter.” things wholly evil or wholly good. Almost everything, especially of governmental policy, is an inseparable
- “The ultimate measure of a man is not where he stands in moments of comfort and convenience, but compound of the two; so that our best judgement of the preponderance between them is continually
where he stands at times of challenge and controversy. demanded. ” Abraham Lincoln. (2018)
- “If you can’t fly then run, if you can’t run then walk, if you can’t walk then crawl, but whatever you do 11. With regard to the morality of actions, one view is that means are of paramount importance and the other
you have to keep moving forward.” view is that the ends justify the means. Which view do you think is more appropriate? Justify your answer.
- “We must learn to live together as brothers and sisters or we will perish together as fools.” (2018)
- “Nothing in this world is more dangerous than sincere ignorance and conscientious stupidity.” 12. What does this quotation mean to you in the present context: “An unexamined life is not worth living”. –
- “Lightning makes no sound until it strikes.” Socrates (2019)
13. What teachings of Buddha are most relevant today and why? Discuss. (2020)
14. “Condemn none: if you can stretch out a helping hand, do so. If not, fold your hands, bless your brothers,
and let them go their own way.” – Swami Vivekanand (2020)

15. “The best way to find yourself is to lose yourself in the service of others.” – Mahatma Gandhi (2020) TABLE OF CONTENTS
16. “A system of morality which is based on relative emotional values is a mere illusion, a thoroughly vulgar 1 PUBLIC/ CIVIL SERVICE VALUES AND ETHICS IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: STATUS & PROBLEMS 3
conception which has nothing sound in it and nothing true.” – Socrates (2020) 1.1 Basic Concepts
17. “Every work has got to pass through hundreds of difficulties before succeeding. Those that persevere will 1.2 Ethics in Public Administration
see the light, sooner or later.-Swami Vivekananda. (2021)
1.3 Public/ Civil Service Values and Ethics in Public Administration: Status and Problems
18. “We can never obtain peace in the outer world until and unless we obtain peace within ourselves.” – Dalai
1.3.1 Determinants of Values and Ethics in Public Administration
Lama. (2021)
1.3.2 Status of Values and Ethics in Public Administration
19. Life doesn’t make any sense without interdependence. We need each other, and the sooner we learn that,
1.3.3 Improving the Status of Values and Ethics in Public Administration
it is better for us all.” -Erik Erikson word. (2021)
1.4 Consequences of Values and Ethics in Public Administration
20. Ethics is knowing the difference between what you have the right to do and what is right to do.’-Potter
2 ETHICAL CONCERNS AND DILEMMAS IN GOVERNMENT & PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS 9
Stewart . (2022)
2.1 Ethical Dilemmas in Public Administration
21. “If a country is to be corruption free and become a nation of beautiful minds, I strongly feel there are
2.2 Dealing with Ethical Dilemmas in Public Administration
three key societal members who can make a difference. They are the father, the mother and the teacher.”
– Abdul Kalam. (2022) 2.3 Ethical Concerns and Ethical Dilemmas in Private Institutions
22. “Judge your success by what you had to give up in order to get it.” (2022) 2.4 Approaches to deal with Ethical Dilemmas
3 LAW, RULES, REGULATIONS AND CONSCIENCE AS SOURCES OF ETHICAL GUIDANCE 23
========================================================================================= 3.1 Laws, Rules, and Regulations as sources of Ethical Guidance
3.2 Conscience as sources of Ethical Guidance
4 UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS 29

============================================================================================

III. Administrative Efficiency

PUBLIC/ CIVIL SERVICE VALUES AND ETHICS IN PUBLIC
1 ADMINISTRATION: STATUS & PROBLEMS
 Curbing corruption: Improving efficiency and break the unholy nexus between the administration and
the anti-social elements like criminals and bribe givers requires adherence to an ethical code of
conduct. Example: Ashok Khemka (IAS)
 Proper utilization of Public resources: It demands integrity and dedication to public service to ensure
1.1 BASIC CONCEPTS
the usage of public resources for the efficient and effective development of society without corruption.
 Public Service: It is a service provided by the government to the people living within its jurisdiction either  Individual-level checks and balances: Integrating ethics in the administration would ensure a well-
through public-private participation or directly (through public sector organizations/ institutions). developed human conscience of the officers, which would act as a local court of justice to check the
arbitrary actions of Civil Servants.
- Public services form the permanent arm of the executive branch of the government.
 To control that part of administrative power and discretion which cannot be controlled by formal laws
 Public Administration: It refers to the process of implementation of public policy through the executive methods and procedures.
arms of local, state, and federal governments.  To utilize the discretionary powers bestowed upon them through various laws and the constitution in
 Public Servant: An official of government hired on a professional basis by the state whose main duty is a fair and objective manner. Example: Deciding who would receive the contract for the tender floated
implementation and realization of goals of public policies for the welfare of society. Examples: Central and by the district administration should be done based on the merit and efficiency of the applicants.
State Government employees, All India Civil Services (IAS, IPS, IFS), Judges under Judicial Service, etc. IV. Limitations of Rules & Regulations:
 Ethics helps to develop the dilemmas and instances where the law is not very clear.
1.2 ETHICS IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION V. Ethical administration also helps in building rapport in international relations.
 Ethics denotes the professional code of morality in civil service.
Absence of ethics results in authoritarianism, suppression of minority rights, high levels of corruption,
- They constitute the moral character of civil servants. They regulate the conduct and behavior of impoverishment of the poor and vulnerable sections of society.
different categories of civil servants. Examples: Administration during British colonial rule in India, Nazi Germany Rule (Hitler), Authoritarian rule of
- They provide “rule of the game”. Stalin, North Korea, etc.
 Administrative ethics refers to the standards of right and wrong that prescribe what public administration
ought to do to deliver effective public service. 1.3 PUBLIC/ CIVIL SERVICE VALUES AND ETHICS IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: STATUS AND PROBLEMS
- Public service ethics are a prerequisite to public trust and are a keystone of good governance.
- Citizens expect public servants to serve the public interest with fairness and to manage public resources 1.3.1 Determinants of the Status of Values and Ethics in Public Administration
properly.
- “In the happiness of his subjects lies the happiness of the king” – Kautilya. I. Historical Factors:
 Positive Instances:
Importance of Ethics in Public Administration - Ethical administration under Ashoka:
 He wanted his bureaucrats to be ideals that society could follow.
I. Social
 He did not allow them to favor one tradition over another (Impartiality & Tolerance)
 Social capital: A just and ethical administration will increase credibility and ensure citizen - Kautilya prescribed various checks and balances on the civil servants to curb corruption (like
participation in the administration. Information Officers).
 Responsive, Empathetic, and Compassionate Administration: The ethics would ensure the needs and - Ethical Administration under Akbar:
aspirations of the public are listened to and enable out-of-box solutions for the welfare of people.  Diverse Representation: He was celebrated as a ruler for the inclusion of a diverse array of
Example: Creation of a separate public market for roadside vendors before their evacuation, Skill Indians at all levels of the imperial administrative and military order.
development of the manual scavengers after their rescue and rehabilitation, etc.  The practice of akhlaqi (moral or ethical) traditions in administration.
 Social Contract: Ethical Good Governance would ensure mutual compliance of the rules and regulations - The Seven Social Evils should be avoided as per Gandhiji for creating an ethical society and hence,
by the citizens and the government and would promote peace and harmony in the society. an ethical administrative setup.
 Upholding the constitutional morality – Liberty, Equality, Fraternity, Justice, Non-discrimination, etc.  Negative Instances:
II. Economic - Various instances of civil servants being involved in corrupt practices are mentioned in Kautilya’s
 Improves the ease of doing business: Ethical officials would look at a larger perspective of socio- Arthashatra.
economic development and would seek amicable and fast approvals to the legitimate developmental - The practice of Bakshish (a small amount of money given for services rendered) was rampant during
projects. the Mughal empire and gradually transformed into bribery.
 Avoiding unnecessary wastage of public funds (Examples – Using digital records which can be made - Widespread corruption among East India Company officials.
available in public instead of paperwork, which would have dual impacts of reduced expenditure and  Robert Clive was even accused of his large-scale corruption on his return to England.
increased transparency)

 Regulating Act, 1773 mentioned the ongoing corrupt practices and thus aimed at curbing those  Positive Instances:
by banning private dealing by Company officials. - The stewardship of Lal Bahadur Shastri (former PM), Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam (former President), and
- Betrayal of “Raj Dharma” by Mir Qasim (he betrayed his Nawab Siraj-Ud-Daula and supported Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel (former Deputy PM) has been one of the best examples of high standards
Britishers instead) during the Battle of Plassey. of morals in politics.
- Discretionary and non-transparent system of recruitment of public officials during British rule.  Negative Instances:
- Unnecessary and politically motivated mass transfers especially after a change in the ruling political
II. Socio-Cultural Factors: Civil servants are themselves members of society. So, naturally, the value system party.
of the civil servants would be a mirror reflection of those prevalent in society. - Political-Bureaucratic-Criminals-Businessmen nexus in India (Explained in a handout on Integrity)
 Role of Religion/ Culture/ Parenting/ Family setup - Criminalization of Politics and Politicization of Criminals. Nearly 50% of MPs in the 17th Lock Sabha
(Covered already in previous handouts) have criminal records.
III. Legal-Judicial Factors:
V. Economic Factors:
 The neatly formulated laws, with stress on fair conduct & honesty, and efficient enforcement
mechanisms along with checks and balances are likely to inculcate values in administrators. An efficient  A lower level of economic development, when accompanied by inequalities in economic resources like
and effective judiciary with a fast-track justice system will prove to be a roadblock to immorality in income, land, and other assets is likely to create a clash among social classes and groups.
public affairs.
 On the other hand, a slow-moving judiciary with a concern for letter rather than the spirit of the law 1.3.2 Status of Values and Ethics in Public Administration
will delay and even help the perpetrators of crimes by giving them leeway through prolonged trials and
benefits of doubt. Likewise, the anti-corruption machinery of the government entangled in the web of Ethical Issues in Indian Administration
complex procedures would unintendedly grant relief to the accused of misusing loopholes in the law.  Apathetic Attitude & Unresponsiveness: Sometimes bureaucrats are unresponsive to popular demands.
 Positive Instances: Some of them see the services as a favor to the public, even though they are paid from the public exchequer
- Criminal Justice System Reforms by Judiciary to do so.
 Seven Directives of Supreme Court in Prakash Singh Case to ensure independence & autonomy  Corruption: Bureaucrats are alleged to have been indulged in corrupt practices. Examples: Coal Block
of police administration. Allocation Scam, 2G Spectrum Scam, etc.
- Civil Services Reform by Judiciary: - India has the highest rates of bribery in Asia (Transparency International) ⟹ Nearly 2 in 5 citizens who
 TSR Subramanian Case: Supreme Court ruled that: accessed public service paid a bribe while more than 2 in 5 used public connections.
 civil servants are not bound to follow oral directives to ensure undue pressure on civil - India ranked 86/ 180 countries in Corruption Perception Index (Transparency International).
servants and protect their integrity.  Red-Tapism: It refers to undue formalism, putting too much emphasis on the procedure through proper
 Civil Services Board (CSB) be established to ensure the independence of civil services and channels and precedents. Forms and regulations exist for the service of the community but red-tapism goes
prevent politically motivated, unnecessary, and untimely transfers. against this norm.
- Legislative Framework: - Vertical Hierarchy: This hierarchy leads to delay in the decision-making and implementation of crucial
 Lokpal Act 2013 projects.
 Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988  Lack of impartiality: The administrators are supposed to be politically neutral, not committed to any party,
 Central Vigilance Commission Act, 2003 (CVC constituted under it) leader, or ideology. Their commitment must be towards Constitution, people, and development. However,
 Comptroller and Auditor General of India (under Article 148 of Constitution), etc. in actual practice, such things appear to be missing. Example: An IAS officer in Telangana was seen touching
(More details in the handout – Law as guidance of ethics)
the feet of the Chief Minister in the public domain. This questions the impartiality and non-partisanship of
 Negative Instances: the concerned civil servant and the bureaucracy at large.
- Non-implementation of laws. Example: Delay in the implementation of the Lokpal Act, 2013, and - Politicization of Bureaucracy: Some bureaucrats tend to extend such suggestions to the ministers which
the appointment of Lokpal (in 2019). are palatable to them. Some of them are, at times, keen to adjust themselves according to the wishes
- Lack of checks and balances on civil servants by Parliament. They are not directly answerable to the of ministers rather than neutrally advising policies in the best interest of the nation.
Legislatures but only through their political executives.  Nepotism & Lack of Objectivity: There have been instances of preference been given to the family members
IV. Political Factors: or relatives for sanctioning contracts or deals.
 Political leadership is one of the most potent influences on the morals and values of citizens. In a  Credibility of civil servants: Instances like fake encounters as alleged in Vikas Dubey case, custodial tortures
democracy, all political parties, pressure groups, and the media also influence the orientations and (father-son duo torture in Karnataka in police station), indulgence in anti-social activities such as rape,
attitudes on moral questions. The administrative system cannot remain immune to the levels of political sexual assault, etc. tarnish the image of civil services.
morality.  Perception of high status in society:
- Red lights flash continually outside their office doors to indicate high office and importance.

 Generalized bureaucracy: Specialisation is an important facet of bureaucracy in the Weberian scheme, but 1.4 CONSEQUENCES OF VALUES AND ETHICS IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
in the Indian context the ‘generalist’ IAS officers are seen to head almost every administrative branch even
without having appropriate experience, training, or expertise. The consequences of Ethics have already been discussed in the handout on Ethics and Human Interface in
various dimensions.
 Lack of fitness bar: Currently, there is a lack of mandatory legal mid-career performance appraisal to
measure civil servants’ integrity and honesty. However, recently some bureaucrats were dismissed for non-
The figure below shows the Ethical Cycle of Politics and Administration. It rightly depicts the use of Ethics in
optimal performance. There is a need for an institutional mechanism of such appraisal.
Public Administration in a life-cycle approach.
- The 2nd ARC report recommended that the Civil servants should be reviewed every 14 years whether
they are suitable to the present-day administration challenges.
 Lack of coordination and integrated approach makes it difficult to work efficiently. Example: The lack of
coordination between the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEFCC) and the Ministry
of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH) regarding the clearances for developmental projects leads to
unwanted delays in implementation of these projects and affects the Ease of Doing Business.
 Abuse of personal authority for private benefit:
- Use of public means like transportation, communications, premises, human resource, etc. for private
purposes. Examples: Use of public vehicles to go for a private trip.

1.3.3 Improving the Status of Values and Ethics in Public Administration

OECD Principles for Ethics in Public Service:

 Clear Ethical Standards
 Effective Legal Framework of Standards
- All India Services Conduct Rules, 1968
- Central Civil Services (Conduct) Rules, 1964
- Separate Conduct Rules in organizations like Indian Railways
 Availability of Ethical Guidance: A senior officer of the Joint Secretary or Secretary level could be assigned
as a mentor to a civil servant to provide them with ethical guidance and deal with ethical dilemmas.
 Central Ethics Coordinating Body: A specially created body that should create and monitor the
implementation of ethical standards. It could be a Parliamentary Standing Committee or a statutory body.
- The existing mechanisms like CVC, CBI, etc. could act as anti-corruption wings of the same.
- The Research wing would deal with the creation and recommendation of ethical conduct rules.
- The whistleblower wing could be headed by the Lokpal.
 Public servants should know their rights and obligations when exposing wrongdoing. =========================================================================================
 Political commitment: Ethically committed leadership would lead the way by being role models and instill
confidence in people and civil servants to work with honesty.
 Transparent decision-making process: The process should be open to public scrutiny through draft bills in
the public domain (before presenting a bill), social audit of schemes, citizen charters, etc.
 Clear guidelines for interaction between the public and private sectors.
 Conducive Public service conditions (like salary, promotion, postings, transfers, etc.) so that the officials
could work ethically and not worry about the living standards of their family.
 Adequate accountability mechanisms should be in place within the public service.
- Strengthening RTI Implementation
 Appropriate procedures and sanctions should exist to deal with misconduct (Anti-Corruption Laws, etc.)

Other Principles and Steps:

 360o Appraisal Report: Appraisal by all the stakeholders rather than solely by the superiors would reduce
the superiority complex in the civil services and impart autonomy in ethical decision making.
 Ethical Reforms to improve ethical standards in political public servants

 Personal Responsibilities/ Relationships:

ETHICAL CONCERNS AND DILEMMAS IN GOVERNMENT
2 - There might be a threat to family members from criminals who were arrested by the civil servant.
& PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS While carrying their official duty honestly, it would also be the duty of the civil servant to protect
family members.
3) Crisis of Conscience
2.1 Ethical Dilemmas in Public Administration 4) Conflicting Responsibilities
A dilemma is a situation in which a difficult choice has to be made between two or more alternatives, especially  Policymakers are often confronted by conflicting responsibilities. They have specific loyalties to their
ones that are equally undesirable. For Example: While framing public policy, Sarvodaya vs utilitarian approach superiors, but also to society.
is always a big dilemma for public servants.  Obeying supervisors’ directives versus following personal values
 Choosing to serve the best interests of the community versus the need to be responsive to the
An ETHICAL DILEMMA is a complex situation, that often involves an apparent conflict between moral government of the day
alternatives, in which, to obey one would result in transgressing the other. Ethical Dilemma arises because 5) Oath of Secrecy (Confidentiality) vs Transparency
Ethical Standards are not codified, and disagreements and dilemmas about proper behavior often occur. An  Secrecy:
Ethical Dilemma arises in a situation when each alternative ‘choice’ or behavior, is undesirable, because of - Secrecy of nationally sensitive information such as confidentiality clauses in intelligence agencies
potentially harmful consequences. like Intelligence Bureau (IB), Research & Analysis Wing (RAW), National Investigation Agency (NIA),
Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI), etc.
Frequently encountered Ethical Dilemmas tend to arise from three critical relationships: - Official Secrets Act (OSA), 1923.
 Civil Servants and Political Office holders;
 Transparency:
 Civil Servants and Citizens; and
- Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005
 Intra – Civil Service (Ministries, Departments & Agencies, that make up the Country’s or State’s Civil Service).
 Overriding effect of RTI over OSA: Section 8 of RTI compels the government to disclose the
information if the public interest in disclosure outweighs the harm to protected interests.
Conventionally, the Minister is the Political Head of the Ministry accountable to the people through Parliament/
 The dilemma between concealing the information under OSA or disclosing it to the public under
State Assembly. Before assuming office, the Minister subscribes to adhere to the provisions of the Constitution,
the RTI Act.
and publically expresses commitment to upholding it to preserve and enhance public confidence and trust in
 Example: Edward Snowden, a computer expert and former CIA administrator released confidential
the System.
Government documents to the press about the existence of Government surveillance programs.
According to many legal experts and the US Government, his action violated the Espionage Act, which
The Secretary of a Department, on the other hand, is the Chief Policy Advisor, to the Minister as and also the
identified the leak of State secrets as an act of treason. Yet, even though he broke the law, Snowden
Chief Executive, to execute the decisions taken at the Political level. A Civil Servant is obliged to abide by the
argued that he had a moral obligation to act “to inform the public as to what is done in their name and
Conduct Rules and other rules/ regulations in this regard while demonstrating unflinching commitment
what is done against them.”
(remaining strong and determined even in a difficult situation) to the Constitutional scheme (here Minister).
6) Public Interest vs Right to Privacy
Following are some of the Ethical Dilemmas that a public servant might face on different occasions: - Example: The caste information of a person is private or personal if seen in isolation. But if the caste
1) Personal Benefit vs Public Gain certificate is fake or manipulated, then the public interest is harmed. Thus, there is a public interest in
knowing it and probing it. But if the same is used as a tool of harassment against the lower caste, then
 Example: Adarsh Housing Society Scam. The society was constructed for the welfare of war widows and
the issue of privacy also arises.
personnel of India’s Ministry of Defense (Public Gain) but the politicians, bureaucrats, and military
officers allegedly conspired to get themselves flats allotted in the society at below-market rates 7) Conflict of Interest: It is a situation when official duties,
(Personal Benefit). public interest, and personal interest are taking priority
over one another. In a conflict of interest, a person is
2) Private Responsibilities vs Professional Ethics + Work vs Life (Work-Life Balance)
involved in multiple interests, financial or otherwise, and
 Example: During a disaster or natural calamity, a civil servant would face a dilemma of performing the serving one interest could involve working against
duty towards the family by saving them first (Private Ethics) or the public duty (Professional Ethics) of another. Examples:
putting in place the mitigative and rehabilitative measures.
 A judge hearing a case of a relative or family
 Public Duty/ Professional Ethics: member.
- Before entering into civil services, officials take the oath of allegiance to the constitutional values
 CJI (Chief Justice of India) recused himself from a
and duty first.
case when he knew the accused personally.
- Officials should use social media to engage with the public rather than self-promotion since too
 A civil servant appointing a friend as a computer
much activity on social media diverts the attention from official duty.
analyst in the office would have an element of
- There should be no Nepotism in official duty and recruitment of officers for public duty.
conflict of interest even though the process was completely fair and objective.

- Actual Conflict of Interest: It - “Personal self-interest should be subordinate to the Public good in all circumstances, especially if
Schematic on “TYPES OF CONFLICT OF INTEREST”
already involves a circumstances arise, where the possibility of a conflict of interest may become an Ethical Dilemma” –
direct conflict between a public Bhairon Singh Shekhawat (former Vice President of India).
official's current duties & 8) Non-discrimination vs Preferential Treatment
responsibilities and existing private  Principle of Non-Discrimination refers to not discriminating against anybody on basis of religion, race,
interests. caste, sex, place of birth, etc. (Article 15). It is based on objectivity and impartiality.
- Examples: A judge adjudicating
 Principle of Preferential Treatment (Positive Discrimination) refers to the practice or policy of favoring
his own case has a personal
individuals belonging to groups known to have been discriminated against previously (Article 16). It is
interest in giving a judgement in
based on socio-economic justice as is also propounded in the Theory of Justice of John Rawls.
favor of himself.
- Potential Conflict of Interest: 9) Retributive vs Reformative Justice
Refers to the conflict of interest that  Retributive Justice refers to punishment inflicted on someone as vengeance for a wrong or criminal act.
may arise later in service or after  Restorative Justice focuses on repairing the damage caused by the wrongful action and restoring the
retirement due to the previous well-being of all those involved through mediation or reconciliation.
position held by the civil servant.  Example: Juvenile Justice case (When a minor theft is committed by a teenager).
- Examples: Post-retirement sops 10) Development vs Growth
offered to bureaucrats and  Economic Growth (quantitative concept) is the increase in the real output of the country in a particular
judges, A bureaucrat working in Finance Minister has plans to join a financial institution after span of time.
retirement, etc.  Economic Development (qualitative concept) is the increase in the level of production in
- Former Finance Minister Arun Jaitley recused himself from the retrospective taxation case of an economy along with enrichment of living standards and the advancement of technology.
Vodafone and delegated it to the Minister of State of Finance because he was previously a legal  Example: The dilemma of following the Capability Approach of Amartya Sen, Justice Approach of John
advisor to Vodafone before being appointed as Minister. Rawls (Development), or Capitalist Approach (Growth).
- Perceived Conflict of Interest or Appearance of Conflict of Interest: It occurs when an individual or - Building big dams might compromise some individual interests like land rights and displacement of
institution may reasonably be understood as having two competing interests, which are likely to tribals but it might help in meeting the larger community interests (Growth). Eg: Polavaram project
interfere with or undermine the decision-making. in Andhra Pradesh.
- Example: A civil servant is reviewing the application of candidates for being appointed as staff in
11) Justice vs Mercy
the district administration. But one of the applicants is a friend of his/ her spouse. However, the
process of recruitment is completely fair and transparent, but the decision might be perceived as  Example: Growing demand for the release of the Rajiv Gandhi assassin is out of Mercy as she suffers a
being made in his/ her interests. lot in jail due to continuous delay in capital punishment, but it is also opposed as it is against justice and
her wrong act must be punished.
6R’s of resolving Conflict of Interest
12) Economic Growth vs Environmental Sustainability
Record/ Recording the disclosure of a conflict of interest in a register (would be necessary to assess the
 Environmental protection is sometimes seen as an obstacle to rapid growth since it leads to non-
Register situation and determine which of the following strategies is also required.)
clearance of projects like Dams, New mines, factories, etc. On the other hand, rapid economic growth
Restricting the involvement in the matter of conflict (refraining from taking part, abstain from and industrialization might lead to environmental degradation (climate change is an example).
Restrict
voting on the decision, recusal from the case by a judge, etc.)  “We cannot deforest our way to prosperity and we cannot pollute our way to prosperity" – Dr.
If restricting yourself is not possible then an independent third party may be engaged to Manmohan Singh
participate in, oversee, or review the integrity of the decision-making process (Example: Creating  Need to have marriagial coordination between environment and growth like Sustainable Development
Recruit
a Recruitment Committee for appointing a staff member in the district office by a civil servant if Goals, Renewable Energy, etc.
one of his/ her relatives apply for the post.) 13) Welfarism (Social Ethics) vs Profit Motive (Economic Ethics)
Removal from involvement in the matter altogether is the best option when ad hoc or - EWS Reservation is a form of welfare (providing reservation to the poor in government jobs). On the
Remove
recruitment strategies are not feasible, or appropriate. other hand, some argue that it might lead to reduced efficiency and efficacy of administration.
Relinquishing personal or private interests may be a valid strategy for ensuring there is no 14) Centralized vs Decentralized Approach
Relinquish conflict with your public duty. (Example: Relinquishing the membership of a club/ association by 15) Means vs Ends
a civil servant, which is alleged to have benefitted from such membership)
 Example: Suppose a poor old lady approaches a civil servant to enroll in a social security scheme. She
Resignation would be the last resort if the conflict of interest cannot be resolved in any other satisfies all the criteria of the scheme except the age. The civil servant here would face a dilemma of
Resign
way, particularly where conflicting private interests cannot be relinquished. helping the lady by enrolling her anyway (right end) or denying her the benefits by strict adherence to
the rules (right means).
16) Empathy vs Objectivity

 Same Example as in Dilemma-17 (Means vs Ends)

Ethical Dilemmas while Using Social Media
(Critizising government policies in a social media post
17) External Accountability (Laws & Rules) vs Inner Responsibility (Conscience) goes against civil services rules)
 Example: In the example above, the civil servant would face the dilemma of simply denying the service
[blindly following rules] or putting an extra effort to help her (looking for another scheme, referring her
to an NGO, or consulting with the senior for a way out) [Conscience].
18) Speed vs Accuracy
 Example: Increasing focus of Media on TRPs ⟹ Bringing the breaking news first to the audience (speed)
vs Bringing accurate news to the audience to (accuracy).
19) Honesty vs Integrity
20) National Security vs Individual Freedom
 Example: Excessive usage of Sedition Laws
21) National Interest vs Human Rights
 Example: Refugee Crisis ⟹ Letting the refugees enter the country might hamper the security of the
country as some of them may turn out to be anti-social elements. At the same time, not allowing them
would make them stateless and it goes against natural human rights.
22) Autonomy vs Accountability
 Applicable in regulatory/ statutory bodies like RBI, SEBI, CVC, etc or investigative agencies like CBI.
 Example: Institutions like RBI should have the autonomy to ensure financial and monetary stability but
also build investor confidence in the Indian currency. At the same time, it needs to be accountable to
the Parliament for its measures to control inflation and others like banning cryptocurrency (annulled
by Supreme Court). (Commenting adversely by a civil servant on a
23) Proactive Response vs Procedural SOPs (Standard Operating Procedures) social media post that criticizes his/ her work)
 If no action is taken during the Golden Hour in the situation of riots or communal violence, then the
25) Loyalty to Family vs Loyalty to Humanistic Values
situation might go out of control. Here, the civil servant faces the dilemma of taking prompt action or
following procedures of taking approval from appropriate authorities and waiting for the orders. 26) Using Public Utility for Personal Gains
- Example – Prakash Committee on Jat Reservation Agitation stated that although there was enough  Use of public means like transportation, communications, premises, human resource, etc. for private
manpower but the officials didn’t act proactively or deserted their duties. The situation demanded purposes. Examples: Use of public vehicles to go for a private trip.
the use of force against lawbreakers, but law enforcers kept awaiting political intervention and 27) Jurisdictional Dilemma
might have succumbed to oral instructions to avoid the use of force. This escalated the otherwise  Sometimes, there is either is no clarity on competent authority or one institution infringes on the
controllable situation. authority of another, or when multiple agencies have claim over single functionality. This leads to a
24) Discretion vs Procedures (SOPs) dilemma.
- Example: Suppose there is a flood in a district. The civil servant (IAS) has to arrange boats for the  Example: When the Judiciary exercises Judicial Activism, the government and Parliament face a
evacuation of the civilians. But, the private owner of boats is offering them at price higher than the dilemma of protecting the encroachment of their jurisdiction by the Judiciary (Schedule IX made some
prevailing market rate. The IAS Officer is now faced with a dilemma of exercising the discretion to use acts of Parliament immune to Judicial Review but was held unconstitutional by the SC) or following the
the district fund to purchase boats or wait for the orders of the senior to sanction the funds. Here, The order of Judiciary as mandated by the constitution.
Officer might face an inquiry of corruption and would have to justify the actions if he/ she opts to buy
the boats at higher prices. 2.2 DEALING WITH ETHICAL DILEMMAS IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
To rise to the occasion and wade through the Ethical Dilemma, we could consider the following set of
‘Fundamental Principles’, that integrate the process of dealing with Ethical Dilemmas in Public Administration:
 Democratic ACCOUNTABILITY of Administration:
- The loyalty of the Public Service to its Political Masters is grounded on the Ministerial responsibility to
Parliament. Thus, civil servants must oblige by the orders of the top political hierarchy, as long as they
are as per Law.

- Public servants should also show the spirit of political neutrality and non-partisanship. Thus, the 4) Crony Capitalism: An economic system characterized by mutually advantageous relationships between
Administration should be held accountable to the Government, and through it to the people via business leaders and government officials. It leads to unholy nexus between bureaucrats, politicians,
Parliament, i.e. the House of Representatives of the people. But, at the same time, this accountability and businesspersons which paves the way to largescale corruption.
should not result in the politicization of public servants. - Example: 2G Spectrum Scam, Coal Block Allocation Sam, etc.
- If a Minister insists on carrying out Orders which the officer finds against laws/ rules/ public interest,
5) Employer-Level Ethical Concerns:
then the best option is to get the Orders in writing and the public servant should record the views in
writing and resubmit the file to the Minister. - Sexual Harassment at Workplace: Issues like sexually harassing an employee, misusing the position
- “Speaking Truth to the Power” is an important ingredient of Professional Ethics and the moral integrity of power to demand sexual favors, or refraining from taking action against those who are involved
of Civil Servants. in such offenses often come to the limelight time and again (#MeToo Movement).
 The Rule of Law and principle of LEGALITY - Discrimination:
- A civil servant must adhere to the Rule of Law which is the spirit of constitutionalism. The decisions/ - Gender Discrimination: Women often have to face discriminatory practices like fewer employment
actions, taken as per the law will help the Public Servant withstand, in a positive manner, any ‘scrutiny’ opportunities for married women owing to the maternity leaves, glass ceiling effect (inability to
by a Court of Law, at any stage and ensure his/ her public integrity. reach the top managerial position despite consistent efforts), etc.
 Professional INTEGRITY; and - Disability: It is considered taboo and seen as humans with low skills, be it mental or physical. As
 RESPONSIVENESS to Civil Society per Business Standard, the share of PwDs in India’s largest companies is only 0.46% whereas they
- Responsiveness in Public Administration: It is the willingness of public servants to initiate internal constitute 2.21% of India’s population (Census 2011). A female PwD is even less likely to be working.
changes as per views, complaints, and suggestions of the public to deliver a more appropriate service. - Caste Discrimination: Scheduled Castes have the highest unemployment rates among all categories
- The provisions like Decentralisation and Citizens participation form part of the 73rd and 74th – age group, graduates, diploma holders, etc. as per NSSO.
Constitutional Amendments, incorporating Article 243, which empowered local bodies – both Urban & - Unequal Remuneration: Women are paid unequally for the equal work done. The estimated
Rural. earned income of women in India is only one-fifth of men’s, which puts India among the bottom
This can be described as the ALIR model of Ethical reasoning in Public Administration. 10 globally on WEF’s Gender Pay Gap Index.
- Hire & Fire Culture: It means terminating the employees without any notice and at no fault of the
Some other methods of dealing with or avoiding ethical dilemmas are: employee. For reasons like budget management, maintain competitiveness in markets, etc,
 Ensuring TRANSPARENCY in Administration: The voluntary public disclosure of information under the RTI
companies opt for mass retrenchment to reduce the number of employees. Such steps should be
Act on the lines of Jan Soochna Portal (Public Information Portal) of Rajasthan, to avoid any perceived or
undertaken after prior notice to provide ample opportunity to employees to find another job.
potential conflict of interest.
6) Employee-Level Ethical Concerns
“If there is a conflict between Intellect and the Heart, ALWAYS FOLLOW HEART.” – Swami Vivekananda. - Misuse of Company’s resources:
- Making unnecessary phone calls from the company’s landline phones.
2.3 ETHICAL CONCERNS AND ETHICAL DILEMMAS IN PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS - Pocketing company’s sanctioned stationery like stapler pins, paper bundles, printed documents,
etc. for use at home.
Ethical Concerns in Private Institutions/ Corporate Sector - Use of office hours for private works like paying bills, setting up doctor appointments using
1) Favoritism, Nepotism, and partisanship: company phones, talking to relatives, etc.
- Conflict of interest in appointments to the top managerial positions such as the board of directors, - Questionable use of company technology: Many employees visit non-work-related websites
especially in family-run companies. during the workday. Not only is it a misuse of company tools and technology, but it’s also a misuse
- Chanda Kochhar Case (ICICI Bank), Alleged nepotism in Bollywood, etc. of company time.
2) Insider Trading: It refers to the illegal use of non-public information derived from a person associated - Plagiarism and taking credit for another’s work:
with the company to profit /gain by purchasing/selling listed securities on the share market. - Plagiarism means to steal and/ or pass off the ideas or words of another as one's own, or to use
- Examples: Rakesh Aggarwal (ABS Industries), Rajat Gupta, etc. another's production without crediting the source.
- Taking the credit for the success of others and playing the blame game over the failures (not taking
3) Monopolistic tendencies of some big corporates:
responsibility for the failure) is quite common.
 Example: An entry of a new player in the telecom sector recently disrupted the sector by offering free - Example: Prof. Satish Dhawan, the then chairman of ISRO promptly accepted failure for the first
services and deep discounting of the products & services. This has led to a near duopoly in the sector. Satellite Launch Vehicle mission led by Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam. However, on the next successful
 E-Commerce Companies: launch, he gave the credit to the team. Such ethical practices are missing in many organizations
- Deep discounting and Predatory Pricing (deliberately reducing the prices of products/ services to today.
loss-making levels in the short term to eliminate competitors and establish an unfair market
- Working for multiple companies/ organizations
advantage),
- Many complaints of cheating (fake products), etc.

Ethical Dilemmas in Private Institutions 2.4 APPROACHES TO DEAL WITH ETHICAL DILEMMAS
1) Business (Profit Motive) vs Social Responsibility
- Example: Layoffs and firing of employees by various companies during the COVID-19 pandemic to retain
a similar level of profits (Profit Motive). Whereas, it affects the welfare of the employees. However, Ethical Decision Making Models for resolution of Ethical Dilemmas
some companies like TATA retained their employees and even offered pension to those whose died of
Covid (social responsibility).
- Profit Motive:
- Would lead to Commerce without Morality (A Social Sin as per Gandhiji)
- Money/ Profits act as a reward for their investment in scientific research and innovations.
- Social Responsibility:
- Business should be based on ethical capitalism rather than crony capitalism (an economic system
characterized by mutually advantageous relationships between business leaders and government
officials).
- Gandhiji’s Principle of Trusteeship (Rich to act as capitalist trustees of wealth for the society)
- During the COVID-19 pandemic, many corporates (TATA Group, Reliance, Azim Premji Foundation,
etc) donated money to the PM-CARES Fund.
- Companies make a considerable investment in R&D. On the one hand, they deserve the profits to fill
the gap of losses they might have faced due to their past expenditures. On the other hand, they might
face a dilemma of offering the patented products (vaccines, drugs, etc.) to the public at affordable costs
as a part of their corporate social responsibility.
- Another Example: Survival of Sin Goods industries like tobacco, alcohol, etc. is also an ethical dilemma.
On one hand, they are creating employment opportunities and revenue for the government through
higher taxes (Sin Tax) [social responsibility]. On the other hand, these have negative externalities and
impact the health of the public for personal profits.
- There is a need to strike a balance between profits and social responsibility like Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) mandated under the Companies Act, 2013.
2) Personal Job Security vs Wrong Dismissal of Colleague:
- Example: Where an employee knows that the upper-level manager harassed a female employee
and wrongfully dismissed the girl to hide it, but does not complain because of fear of being fired.
This might lead to cognitive dissonance in the mind of that person.
3) Professional Ethics vs Personal Morality
- Example: A person doesn’t disclose information about the clients’ deal upholding the professional ethic
of confidentiality. But, morally, one might be inclined to do so, as disclosing this information could
expose the scam in which top-level management of the company is involved.
4) Information Confidentiality vs Personal Profits
- Example: Coco-Cola case (wherein the employees of Coca-Cola offered the company's "Coke" trade
secrets to PepsiCo, one of the biggest competitors of the company, in the hope of receiving monetary
benefits).

Approach Details  JUSTICE is the foremost virtue for a society to progress.

 This approach holds that moral behavior must produce the greatest good for the greatest  When faced with an ethical dilemma, one should apply the following three principles:
number of people. - Principle of Greatest Equal Liberty (ensuring similar liberties for all)
 A decision-maker is expected to consider the effect of each decision alternative on all - Principle of Equal Opportunity for all
parties and select the alternative that optimizes the satisfaction for the greatest number - Difference Principle (inequality is allowed only when it benefits the least fortunate)
of people.  Justice Approach also includes the following:
Utilitarian - Distributive Justice: Equitable apportionment of privileges, duties, and goods in
 Most of the laws in IPC and CrPC in India are based on this approach.
Approach consonance with the merit of the individuals and the best interest of society.
 Capital punishment (Death Penalty) may be harmful to the culprit and family dependent
upon the criminal but it will be beneficial for society. o Examples: Article 39 DPSP)
 Increased level of security in India post 26/11 attacks and in USA post 9/11 attacks might - Procedural Justice: Fairness in the
discomfort some people but it is justified as the system has helped in strengthening the process of resolving disputes and
national security scenario. allocation of resources. Principles
guiding this justice approach:
 It lays emphasis on the manner of action and prescribes that the actions/ means should
o Voice for all,
Kantian be seen as ends in themselves.
o Transparency,
Deontological  Following the three Categorical Imperatives of Kant. Justice
o Impartiality & Neutrality (lack
Approach  Thus, ethical dilemmas can be resolved by adhering to moral rules and treating people Approach
of biasness in decision
as ends, thus, ensuring human dignity and respect. (Rawls)
making),
 It emphasizes that the character and motivation of a person determine the morality of o Objectivity (the decision is
their action, i.e., a good human character guides a good action. based accurately on facts and
Virtue Approach  Four Cardinal Virtues by Plato ⟹ Prudence, Justice, Fortitude, Temperance information), and
 In an ethical dilemma, a virtuous person would ask oneself whether the decision taken o Consistency (of procedures
represents the kind of person he/ she wants to become (ideal self). across individuals and over
Law/ Conscience time).
as a Source of (Discussed later in this document) - Compensatory Justice: Provision of resources or rights to a victim of injustice to
Ethical Guidance minimize or reverse the impact of harm done by such injustice.
Gandhian  TALISMAN: Whenever in doubt, apply the following test. Recall the face of the poorest o Retributive Justice: Punishment inflicted on someone as vengeance for a wrong
Talisman & and the weakest person whom one may have seen, and ask oneself if the step they or criminal act.
Sarvodaya contemplate is going to be of any use to that person. o Restorative Justice: Repairing the damage caused by the wrongful action and
Approach  SARVODAYA: It refers to Universal Upliftment or Progress of All. restoring the well-being of all those involved through mediation or reconciliation.
 Using the Veil of Ignorance while making these analyses.
 Common Good refers to a specific “good” that is shared and beneficial for most of the
 Justice – Social, Economic, and Political (mentioned in the Preamble)
members of a given community.
 For society to thrive, we need to safeguard the sustainability of our community for the  It is the concept that there are some rights, both positive and negative, that all humans
good of all, including our weakest and most vulnerable members. have based only on the fact that they are human.
 “Society can function only to the extent that individuals have interests in common, and Locke’s Rights  Rights are justified claims on others. Justification of a claim is dependent on standards
the end goal of any state should be the realization of the common good.” – Rousseau. Approach acknowledged by society and arbitrarily by a few individuals.
 “What is ethical is what advances the common good.”  When faced with an ethical dilemma, one should think about whether they would be
 “The good of individual and common good (good of society) are inseparable.” – Aristotle. violating any natural human rights (Fundamental Rights or UDHR) in doing so.
 “The community consists of individuals whose own good is inextricably bound to the  It aims to provide specific guidelines for determining when it is morally permissible to act
Common Good
goods of the whole.” in pursuit of a good end, despite having the full knowledge that the action will also bring
Approach
 Examples: For the good of all citizens, smoking is banned in most public establishments about bad results.
to promote better health. The doctrine/  The action having foreseen harmful effects which are practically inseparable from the
 System and goods beneficial to all: Principle of good effect is justifiable if the following are true:
- Social Policies Double Effect - Nature of Act condition: The act itself must be morally good or at least morally
- Environmental System and Landscapes – Unpolluted Environment (Thomas indifferent (neutral).
- Affordable Healthcare Aquinas) - Right Intention Condition: The intention must be the achieving of only the good
- Peace among the nations effect, with the bad effect being only an unintended side effect.
- Just and Efficient Legal or Criminal Justice System o The person intends the good effect and does not intend the bad effect either as
 Effective Public Safety a means to the good or as an end in itself.

o The person exercises due diligence and strives to minimize the foreseen harm.
- Means-Ends Condition: The bad effect must not be the means by which one achieves PROCESS OF RESOLVING THE ETHICAL DILEMMAS
the good effect. The good effect must be produced directly by the action, not by the
bad effect. Otherwise, the person might be using a bad means to a good end, which
is never allowed.
- Proportionality Condition: The good effect sufficiently outweighs the bad effect and Communication Dilemma
there must be a proportionately grave reason for permitting the evil effect. (Whether to reveal a harsh truth)
 Examples: Utilize Emotional Intelligence
- Terror Bombing: The terror bomber intends to bring about civilian deaths to spread
fear & force their ideology. Whereas, tactical bomber aims at military targets while
foreseeing that it may cause civilian deaths (which is an unintended consequence).
Thus, terror bombing is impermissible while tactical bombing might be permissible.
- Abortion: A doctor believes that abortion is wrong, even to save the mother’s life.
Technical Dilemma
But he might believe that it would be permissible to perform surgery on a pregnant
(Whether to buy car or motorbike)
woman with cancer. In carrying out the surgery, the doctor intends to save the
(Whether to work at night or day)
woman’s life but if it leads to the death of the fetus, it wouldn’t be morally wrong
Utilize Principles of Efficiency –
due to pure intention & means. On the contrary, performing an abortion would Economic, Health, Mental, or
involve intending to kill the fetus as a means to saving the mother. Physical.
- Sacrifice: Sacrificing one’s own life to save the lives of others can be distinguished
from suicide by characterizing the agent’s intention. A soldier who throws himself on
a live grenade intends to shield others from its blast and merely foresees his own
death. On the other hand, a person who commits suicide intends to bring his or her
own life to an end.

=========================================================================================

- Often, Regulations are written to implement the specifics of a particular law. (e.g. licensing laws and
LAW, RULES, REGULATIONS AND CONSCIENCE AS SOURCES OF
3 ETHICAL GUIDANCE
licensing regulations; Environment laws, and their regulations)
- Laws and regulations are enforced to the full authority of the law. Any violation of a law or regulation,
may result in penalties and/ or imprisonment or fines.
3.1 LAWS, RULES, AND REGULATIONS AS SOURCES OF ETHICAL GUIDANCE  How are laws and regulations different?
- Laws go through the bill process of Parliament/ Legislative Assembly before becoming established as a
Law is a system of rules that are enforced through legal authority to govern the behavior of individual members law. A bill has to be written, sponsored by a legislator (MP/ MLA), debated, and passed through both
for the betterment of the whole society. The formation of laws themselves may be influenced by a constitution. the House of Parliament after scrutiny by various committees.
The law shapes politics, economics, history, and society in various ways and serves as a mediator of relations - A regulation is created by a governmental agency/ ministry/ department, often to implement a given
between people. law, and does not have to go through the bill process described above.
- With regulations, an agency holds a public hearing and after that hearing decides on either adopting,
Basis for changing, or rejecting the regulation.
LAW ETHICS
comparison - Laws are also the standards that govern everyone equally, while regulations only affect those who deal
The law refers to a systematic body of rules that Ethics refers to the set of moral principles directly with the agency that is enforcing them.
Meaning governs the whole society and the actions of its that guides people about the rightness/ Example: A law can govern the actions of financial regulators like RBI and SEBI, but regulations of RBI
individual members. wrongness of human conduct would not be enforceable upon SEBI and vice-versa.
What is it? Set of rules and regulations Set of guidelines - To change a law, it needs to again pass through the bill process. Regulations are NOT laws and can be
changed by addressing the grievances to the appropriate authority like the ombudsman scheme of RBI
Governed By Government Individual, Legal and Professional norms
can help RBI to know the needs of customers and it can accordingly revise its regulations to better serve
Expression Expressed and published in writing. They are abstract. the people.
Violation of the law is not permissible which may There is no direct punishment for violation
Relation between Laws, Rules, Regulations, and Constitution
Violation result in punishment like imprisonment or fine or of ethics, but it might lead to societal
both. sanctions or personal remorse.
Binding Laws have a binding effect on citizens. Ethics do not have a binding nature.

 RULES: Rules can be described as the guidelines or instructions for doing something correctly. These are
the principles that guide the conduct of a person in an organization or country by explaining how things are
to be done.
- Under the Constitution of India, there exists Law, which includes many Acts (drawn upon and made to
implement various provisions of Constitution), after that come regulations and finally the rules.
- Rules tell us what to do and what not to do. It can be set up for home, hospital, institution, college,
office, school, etc.
 REGULATIONS: Regulations refer to the directives or statutes enforced by law, in a particular country.
- Regulations can be defined as the rules which are authorized by the Government and approved by the
public.
Relation between Rules and Regulations
 In general, rules are the set of instructions issued for the public. The rules which are legally accepted by the
governing authority, are considered regulations. LAWS RULES REGULATIONS
 Rules are not very strict, but regulations are very strict.
Legislative instrument to Prescribed guidelines for right
 Rules are part of regulations, but regulations are a part of Acts (Laws), i.e., some regulations can come under Directives meant for controlling an

What?
an act. People can set rules in general as per their needs while the regulations can be set only by the equally & rationally govern conduct/ behavior in an
activity or process.
government/ state. the behavior of the people. organization or country.
 Laws usually provide a  Provide a detailed framework for  These are directives made in
Relation between Laws and Regulations skeletal framework for implementing laws (They
Objectives addition to laws to fill missing
 How are laws and regulations similar? addressing an issue. translate laws into action). gaps in the existing system (They
- They both try to specify and organize what the government feels is appropriate behavior. These are the supplement the laws).
rules established by the federal, state, or local government or their appropriating agency.  ‘By rules you restrict’  ‘By regulations you control’

Legislature (and it is the Limitation of Laws, Rules, and regulations as a source of Ethical Guidance
Source

Individuals, organizations, or Usually made by Executive

duty of the Executive to  Inherently incompatible: They are formed as a result of past experience and may not be very useful in
groups authority established by law
enforce them) responding to conflicting situations or new unanticipated future dilemmas.
- Example: New forms of criminal activities like cybercrime, organized crimes, etc. were not known in the
Doesn’t ordinarily bind
diction

Usually, bind person wherever early 2000s and thus law could not guide people on ethical behavior regarding the same.
Juris-

outside the territory of the Same as Rules

they go  Availability of law on a certain subject is not enough. Interpreting and enforcing these laws is more
legislator. important. Lack of proper implementation mechanisms may leave the laws ineffective. Example: Improper
Legally enforceable in courts Enforceability of violation of rules implementation of PCPNDT (Pre-Conception & Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques) Act, 1994 in the initial
Enforce-

Regulation has a legal force and

ability

& violation is usually in a court of law is of the least stages led to the rise in cases of female foeticide and reduction in sex ratio especially in states like Haryana.
can be enforced in court of law.  Create only minimum morality: Laws prescribe only minimum expected standards.
punishable magnitude among all three.
 Might provide free-hand to people in “Not illegal but unethical” situations: Issues such as marital rape are
however not explicitly illegal under the law but are unethical.
Flexibility

Most flexible (altered depending Relatively flexible than laws and

Most rigid among the three
on place, people & organization) rigid than rules 3.2 CONSCIENCE AS SOURCES OF ETHICAL GUIDANCE

Environment (Protection) Plastic Waste Management & Coastal Regulation Zone  Conscience is an inner voice/ intrinsic intuitive capacity to differentiate between right and wrong.
Act provides for the Solid Waste Management Rules to Notification, 2018 under EPA to  Swami Vivekananda said "A conflict between the heart and the brain, follow your heart”, hence conscience
protection of all aspects of facilitate the collection and conserve & protect the coastal is the voice of the heart which is often right and helps us to sail through the ocean of dilemmas to find the
ethically correct solutions.
Examples

the environment. reduction of such wastes. environment.

“Motor Vehicle Act (MVA)” “Driving License Rules” ⟹ Lays “Motor Vehicle (Driving)  Crisis of Conscience: It is a situation when there is a conflict between the ideal self and the real self. It is
a situation when people worry because they think that they have done something wrong.
⟹ To regulate all aspects of down the process and Regulations, 2017” ⟹ To ensure
road transport vehicles. requirements of issuing a Driving driver drives with due care & - When does it occur?
License. caution.  There is a conflict between personal morals (private ethics) and the public duty (public ethics) of
the individual (For Example – When a doctor, who belongs to a sect that prohibits abortion, is asked
 The rules and regulations must be consistent with the law of the land, i.e., a person may have no obligation to perform a legal abortion, it would lead to the crisis of conscience);
to obey an immoral rule (rule inconsistent with the prevailing laws) and can challenge/ appeal the same  When a person doesn’t heed the voice of conscience due to a weak value system (A person steals
with appropriate authority (government, company, or courts). something from a shop but later feels guilty);
 “The law is an ordinance of reason for the common good, promulgated by him who has care for society.” –  When one thinks that his/ her actions were wrong/ immoral.
Thomas Acquinas. - Examples/ Manifestations:
 Socio-religious reforms: Abolition of Sati, Untouchability, Decriminalisation of Section 377,
Abolition of Triple Talaq, Opening up of Sabarimala Temple to women of all ages, etc.
Laws, Rules, and regulations as a source of Ethical Guidance
 Acknowledgment of historical wrongs: Britain’s apology for Jallianwala Bagh Massacre and
 They act as external sources of enforcing the ethical conduct of individuals in a society. Canada’s apology for the Komgatamaru Incident.
- Examples: CSR provision under the Companies Act, 2013 plays a positive role in developing a
 Sometimes crisis of conscience is used as a tool to bring about social reforms and attitudinal change
philanthropic ethic in people especially when capitalist tendencies are on the rise.
in society. Example: #MeToo movement, although not being a legal tool of justice, became
 Environment (Protection) Act helps in forming an ethic of Clean Environment as a common good.
 Operant Conditioning: They reinforce the positive behavior and negate the negative behavior (like crime,
successful to some extent in exposing the cases of sexual assaults and creating a crisis of conscience
theft, murder, etc.) through means of fines/ penalties/ punishment (jail term). in minds of alleged culprits. It also attacked the attitude of leaving scot-free despite committing a
 They help in ensuring minimal ethical behavior in society and the conscience builds over it to ensure the crime like sexual assault.
maximum good. - How to resolve it?
 Justice Approach: Laws are necessary to ensure justice in society. since they have an element of objectivity,  Code of Ethics (Conflict of Interest & Post-Employment Code for Public Office Holders in Canada)
impartiality, and universality, they can help in ensuring distributive, procedural, and compensatory justice.  A self-imposed discipline should be taught at schools (as propounded by Supreme Court)
 Rights Approach: Laws provide the citizens with fundamental rights and duties at the same time. One would (All the methods of dealing with Ethical Dilemmas can be used here too)
be able to exercise one’s rights without infringing upon the rights of others. Example: Fundamental Rights
under Part III come with reasonable restrictions & Fundamental Duties under Part IV-A of the Constitution.

Difference between ‘Laws, Rules & Regulations’ and ‘Conscience’  High standards of integrity: Handling huge pressure situations and not indulging in corrupt practices.
Laws, Rules & Regulations Conscience Example: Ashok Khemka’s true conscience motivated him to expose corruption in various projects.
 Empathy and Compassion: Conscience would guide a civil servant to help an old couple with incomplete
EXTRINSIC (by the legislature, executive or INTRINSIC (from individual’s own soul)
Source documents to avail the benefit of a scheme they are eligible for or find an alternative (NGO, some other
judiciary)
scheme) if they are not eligible.
Limited as there are many laws and they Unlimited as it is always available with the
Scope  Helps in taking emotionally intelligent decisions rather than being swayed by emotions. Example: Taking
cannot deal with every possible situation. person to judge his/ her decisions
judgment in lines with Rule of Law in cases involving rich-poor tussle.
 Probity in Governance: Governance driven by conscience ensures quality service delivery (say, payment of
MGNREGA wages) in a time-bound manner and efficient utilization of public funds.
 It can help in reducing corruption, nepotism & profit-seeking behavior.

How does Conscience help in ethical decision-making?

What influences the human conscience?

Laws and Conscience In Harmony

(The points of Determinants of Ethics discussed in the Handout on Ethics & Human Interface can also be used
as sources of Human Conscience)

Importance of Conscience/ Conscience as a source of ethical guidance:

 Enforcement of law in letter and spirit
 Staying ethical even in situations of legal vacuum. Example: Marital Rape is NOT illegal in India but it is
immoral and hence a true human conscience would stop one from indulging in such an act.
 Prioritizing projects which need more attention like giving precedence to building a PHC in a backward
 Quotes:
area rather than renovating the office complex. - “Conscience is the voice of the soul; passions are the voices of the body” – Rousseau
 Helps in dealing with dilemmatic problems more scientifically and objectively. - "There is a higher court than courts of justice and that is the court of conscience. It supersedes all other
 Upholding foundational values of accountability, transparency, objectivity and impartiality. courts." – Mahatma Gandhi
- “One can win in a court of law but not in the court of conscience”

- Our Indian psychology emphasizes Chitta-shuddhi (purification of heart or hridaya-vritti) as a more

TABLE OF CONTENTS
important and prior requirement in human development than buddhi-vritti (building of intellect).
1 CORPORATE GOVERNANCE 3
Intelligence can be safely mounted only on such a base of a pure heart. 1.1 Meaning of Corporate Governance 3
- “The intellect has a sharp eye for methods and tools but it is blind to ends and values” – Albert Einstein 1.2 Principles and Functions of Corporate Governance 3
1.3 Importance & Need of Good Corporate Governance 4
1.4 Issues with Corporate Governance in India 5
4 PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS 1.5 Corporate Governance Status in India 6
1.6 Moving towards Good Corporate Governance 4
1. What do you understand by the term “voice of conscience”? How do you prepare yourself to heed to the voice 1.7 Corporate Social Responsibility 11
of conscience? (2013) 2 UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS 15
2. What is meant by crisis of conscience“? Narrate one incident in your life when you were faced with such a crisis
and how did you resolve the same? (2013) ============================================================================================
3. Some recent developments such as the introduction of the RTI Act, media and judicial activism, etc., are proving
helpful in bringing about greater transparency and accountability in the functioning of the government.
However, it is also being observed that at times the mechanisms are misused. Another negative effect is that
the officers are now afraid to take prompt decisions. Analyze this situation in detail and suggest how this
dichotomy can be resolved. Suggest how these negative impacts can be minimized. (2015)
4. Public servants are likely to confront with the issues of ‘Conflict of Interest’. What do you understand by the
term ‘Conflict of Interest’ and how does it manifest in the decision-making by public servants? If faced with
the conflict of interest situation, how would you resolve it? Explain with the help of examples. (2015)
5. Max Weber said that it is not wise to apply to public administration the sort of moral and ethical norms we apply
to matters of personal conscience. It is important to realize that the State bureaucracy might possess its own
independent bureaucratic morality. Critically analyze this. (2016)
6. Increased national wealth did not result in the equitable distribution of its benefits. It has created only some
“enclaves of modernity and prosperity for a small minority at the cost of the majority.” Justify. (2017)
7. What is meant by conflict of interest? Illustrate with examples, the difference between the actual and potential
conflicts of interest. (2018)
8. Explain the process of resolving ethical dilemmas in Public Administration. (2018)
9. Suppose the Government of India is thinking of constructing a dam in a mountain valley bond by forests and
inhabited by ethnic communities. What rational policy should it resort to in dealing with unforeseen
contingencies? (2018)
10. What is meant by “crisis of conscience”? How does it manifest itself in the public domain? (2019)
11. Distinguish between laws and rules. Discuss the role of ethics in formulating them. (2020)
12. Besides domain knowledge, a public official needs innovativeness and creativity of a high order as well, while
resolving ethical dilemmas. Discuss with suitable example. (2021)
13. It is believed that adherence to ethics in human actions would ensure in smooth functioning of an
organization/system. If so, what does ethics seek to promote in human life? How do ethical values assist in the
resolution of conflicts faced by him in his day-to-day functioning? (2022)
14. Online methodology is being used for day-to-day meetings, institutional approvals in the administration and for
teaching and learning in education sector to the extent telemedicine in the health sector is getting popular with
the approvals of the competent authority. No doubt it has advantages and disadvantages for both the
beneficiaries and system at large. Describe and discuss the ethical issues involved in the use of online method
particularly. (2022)

========================================================================================

- Accountability goes hand in hand with responsibility. The Board of Directors should be made
1 CORPORATE GOVERNANCE accountable to the shareholders for how the company has carried out its responsibilities.
5) Legal & Constitutional Compliance
1.1 MEANING OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE 6) Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
7) Values & Ethics: Corporate goals and objectives should describe a company's mission and values. Examples:
Corporate governance is the system of principles, policies, procedures, and clearly defined responsibilities and Honesty, Integrity, Emotional Intelligence, Dedication, Discipline, Commitment towards company goals.
accountabilities which ensure that a company is governed in the best interest of all stakeholders. 8) Corporate Goals (Objectives, Mission, Vision, Strategy): Corporate Goals are targets set by an organization
as specific, quantifiable outcomes that it is committed to for achieving its corporate mission. A business
• Corporate governance is more than company Political/ sets expectations for employees, investors, and customers by defining clear goals. Examples: Customer
administration. It refers to a fair, efficient and Social loyalty, profit, growth, leadership & commitment to employees, customers, and the community.
transparent functioning of the corporate Governance
management system. 1.3 IMPORTANCE & NEED OF GOOD CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
• Corporate governance refers to a code of Economic
conduct, and the professional ethics the Board Governance BENEFITS OF GOOD CORPORATE GOVERNANCE (GCG)
of Directors and company officials must abide
by while running the corporate enterprise. Legal,
• The Companies Act, 2013 provides a formal Institutional
& Regulatory Enhances a company’s identity thus increasing
structure for corporate governance by Governance confidence of potential investors and customer
enhancing disclosures, reporting, and loyalty towards the company’s products and
transparency through enhanced and new services. Examples: Google, Apple, etc.
compliance norms.
• SEBI monitors and regulates the corporate CORPORATE
governance of listed companies in India GOVERNANCE
through SEBI (Securities and Exchange Board of
India) Guidelines.

1.2 PRINCIPLES AND FUNCTIONS OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE Good Governance practices by TATA
has not only increased their revenues
1) Transparency: Corporate Transparency By creating a culture of
transparency and accountability & but also increased their sustainability
means openness, a willingness by the
company to provide clear information to curtailing nepotism/ favotitism
shareholders and other stakeholders.
Example: Disclosing financial performance Many candidates are attracted
figures which are truthful and accurate. towards job in companies like Infosys,
2) Accountability: Corporate accountability is an TCS, Google, etc.due to GCG practices.
act of responsibility and obligation to explain
the company’s actions and activities.
- Internal Control & Audit Mechanisms
3) Fairness: Corporate Fairness refers to just and
equitable treatment of all shareholders.
Example: All shareholders should receive a
proportionate consideration for whatever
shareholdings they hold. Other Benefits & Need:
- It also means fairness in actions in the
• Improve gender equity and diversity: Good Governance in the corporate sector ensures regular and proper
market (fair trade practices).
gender sensitization of the employee in order to develop a discrimination-free environment and
4) Responsibility: Corporate Responsibility
participatory work culture. It helps in breaking the glass ceiling and maintaining gender diversity in the
refers to the willingness of the Board of
board membership.
Directors of the Company to accept full
• Positive correlation between excellent Corporate Governance and inflow of Foreign Investment: FIIs take
responsibility for the powers that it is given
notice of well-managed companies and respond positively by infusing capital for investment in the capital
and the authority that it exercises.

market. To reap the full benefits of the global capital markets and attract long-term capital, it is extremely • Corporate Governance issues in Public Sector Units (PSUs):
important to implement basic principles of good corporate governance. - Lack of Professionalism: In PSUs, members of the board and the Chairman are usually appointed by the
• Demonstration of good corporate governance also enables corporate social responsibilities like concerned ministry and very often PSUs are led by bureaucrats rather than professional managers.
environmental awareness, health, education, sanitation, and other social aspects. - Lack of proper Autonomy: Several strategic decisions are taken at a ministerial-level which may include
• It can help ensure that officials of a company do not take unwarranted advantage at the expense of their political considerations of business decisions as well. Sometimes, decisions of the board might be
shareholders. For example- Insider Trading. superseded by the Ministerial decisions.
- Non-compliance: According to a report by Stakeholders Empowerment Services (SES), only 14 out of
Best Practices: 48 PSUs surveyed were found to be fully compliant to corporate governance norms as prescribed by
SEBI, as of 2018.
1. HDFC Bank was amongst the first four companies which earned a Corporate Governance and Value
- Excessive regulation: Besides Parliament, PSUs are also accountable to other authorities like
Creation (GVC) rating by CRISIL.
Comptroller & Auditor General of India, (CAG); Central Vigilance Commission, (CVC); Competition
2. Infosys: Infosys is India's best company for corporate governance (Asiamoney)
Commission of India, (CCI); and Right to Information Act (RTI), etc. Over-regulation has created multiple
- It was one of the first companies in India to publish a compliance report on corporate governance,
accountability mechanisms and reduced the risk-taking and innovation on the part of PSU management.
based on the recommendations of a committee constituted by the CII.
- Infosys maintained a high degree of transparency while disclosing information to stakeholders.
(The above issues are in addition to the issues listed under “Ethical Issues in Private Institutions” in the previous
- It was one of the first few companies in India to provide a segment-wise breakup of revenues.
handout on “Ethical Concerns & Dilemmas in Government and Private Institutions”)
- Infosys had given its non-executive directors the mandate to pass judgement on the efficacy of its
business plans.
1.5 CORPORATE GOVERNANCE STATUS IN INDIA
1.4 ISSUES WITH CORPORATE GOVERNANCE IN INDIA Committee Notable Recommendations
• Promoter’s influence on the Board of Directors: • The board of a company to have an ideal mix of executive and non-executive
- Lack of Objectivity: The presence of promoters in the firm for the long term and their insistence on Kumar directors with at the very least 50% of the board containing the non-executive
keeping the Managerial positions might affect their ability to make the right decisions at the right time Mangalam directors.
in the interest of the company. Example: Rana Kapoor (Founder and former MD & CEO of YES Bank) Committee • All monetary relationships or transactions of the non-executive directors ought to
was made to step down recently by RBI, citing governance and regulatory issues. be revealed in the annual report.
- Family Ownership: Family-controlled businesses are the firms that are under the ownership and, in
• List of disqualifications for acting as audit authority to prevent conflict of interest:
most cases, management as well of a single founder-owner or family, that is, close relations. - Direct relationship with the company (E.g. family members of the promoter),
✓ The predominance of few castes in family-owned businesses. Naresh Chandra
- Any business relationship with the clients,
✓ A highly concentrated shareholding and dependence on single-member/ family may pose increase Committee
- Personal relationship with director
governance risks like lack of professionalism, succession planning, inability to retain outside • Auditor to disclose contingent liabilities & highlight significant accounting policies
professional talent, etc, and is detrimental to good corporate governance.
• Rising intra-firm inequalities: There has been a disproportionate gap in the monetary payments or • Strengthening the responsibilities of the audit committee
compensation packages of the top-level corporate executives and employees of some MNCs (Multi- • Whistleblower policy should be institutionalized in a company to provide freedom
National Companies) and large companies. Narayan Murthy to employees to approach the audit committee
• Poor transparency: Many companies suffered disclosure lapses, as witnessed with Franklin Templeton India Committee • Improving the quality of financial disclosures
and Sun Pharma Ltd. • Formal code of conduct for board
• Issues related to Independent Directors: • Transparency: To assess & disclose business risks to all stakeholders
- Lack of Independence: The appointment of directors in some companies is made at the discretion of • Independent Directors (IDs)
promoters. For providing true success, it is necessary to limit the promoter's powers in matters relating - The strength of IDs be increased from 33% to 50% of the board to protect small
to independent directors. investors
✓ Favoritism and Nepotism: Induction of Independent directors (IDs) who are either known to the - No Board meeting can be concluded without the presence of an ID
promoter or top management of the company in the Board of Directors. Kotak • Role of Regulator:
- Political Partisanship: The appointment of leaders of the ruling party as independent directors in PSUs. Committee - SEBI should have the power to act against auditors if needed.
- Reliability issues: IDs sometimes exit when they see irregularities in the company. Strict enforcement • Audit
of independent director’s accountability for the omission and commission by the company drives away - Audit Committee of the Company to look after utilization of funds which listed
‘good’ IDs. companies infuse into unlisted subsidiaries.
- Lack of availability of information: IDs have no independent sources of information. They rely on the - Auditing & Accounting Principles
information provided by the company and by statutory and internal auditors who are appointed by the
board of directors but are paid for by the company.

Initiatives for Corporate Governance • Independent Directors (IDs): IDs are impartial and bring expertise to the board. They play an important
1) National Foundation for Corporate Governance (NFCG): The Ministry of Company Affairs (MCA) has set up role in resolving conflicts between shareholders and the company.
NFCG in association with the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII), Institute of Company Secretaries of - As per the Companies Act, 2013, public listed companies shall have at least one-third of directors
India (ICSI), and Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI). as independent directors and the public unlisted company will have two directors subject to
Functions of NFCG include: specified criteria.
• Creating awareness regarding the benefits of implementation of good corporate governance practices. - Role & Importance of IDs
✓ Fraud prevention & detection and check corporate scandals
• Encouraging research capability in the area of corporate governance.
✓ Protecting interests of minority shareholders
• Providing key inputs for developing laws and regulations.
✓ Improving corporate credibility
• Setting up of “National Centers for Corporate Governance” across the country to provide quality
✓ To not disclose confidential information of the company unless approved by the Board or
training to Directors and also to produce quality research with the aim to receive global recognition.
required by law
2) Companies Act, 2013 and SEBI Guidelines on Corporate Governance ✓ To monitor the proper conduct and impartial judgement of the company for the interest of the
investors/ shareholders.
LEGAL CORPORATE GOVERNANCE FRAMEWORK IN INDIA • Board Committees
- Audit Committee:
✓ Majority of members of the Audit Committee including its Chairperson shall be persons with the
ability to read and understand the financial statements.
✓ Role of Audit Committee:
❖ Recommendation for appointment, remuneration, and terms of appointment of auditors of
the company;
❖ Examination of the financial statement and the auditors’ report thereon;
❖ Evaluation of internal financial controls and risk management systems;
❖ Monitoring the end use of funds raised through public offers and related matters.
• Nomination & Remuneration Committee (N&RC): The Act provides that all listed companies and other
prescribed classes of companies shall constitute the N&RC to formulate the criteria for selection of the
directors, and policy relating to the remuneration for the Directors, Key Managerial Personnel (“KMP”)
and other employees.
✓ One-half members of such committee should be IDs.
• Stakeholder Relationship Committee to resolve the conflicts between the shareholders and the board
of directors and address their grievances. The chairperson of the board shall be a non-executive
director.

• Board of Directors (BoDs): It is the decision-making body of any company. It is the duty of the board to
comply with all legal rules and regulations.
- Composition: The act provides for a minimum of three directors in a public company and two directors
in a private company. • Prohibition of Insider Trading: No person including any director or KMP (Key Managerial Personnel) of
- Women Directors: It is mandatory to appoint a women director in all listed companies and public a company shall enter into insider trading except any communication required in the ordinary course
companies crossing a certain threshold of turnover. of business or profession or employment or under any law.
- The prescribed minimum women representation on the company board is a step towards making - Any person who violates the clause will be punished with a cash fine or imprisonment or both.
the top management more gender-sensitive. • Internal Audit mechanism is also provided in the Act which is mandatory for listed companies.

• SFIO (Serious Fraud Investigation Office): It is a statutory corporate fraud investigating agency in India World Bank recommendations to Improve Corporate Governance in PSUs
(given statutory status via the Companies Act, 2013).
• SFIO can investigate into the affairs of the company or on receipt of a report of Registrar or inspector
or in the public interest or request from any Department of Central or State Government.
• CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility)
• Companies shall constitute CSR Committee to formulate and recommend to the Board, a policy which
shall indicate the activities to be undertaken (CSR Policy)
3) Some additional provisions of Clause 49 of the Listing Agreement of SEBI Corporate Governance
Guidelines:
• Code of Conduct: The Board shall lay down a code of conduct for all Board members and senior
management of the company. The code of conduct shall be posted on the website of the company.
• Compliance Report on Corporate Governance: There shall be a separate section on Corporate
Governance in the Annual Reports of the company, with a detailed compliance report.
4) DPE (Department of Public Enterprises) guidelines on Corporate Governance for Central Public-Sector
Enterprises (CPSE)
• These guidelines are mandatory and apply to all PSUs – listed or not listed.
• The guidelines issued by DPE have covered areas like the composition of Board of Directors, composition
and functions of Board committees like Audit Committee, Remuneration committee, details on subsidiary
companies, disclosures, reports, and the implementation schedules.
• DPE has also incorporated Corporate Governance as a performance parameter in the MoUs
(Memorandum of Understanding) of all PSUs.

1.6 MOVING TOWARDS GOOD CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

• Strengthening IDs:
• Information Dashboard: A dashboard for directors should be created by the companies that would help
the directors to seek the right information from the management.
• Dual Approval process: SEBI recommended a dual process for approval of appointment,
reappointment, or removal of independent directors. It means there would be a requirement of
approval from both majority & minority shareholders. This would reduce the influence of promoters in
the appointment of IDs.
• Proficiency test to improve corporate literacy and to make the IDs aware of their duties, roles, and
responsibilities. MCA (Ministry of Corporate Affairs) has notified the Online Proficiency Self Assessment
Test for IDs.
• OECD Principles of Corporate Governance
• Protect and facilitate the exercise of shareholders’ rights.
• The equitable treatment of shareholders
• Disclosure and transparency
• Compliance & Online training on Corporate Governance
• Providing training to independent directors on the business of the company
• Improving investor education for better participation at General Meetings

1.7 CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY (CSR) 3) Linked To Business: All companies may seek business benefits (brand value & image among customers)
while undertaking CSR activities. However, community benefits should be paramount and clearly defined.
There is a saying in Indian culture ‘Atithi Devo Bhava’ means 4) Relevant to National and Local Contexts: The CSR initiatives must be closely aligned with and relevant to
that ‘the one who comes to you for being served, should be the local and national contexts in which the company is located.
taken to be like God’. It is considered as the highest order of 5) Sustainable Development Goals: All CSR interventions should follow and align with the sustainable
responsibility, be it to individuals or society. Thus, the phrase development goals (SDGs) of the UN.
Social Responsibility has its roots in the Indian context. 6) Participative & Bottom-Up: Communities must be central to the interventions and they must be actively
involved in identifying the issues to be addressed and in the management and monitoring of the
CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) is a form of private interventions.
business self-regulation wherein companies integrate social 7) Focus on the Disadvantaged: Special care must be taken to ensure that the needs of the most
and environmental concerns in their business operations to disadvantaged in the community - in terms of gender, ethnicity, disability, and occupation - are addressed.
uphold their responsibility towards society. 8) Strategic & Built to Last: CSR initiatives should ensure that communities can sustain them on their own,
CSR can also be defined as “achieving commercial success in beyond the involvement of the Company. Hence, the initiatives must be part of a long-term CSR strategy.
ways that honor ethical values, respect people, communities & 9) Partnerships: All CSR interventions should be done in partnership with institutions that are close to the
the natural environment.” ground - community organizations, NGOs, and government (local, state, and central).
10) Opportunities for Volunteering: CSR initiatives should be designed to provide a range of volunteering
An automobile manufacturer who produces a car with faulty opportunities for the Company employees.
brakes, a pharmaceutical company that makes false claims
about its vaccines (Coronil by Patanjali), or a fast-food company promoting substandard and oily food are
socially irresponsible.

CSR not only includes compliance to the laws, rules, and regulations prevailing in the country but also adhering
to the ethical standards and norms in society. It also means promoting values in society since company heads
(like Sundar Pichai, Satya Nadela, Ratan Tata, etc.) are also seen as role models in society.

Legal Status of CSR in India • Creating products

• India is the first country in the world to mandate CSR spending along with a framework to identify potential which add value to lives
CSR activities. CSR is governed by the Companies Act, 2013. of people like healthy
• CSR provision applies to companies with an annual turnover of at least ₹ 1,000 crores, or a net worth of at • Giving back to food.
least ₹ 500 crores, or a net profit of at least ₹ 5 crores. It binds companies satisfying the above conditions society. •Taking care of negative
to spend 2% of their average net profit in the previous three years on CSR activities. • Using the wealth externalities in products
• The indicative list of activities that can be undertaken by a company under CSR are: for the welfare of like Blue Whale game
• Eradicating extreme hunger and poverty, humankind. that might promotes
• Promotion of education; •Trusteeship negative value of suicide
• Gender equality, and empowering women, Principle of Gandhiji
• Combating Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and
other diseases,
• Ensuring environmental sustainability;
• Contribution to the Prime Minister's National Relief Fund (PMNRF) or any other fund set up by the
Central Government for socio-economic development and relief and funds for the welfare of the SCs,
STs, OBCs, minorities, women, etc.

• Bringing new innovation &

10 Core Principles of CSR:
technologies for advancement • Principles like non-exploitation
1) Beyond Compliance: While all CSR interventions shall fully comply with the relevant laws of the land, they of society (Bandicoot robot for of resources for short-term gain
should also strive to meet core social needs, even if it is beyond what is mandated. replacing manual scavangers) but focus on long-term
2) Impactful: Interventions should focus on the positive impact on communities and to this end, all companies sustainability.
should work collaboratively and synergistically.

CSR Initiatives in India • Environment:

- The Bijlee is an inventive, indigenously-developed, first-of-its-sort electric three-wheeler. It was
1) TATA Group: India’s first attempt at creating a battery vehicle.
• “In a free enterprise, the community is not just another stakeholder in business but in fact the very - #CutTheCrap: 11 facilities have gone Zero-Waste-to-Landfill certified. The industrial units recycled,
purpose of its existence.” – Jamsetji Tata. reused & composted over 140,000 tonnes of waste in 2018 alone.
• TATA Steel spends 5-7% of its profits after tax on CSR activities (2% mandated CSR in Companies Act) - Hariyali Program: Mahindra Group’s Hariyali initiative aims at planting trees. It has planted more
• Tata Steel Chairman said in 2004 that “We will not either buy from or sell to companies that do not than 16.4 million trees all across India.
measure up to Tata Steel's social responsibility standards.” • Public Health:
• Education: - Blood Donation Camps, Eye Donation & Awareness Camps, HIV/Aids Awareness Camps.
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research [TIFR] (1945) in Mumbai
- Tata Institute of Social Sciences [TISS] 3) WIPRO (through Azim Premji Foundation):
- J N Tata Technical Education Centre • Education: Azim Premji University with the vision to contribute to the realization of a just, equitable,
- DhanGyan: An online financial literacy course for underprivileged villagers. humane and sustainable society.
- ANEW (A New Education Worldwide) [Gurugram]: A school transformation initiative that is • COVID-19 Response:
reforming primary education in government schools by equipping teachers with evolved teaching - Jharkhand Integrated Development for Health and Nutrition (JIDHAN): An emergency healthcare
practices, integrating technology into the curriculum of first-generation learners, improving response to COVID-19
learning levels of students, reducing dropout rates, and enhancing community ownership. ✓ Community-Level Interventions: Regular home visits to provide counseling on family planning,
- Adult Literacy Program: With a focus on women and adults from marginalized communities. It has identifying pregnant women and high-risk cases, providing home-based newborn care, etc.
been extensively used by prison authorities as a reformation process for inmates. - Azim Premji Foundation committed ₹1,000 crores to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic.
• Healthcare:
- TISCO (Tata Steel) was conferred the Global Business Coalition Award in 2003 for its efforts in 4) Reliance Industries
spreading awareness about HIV/ AIDS. • Education & Skill Development:
- Maternal and Newborn Survival Initiative (MANSI) by TATA Steel is a project to reduce child and - Reliance Foundation Institution of Education Research (RFIER)
infant mortality in states like Jharkhand. - Project Jagruti: A project to uplift and bring dyslexic (dyslexia is a disorder that involves difficulty
• Preservation of Culture & Heritage: in learning to read or interpret words, letters, and other symbols) students from the
- Gramshree Mela Activities underprivileged segment into the mainstream.
- Tribal Cultural Centers showcasing the legacy of tribes in Jharkhand and Odisha. - Reliance Dhirubhai Ambani Protsahan Scheme: For supporting meritorious students and providing
• Assistance to Government: financial aid to the toppers for pursuing higher studies in engineering and medical streams.
- Tata Steel has hosted 12 Lifeline Expresses in association with the Ministry of Railways. • Healthcare:
• Environmental Responsibility: - Reliance Employee Health Care Services: State-of-the-art facilities manned by specialists to take
- Tata Motors is the first Indian Company to introduce vehicles with Euro norms. care of the staff and their families.
- Tata Motors has planted more than 2.5 million trees in the Jamshedpur region. - Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital: Free specialized services and lifesaving treatment.
- The Green Switch: To provide clean and reliable energy to unlit tribal homes in Maharashtra. - Project Drishti: To restore the eye-sights of visually challenged Indians from the economically
• Employment Generation: weaker sections of the society.
- Tata Motors Grihini Social Welfare Society assists employees' women dependents in becoming
financially independent. They are trained in making a variety of products like pickles, electrical cable 5) Ashok Leyland
harnesses, etc. • FunBus (Chennai & Delhi): Equipped with a hydraulic lift, it takes differently-abled children and those
- Athulya initiative of Tata Tea provides vocational training to physically challenged persons in the from orphanages and primary schools on a one-day picnic.
art of making recycled paper.
• Tata Steel comes out with the Human Development Index (HDI), a composite index of health, education, 6) Infosys
and income levels, to assess the impact of its work in rural areas. • Infosys Science Foundation gives away the annual Infosys Prize to honor outstanding achievements in
the fields of science and engineering.
2) Mahindra & Mahindra: • 100 school teachers in Karnataka, who were suffering from arthritis, underwent free surgery as a part
• Education: of a week-long program.
- Mahindra Pride Schools (to train socially & economically disadvantaged youth and help in their
career placement)
- Nanhi Kali Project: It supports instruction to more than 3,70,000 bright young girls. Challenges in implementing CSR in India
• Disaster Relief: It has provided vehicles for the transport of aid, and for assisting people stuck in disaster 1) Lack of Community Participation in CSR Activities: There exists little or no knowledge about CSR within the
zones in many instances. local communities as no serious efforts have been made to spread awareness about it. Thus, there is a lack

of confidence in the local communities about such initiatives and are sometimes seen as some form of TABLE OF CONTENTS
Capitalist propaganda by big corporates. 1 ETHICAL ISSUES IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS & FUNDING 3
2) Issues of Transparency: There is an apprehension by corporates that the local implementing agencies like 1.1 Ethical Concerns in International Relations 3
NGOs do not make adequate efforts to disclose information on their programs, audit issues, impact
1.2 Ethical Concerns in International Funding 8
assessment, and utilization of funds.
2 UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS 11
3) Non-availability of Well Organized Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs) especially in remote and
rural areas that can assess and identify real needs of the community and work along with companies to
============================================================================================
ensure successful implementation of CSR activities.
4) Visibility Factor: Media play an important role in highlighting cases of successful CSR initiatives and
sensitizing the local population about various ongoing CSR initiatives of companies. However, it often leads
to indulgence in seeking media glare, missing out on meaningful grassroots interventions.
5) Narrow Perception towards CSR Initiatives: CSR initiatives are more donation-driven than involvement in
the development and progress of local communities (like employee visits to remote areas to understand
their problems).
6) Non-availability of Clear CSR Guidelines: There are no clear-cut guidelines or policy directives to give a
definitive direction to CSR initiatives of companies.
• CSR initiatives of companies usually depend upon their business size and profile, i.e., the bigger the
company, the bigger is its CSR program. However, other dimensions like the Social, Environmental,
Cultural, and Ethical Impacts of a company should also be considered while defining the scale of CSR
activities.

2 PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

1. Corporate social responsibility makes companies more profitable and sustainable. Analyze. (2017)
2. Increased national wealth did not result in equitable distribution of its benefits. It has created only some
“enclaves of modernity and prosperity for a small minority at the cost of the majority.” Justify. (2017)

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❖ Prioritizing high-risk groups: There should be an immediate focus on vaccinating all

1 ETHICAL ISSUES IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS & FUNDING frontline, health and social care workers, police, and others who are at high risk of getting
the infection, to prevent hoarding of vaccines globally and individually.
✓ Role of Governments: The governments must step in to regulate its development, innovation,
1.1 ETHICAL CONCERNS IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS manufacture, sale, and supply ultimately to the public.
❖ Provisions like Compulsory Licensing under the TRIPS Agreement could be used by
1) Competition and inequality between nations developing countries so that IPRs (Intellectual Property Rights) do not create barriers to
• The Least Developed Countries, Island Nations (Madagascar, Haiti), and most African Nations (Sudan, timely access to affordable medical products.
Tongo, Uganda, Tanzania, Yemen) lie on lower spectra of development. ✓ Vaccine Diplomacy: Vaccine diplomacy is a branch of global health diplomacy in which a nation
• Violation of Distributive Justice: The average income of people living in North America is 16 times uses the development or delivery of vaccines to strengthen ties with other nations.
higher than that of people in sub-Saharan Africa (UN). ❖ India has supplied more than 60 million doses of COVID-19 vaccine to more than 70
- In 2018, the 26 richest people in the world held as much wealth as half of the global population (the countries around the globe (including Bangladesh, UK, Brazil, Morocco, Maldives, etc.) to
3.8 billion poorest people) [UN]. help them deal with the pandemic.
- 1.8% of the wealthiest people in the world hold more than 85% of overall wealth.
- The top 10% of the U.S. population has an aggregate income equal to the income of the poorest 2) Weaponization and Mass Destruction
43% of people in the world. • Militarisation of Space (on the other hand most countries on the planet do not even have their space
• Vaccine Nationalism: It is a situation when a country manages to secure doses of vaccines for its own agencies to launch civilian satellites)
citizens or residents and prioritizes its own domestic markets before they are made available in other • Nuclear Weapons (Hiroshima and Nagasaki Incident) and Nuclear Stockpiling
countries. This is done through pre-purchase agreements between a government and a vaccine • Bioweapons and Bioterrorism
manufacturer. • Chemical Weapons
- Challenges posed by Vaccine Nationalism: (They have been dealt with in detail under the topic “Applied Ethics”)
✓ Undermines equitable access to vaccines.
3) Lack of Environmental Ethics
✓ The constraint for countries with fewer resources: The most immediate effect of vaccine
nationalism is that it further deteriorates human development in poor and least developed • Overexploitation of natural resources and environmental degradation by developed countries during
countries due to their poor bargaining power. the Industrial Revolution has majorly contributed to the phenomenon of Climate Change.
✓ Against Natural Right to Health: It deprives populations of timely access to vital public health • Global Warming
goods. • Ethical Concerns in Global Climate Change:
✓ Goes against Kantian Deontological Approach to Ethics: The Vaccine Nationalism uses - Justice Approach:
protectionism and the country’s self-interest rather than humanitarianism as means to achieve ✓ Lack of Distributive Justice: Disproportionate burden of climate change on poor nations.
the goal of public health. ❖ The ecological systems of many of the poorest nations are most at risk.
✓ Undermines Gandhian Talisman and Sarvodaya (Upliftment and welfare of all) ❖ The poorest nations are most vulnerable to storms, flooding, and a rising sea level.
✓ Vaccine is a common good that should be shared among different sections around the globe to The countries most affected in 2019 were Mozambique, Zimbabwe as well as the
benefit most of the members of a given community. However, Vaccine Nationalism goes against Bahamas. For the period from 2000 to 2019 Puerto Rico, Myanmar and Haiti rank
the Common Good Approach to Ethics. highest. [Global Climate Risk Index, 2021]
✓ Distributive (equitable distribution of vaccine) and Procedural (Fairness in process of ❖ The health and food supplies of the poor worldwide are at the greatest risk from global
determining the allocation of vaccines to different countries) Justice is not given much warming.
importance. ✓ Lack of Compensatory Justice:
❖ The poorest nations have the least financial and institutional ability to adapt to climate
- Way Forward
change.
✓ Strengthening the role of international institutions: International institutions, including the ❖ Developed countries not taking responsibility for climate change (lackadaisical approach in
WHO, should coordinate negotiations to produce a framework for equitable access to vaccines the allocation of $100 billion under Global Climate Fund by 2020)
during public health crises.
❖ Global Alliance for Vaccine Initiative (GAVI): Helped to ensure the pooled procurement and 4) Skewed Governance in international institutions
equitable supply of life-saving vaccines to low- and middle-income countries. • Permanent 5 members in UNSC goes against principles of Democracy and Collective Decision making
✓ Global Collaboration: Sharing finite supplies strategically & globally. • The dominance of developed countries like the USA and UK in the IMF (International Monetary Fund)
❖ COVAX Initiative: WHO, the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI), and and Work Bank.
GAVI have come up with an initiative known as “Covax Facility”. It aims to procure at least • Discriminatory Peace Clause of WTO
two billion doses of Covid-19 vaccines for deployment and distribution mainly in the low-
and middle-income countries.
5) State-sponsored terrorism (Alleged Pakistan connection with ISIS)
6) Ideological clashes and conflict situations

• India-Pakistan Conflict over Pakistan-Occupied Kashmir (PoK) and cross-border terrorism 11) Interference in the internal affairs of other nations
• Israel-Palestine Conflict over the occupation of West Bank and Gaza Strip by Israel • Russia (supported Iran) and the USA’s interference in Gulf Wars (bombings and attacks on Iraq) to show
- Amidst rising tensions, the Israel–Palestine crisis began with protests that escalated into rocket their superiority in weapons during the Cold War Era ⟹ 2003 Invasion of Iraq by the USA.
attacks from Gaza and airstrikes by Israel earlier this year (2021). - Imposition of democracy by the USA in the Middle East and North African (MENA) region and the
• Iran-Saudi Arabia Proxy Conflict (Middle Eastern Cold War): It is an ongoing struggle for gaining alleged involvement of the USA in the Arab Spring.
geopolitical influence and regional hegemony in the Middle East region. - Espionage and Surveillance
• India-China Border Conflicts (Doklam Standoff and the Galwan Valley Skirmishes) 12) Organized Crimes (Cross-border human trafficking, fake currency notes, and wildlife trafficking rackets)
• Iraq-Iran Conflict 13) Hegemonistic Tendencies
7) Human Rights Violations • Chinese hegemony in the South China Sea:
• World Wars - China refused to accept the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) verdict on the dispute between
• State-sponsored Genocides: the Philippines and China.
- Accusations on China of an ongoing genocide against its Uyghur population. - Debt Trap diplomacy of China: This type of diplomacy refers to offering projects/ loans on terms
- Rohingyas Refugee Crisis: Persecution by Myanmar Administration against its Rohingya population that end up being too difficult for countries to repay, eventually compelling them to accept political
in Rakhine state. or economic concessions.
• Ethnic/ Religious discrimination: ✓ China took advantage of internal fiscal mismanagement and debt of Sri Lanka to gain 99-year
- Stringent restrictions on travel to the USA for citizens of some of the Muslim-majority countries tactical control over its Hambantota Port and the surrounding land.
under the Presidentship of Donald Trump. ✓ The Maldives, which owes ~80% of its external debt to China, is at particular risk of a similar
• Genocides: debt trap due to continued Chinese lending.
- The Holocaust (1933-45): The genocide of European Jews especially during World War II. ✓ Dubious clauses like the right to access land as collateral in case of failure to repay debt (like in
✓ Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler systematically caused the killings of nearly six million Jews Montenegro).
through programs like extermination through labor in concentration camps, gas chambers, and • US hegemony in World Politics:
gas vans, mass shootings, Euthanasia programs, etc. - Use of wars as an opportunity by the USA to earn profits (economic gains to support Saudi Arabia,
- Armenian Genocide (1912-1923): 2 Million Armenians were removed from their homelands Kuwait, etc. in the Gulf War).
through forced deportations and massacres, which led to the death of nearly half a million of them. - Unilateral Sanctions by the USA on Iran, China, etc.
- Nanjing Massacre (1937): The Japanese Imperial Army marched into Nanjing City of China during - Unilateral withdrawal from Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty, Iran Nuclear Deal (Joint
World War II. They killed more than 2 lakh Chinese civilians and raped more than 20,000 women Comprehensive Plan of Action), UNESCO, etc.
leading to gross violation of human rights and dignity. 14) Unethical Trade Practices
- Rawanda Genocide (1994): During the period of around 100 days, more than 5 lakh members of • Dumping
the Tutsi minority group and some from Hutu and Twa were killed by armed militia. • Non-Tariff Measures
8) Dereliction of Responsibility and Duty (Lack of Accountability) • Non-Compliance with Standards
• The exit of the USA from the Paris Deal rather than living up to its responsibility to the past action of • False representation of goods and services:
environmental degradation during the industrial revolution. - The ICMR paused Rapid Test for COVID-19 for some time when it found issues in the diagnostic kits
9) Irresponsible behavior by countries like North Korea (threats of attack on the USA, complete authoritarian imported from China (only 5% accuracy).
regime, etc.)
10) Neo-colonialism: Neocolonialism is the practice of using economics, globalization, cultural imperialism, Role Of India In Encouraging Ethical Discourse In International Relation:
and conditional aid to influence a country instead of the previous colonial methods of direct military control
(imperialism) or indirect political control (hegemony). • Directive Principle of State Policy (Part IV): Article 51 (Promotion of International
• USA’s benevolent imperialism: Peace & Security): The State shall endeavour to:
- Cultural Imperialism: It refers to the imposition of cultural aspects by a politically or economically - Promote international peace and security;
dominant community/ country onto another non-dominant community. - Maintain just and honorable relations between nations;
✓ Imposition of English language and activities of Christian missionaries by the Britishers in its Constitution of - Foster respect for international law and treaty obligations in the dealings of
colonies. India organized peoples with one another; and
✓ Westernization of clothing, food habits, entertainment (Hollywood), etc. - Encourage settlement of international disputes by arbitration.
- Hard Power: Large number of military bases of USA worldwide. • Fundamental Rights (Part III) for non-citizens:
- Fundamental Rights except those under the Articles 15, 16, 19, 29, and 30 of the
Indian Constitution are available for both Indian citizens and non-citizens.

• FIVE Principles of Peaceful Coexistence as stated in the India-China Agreement, 1954 • Un Convention Against Torture aims to prevent torture and other acts of cruel, inhuman, or degrading
to further the economic and security cooperation are listed below: treatment or punishment around the world.
- Mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty, • Environmental Ethics:
PANCHSHEEL • Kyoto Protocol, Paris Climate Deal under UNFCCC.
- Mutual non-aggression,
Treaty
- Mutual non-interference in each other's internal affairs, • Convention on Biodiversity (CBD), Minamata Convention (Mercury waste), Basel Convention under UN
- Equality and mutual benefit, and Environment.
- Peaceful co-existing. • UN Convention on Law of Seas (UNCLOS) to prevent marine pollution
• It is a forum of 120 developing world states that are not formally aligned with or • Prevention of Use of Weapons of Mass Destruction:
against any major power bloc. After the United Nations, it is the largest grouping of • NPT (Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty)
states worldwide. • CTBT (Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty) prohibits any nuclear weapon test explosion or any other
NAM (Non- nuclear explosion anywhere in the world.
• Non-alignment began as a policy of non-participation in the military affairs of a
Aligned
bipolar world and in the context of colonialism. It is aimed towards optimum
Movement) 1.2 ETHICAL CONCERNS IN INTERNATIONAL FUNDING
involvement through multi-polar participation towards peace and security.
• India wanted to focus more on socio-economic reconstruction rather than joining a Foreign Aid is the voluntary transfer of resources (money, technology, technical know-how, goods, services)
military block to gain supremacy and hegemony in the world. from one country to another.
• FIVE Principles to guide the conduct of India’s foreign relations with the immediate
neighbors. Types:
- Non-reciprocity: With the neighbors like Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives,
and Sri Lanka, India does not ask for reciprocity but gives all that it can in good 1) Military Aid: It is the material or logistical assistance given to strengthen the military capabilities of an ally
faith and trust. country. Examples:
GUJRAL - No mutual harm through their territory: No South Asian country will allow its • USA’s military aid to Afghanistan, Sudan, Congo, Iraq, Colombia, Mali, etc. for the following purposes:
Doctrine territory to be used against the interest of another country of the region. - Peace and Security
- Non-interference: None will interfere in the internal affairs of another. - Counter-Narcotics
- Respect for sovereignty: All South Asian countries must respect each other’s - Conflict Mitigation and Reconciliation
territorial integrity and sovereignty. - Combating Weapons of Mass Destruction
- Negotiation & Reconciliation: All South Asian countries will settle all their - Counter-terrorism measures.
disputes through peaceful bilateral negotiations. • India’s military aid:
- To Bangladesh for its independence during the India-Pakistan War (1971).
India has declared a no-first-use (NFU) nuclear policy and has a nuclear doctrine based on
Nuclear - Gifted Military Vehicles and Mi-25 & Mi-35 Choppers to Afghanistan.
“credible minimum deterrence.” (It underlines the NFU with an assured second-strike
Doctrine of - Assistance to Sri Lanka during the Sri Lankan Civil War against LTTE.
capability and falls under minimal deterrence, as opposed to mutually assured
India • UN Peacekeeping Forces in Palestine, Sudan, and other conflict-affected zones.
destruction)
Humanitarian
2) Humanitarian Assistance & Disaster Relief (HADR): These are the actions designed to save lives, alleviate
Assitance &
(Discussed later in the section on International/ Foreign Aid) suffering and maintain and protect human dignity during and in the aftermath of emergencies.
Disaster Relief
(HADR) • Humanitarian Assistance by India in its neighborhood:
- Disaster relief programs:
✓ During the 2004 Tsunami
International Ethics ✓ Operation Maitri (during the 2015 Nepal Earthquake) ⟹ UN acknowledged the country’s role
• Protection of basic Human Rights (India has ratified it): Total Parties = 152 states as a “first responder”.
• UN Convention on Genocide: ✓ Operation Neer: India sent more than 100 tonnes of fresh drinking water by ships and airplanes
- Defines genocide as “any act committed with intent to destroy a national, ethnic, racial or religious to help the Maldives during its Water Crisis in 2014.
group” by: - Humanitarian Aid:
✓ Killing or causing bodily injury or mental harm to members of the group; ✓ During the Rohingya Crisis: India sent 53 tonnes of relief materials (blankets, woolen sweaters,
✓ Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; solar street lights, food) to Bangladesh for Rohingya Muslim refugees. India helped build 250
✓ Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group. homes for the refugees in Myanmar’s Rakhine state for their return.
• 1951 Refugee Convention (UNHCR) and its 1967 Protocol sets out the rights of individuals who are ✓ During COVID-19 Pandemic: India supported >150 countries through the supply of medicines. It
granted asylum and the responsibilities of nations that grant asylum. also supplied the COVID-19 vaccine to over 75 nations despite being heavily affected during the
second wave.

❖ India helped the USA through the supply of essential drugs and PPE kits during the COVID- - Greenpeace India lost its FCRA license in 2015 for obstructing development activities in the country
19. This helped build mutual trust. The US President later tweeted that “India was there for by organizing protests against thermal power, nuclear power, coal, and aluminum mining.
us and we will be there for them.” 2) Conditional Aids: A major portion of aid from donor nations is tied, mandating a receiving nation to spend
on products and expertise originating only from the donor country.
3) Technical Assistance: It aims at providing technical know-how instead of equipment and funds. • Examples:
• India’s Technical Assistance: - US law requires food aid to be spent on buying food from the US rather than locally. As a result,
- India’s Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) Program half of what is spent is used on transport and effectively increases the intrinsic cost of aid.
- Afghanistan: Training for Afghan public servants, policemen, and soldiers. - World Bank and IMF attach structural adjustment conditionalities to loans which generally
✓ India is also providing Afghan public institutions with technical advisers. include the elimination of state subsidies and the privatization of state services.
- Technical Assistance to Mauritius for dealing with the environmental crisis due to the oil spill. 3) Logistical Issues, Corruption, and Lack of Accountability mechanisms: Humanitarian aid is argued to often
- Pan-African e-Network Project: ICT project between India and African Union to connect the not reach those who are intended to receive it.
member states of the Union through a satellite and fiber-optic network to India and each other. It • Example: A report by the World Bank in 2006 stated that almost half of the funds donated towards
aims at sharing expertise between India and the African States in areas like telemedicine, tele- health programs in sub-Saharan Africa did not reach clinics and hospitals. Money is paid out to fake
education, e-governance, and e-commerce services. accounts, prices are increased for transport or warehousing, and drugs are sold to the black market.
- India enables Bhutan to export its surplus electricity through the Indian grid. - In Ghana, nearly 80% of donations do not go towards their intended purposes.
4) Terror Funding: Humanitarian assistance is mostly distributed through NGOs, Charitable organizations, and
4) Economic Aid: public international organizations such as World Food Programme (WFP), UNHCR, etc. Thus, the
• Economic Aid by India: involvement of intermediaries can fuel terrorism in two main ways:
- India’s Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) Program • Insufficient oversight of funds or recipients means that terrorists can inadvertently benefit from aid.
- $250 Million financial support to the Maldives amid the COVID-19 pandemic. • Terrorists can become directly involved in charitable organizations and influence the distribution of aid.
- India sets aside ₹ 7,100 cr as development assistance to other countries (Bhutan’s share of ₹3000
5) Fuel to War: The humanitarian assistances in many cases have been accused of fuelling war economies and
crores being the maximum) for the FY 2021-22.
prolonging the conflict, by assisting (directly or indirectly) the militant operations.
- Lines of Credit to various countries – Mauritius, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Nepal, etc. to help procurement
of defense equipment, fight against COVID-19, deal with environmental challenges, etc. • The assistance is being used as a weapon of war for power and financial gain, and this is a contributing
- Financed the establishment of Afghan National Agriculture University. factor in the continuation of the conflict.
• Example: Conflict in Sudan (Darfur Conflict), Somalia, Chad, Angola, etc.
5) Infrastructural Assistance
• Infrastructural Assistance by India:
- Afghanistan:
✓ Building of Afghanistan’s Parliament in Kabul (the complex includes a library)
✓ Reconstruction of Salma Dam (now known as Afghan-India Friendship Dam)
✓ Buidling of Indira Gandhi Children Hospital, Habibia High School, Cricket Stadium (in Kandahar)
✓ Zaraj-Delaram Highway
- Bhutan:
✓ Helped in completion of Mangdechhu Hydroelectric Power Project
✓ With help from the Government of India, Bhutan has constructed two national highways and
many bridges thus creating access to different remote areas of the country.

Ethical Concerns in International Funding

1) Hidden interests of the donor country in foreign aid:
• Oxfam Report reveals that aid attached to trade liberalization by the donor countries to achieve their
economic objective is becoming detrimental to developing countries. Example: The EU subsidizes its
agricultural sectors at the expense of Latin America who must liberalize trade to qualify for aid.
• Sometimes, the international NGOs are provided foreign aids by some state actors to spread false
propaganda in other countries. Example:
- An IB Report called ‘Impact of NGOs on Development’ (2014) warned that many NGOs in India
with support from international donors were planning to disrupt the developmental activities,
endangering the Indian economy.

The disputed effectiveness of Aid TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 CORPORATE GOVERNANCE 3
1.1 Meaning of Corporate Governance 3
1.2 Principles and Functions of Corporate Governance 3
1.3 Importance & Need of Good Corporate Governance 4
1.4 Issues with Corporate Governance in India 5
1.5 Corporate Governance Status in India 6
1.6 Moving towards Good Corporate Governance 4
1.7 Corporate Social Responsibility 11
2 UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS 15

============================================================================================

2 PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

1. At the international level, the bilateral relations between most nations are governed on the policy of
promoting one’s own national interest without any regard for the interest of other nations. This leads to
conflicts and tensions between the nations. How can ethical considerations help resolve such tensions?
Discuss with specific examples. (2017)
2. Strength, peace, and security are considered to be the pillars of international relations. Elucidate. (2017)
3. “The will to power exists, but it can be tamed and be guided by rationality and principles of moral duty.’
Examine this statement in the context of international relations. (2020)
4. Russia and Ukraine war has been going on for the last seven months. Different countries have taken
independent stands and actions keeping in view their own national interests. We are all aware that war has
its own impact on the different aspects of society, including human tragedy. What are those ethical issues
that are crucial to be considered while launching the war and its continuation so far? Illustrate with
justification the ethical issues involved in the given state of affair. (2022)

=========================================================================================

1.6 MOVING TOWARDS GOOD CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

Legal Status of CSR in India • Creating products

• Bringing new innovation &

CSR Initiatives in India • Environment:

of confidence in the local communities about such initiatives and are sometimes seen as some form of
Capitalist propaganda by big corporates.
2) Issues of Transparency: There is an apprehension by corporates that the local implementing agencies like
NGOs do not make adequate efforts to disclose information on their programs, audit issues, impact
assessment, and utilization of funds.
3) Non-availability of Well Organized Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs) especially in remote and
rural areas that can assess and identify real needs of the community and work along with companies to
ensure successful implementation of CSR activities.
4) Visibility Factor: Media play an important role in highlighting cases of successful CSR initiatives and
sensitizing the local population about various ongoing CSR initiatives of companies. However, it often leads
to indulgence in seeking media glare, missing out on meaningful grassroots interventions.
5) Narrow Perception towards CSR Initiatives: CSR initiatives are more donation-driven than involvement in
the development and progress of local communities (like employee visits to remote areas to understand
their problems).
6) Non-availability of Clear CSR Guidelines: There are no clear-cut guidelines or policy directives to give a
definitive direction to CSR initiatives of companies.
• CSR initiatives of companies usually depend upon their business size and profile, i.e., the bigger the
company, the bigger is its CSR program. However, other dimensions like the Social, Environmental,
Cultural, and Ethical Impacts of a company should also be considered while defining the scale of CSR
activities.

2 PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

=========================================================================================

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