Journal of Harbin Engineering University ISSN: 1006-7043 Vol 45 No. 11 November 2024 Comparative Analysis of Cuk, SEPIC, and Cuk-Sepic Fused Converters with Fuzzy MPPT Algorithm for Photovoltaic Systems Shaik Munthaz,Dr. A. Raghuram, Heena Parveen Electrical and Electronics Engineering , Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University , Hyderabad , Telangana, Abstract To enhance the reliability and performance of photovoltaic (PV) systems, this paper offers an in-depth comparative analysis of Cuk, SEPIC, and a novel Cuk-SEPIC fused converter. This converter is integrated with a Fuzzy Logie Control (FLC)-based Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT] method for a solar system designed to support a DC load. Solar energy, a valuable renewable resource, necessitates effective power electronics for DC output adaption. Traditional Cuk and SEPIC converters provide unique voltage outputs: negative for Cuk and positive for SEPIC. The revolutionary Bipolar Cuk-SEPIC converter combines two designs and uses a single switch to create twin outputs with opposing polarities, considerably lowering input current ripple and increasing PV system efficiency. This bipolar DC connection provides reliable performance, making it appropriate for both AC and DC microgrids. Using FLC-based MPPT, the system dynamically changes converter duty cycles to optimum, ower under changing conditions, The system’s performance is evaluated using MATLAB/SIMULINK Keywords: Photovoltaic (PY) Systems, Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT), Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC) , DC- DC Converters Introduction The increasing need for clean and renewable energy has driven the exploration of photovoltaic (PV) systems as a possible alternative to conventional fossil fuels[1]. Despite the inherent variability of solar irradiance and temperature demands the use of advanced power electronics to optimize energy extraction and improve PV system performance[2]. DC-DC converters are important components in this area because they adjust the output voltage to fit the load's requirements, whether it is a DC microgrid, an AC grid link (via an inverter), or direct DC loads. Traditional DC-DC converters, such as the Cuk and SEPIC topologies, have found widespread use in PV systems due to their unique benefits(3]. The Cuk converter, noted for its capacity to produce a Negative output voltage in relation to the input, has intrinsic input current ripple reduction, which is useful for PV arrays. In contrast, the SEPIC converter produces a positive output voltage, which allows for direct integration with positive- ‘ground systems. To address the limits of single-polarity outputs, a Unique hybrid architecture known as the Cuk-SEPIC fused converter has evolved. This novel design cleverly merges the Cuk and SEPIC structures into a single entity, with a single switch producing both positive and negative output voltages|4]. This bipolar output capability, along with decreased input current ripple, allows the Cuk-SEPIC fused converter suitable for the applications that may include both AC and OC loads.implementing a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm is essential for the optimal performance of any photovoltaic system|S]. This algorithm constantly tracks the operating condition of the PV array and adjusts the duty cycle of the DC-DC converter to ensure the system operates at maximum power transfer, thereby enhancing energy collection. Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC}-based MPPT algorithms have gained favor in this area because of their ability to handle the nonlinearities and uncertainties inherent in photovoltaic systems[6]. This study offers a comparative evaluation of the Cuk, SEPIC, and fused Cuk-SEPIC converters, all of which are integrated with an MPPT algorithm based on fuzzy logic control (FLC). The simulation was performed Using MATLAB/Simulink system simulation software, 495Journal of Harbin Engineering University ISSN: 1006-7043 ‘The organization of the paper is outlined as follows: Section Il presents the main block diagram of the proposed model.Section Ill describes the control ‘techniques used. Section IV contains the discussion, ‘whereas section V has the simulation results. Section VI describes the proposed system's conclusion. Designed Circuit Figure 1 illustrates a basic block diagram of a PV system, incorporating a DC-DC converter along with ‘an MPPT control mechanism.The photovoltaic array provides DC power in response to temperature and irradiance. The function of the DC- DC converter is to adjust the output voltage of the photovoltaic array to match the requirements of the DC load.An MPPT fuzzy control block, coupled with @ PWM generator, dynamically adjusts the converter's duty cycle to maximize power extraction from the PV array under varying environmental conditions. |-{ate = Figure 1. Block diagram of the photo voltaic (PV) system with DC-DC converter and MPPT control. ‘A. Photo Voltaic System Solar panels are arranged in arrays to harness sunlight and convert it into electricity. PV array consists of many solar panels connected in a grid- like wayl7].These panels are linked in series to create strings, which are subsequently connected in parallel. A solar PV array of 5.3kW peak power is considered{é}. Table Il specifies the parameters of the PV array. Figure 2 shows the equivalent circuit of a solar cell. The characteristic equation for output current is: Ito [exp (S82) — 1] 8 (2) ! oar Rn Where: py: Photo-induced current; Iyy:Shunt current; Vol 45 No. 11 November 2024 q ‘Electron charge equals1.6*10"°; K : Boltzmann constant equals 1.38107/K; Jo; Reverse saturation current; Re: Series resistance; Ruy: Shunt resistance; T: ambient temperature(*C) & : ideal factor of a diode ranges from 1 to 2, witha typical value of 1.3. Figure 2. Single-diode solar photovoltaic cell model B. Design of Converter B.1. Cuk converter : The Cuk converter is a type of, DC-DC converter that is recognized for its ability to Produce @ negative output voltage relative to its input-The Cuk converter can perform both buck(step-down) and boost (step-up) voltage ‘transformations,guaranteeing [9] that the output voltage stays steady despite variations in the input voltage. The Cuk converter's functioning is based on. the transfer of energy between two inductors and fone capacitor{10}. A switch, most frequently 2 MOSFET transistor (51), controls the flow of current ‘through inductors, resulting in energy transfer. Figure 3. Circuit diagram of Cuk converter ‘The cuk converter’s circuit is shown in Figure 3. For designing the circuit, (2), (3) and (4) are used which are derived from the circuit diagram to determine the appropriate component values. 496Journal of Harbin Engineering University ISSN: 1006-7043 ) x Via mea) C) > Seaon *T B.2, SEPIC converter : The Single-Ended Primary- Inductance Converter (SEPIC) can adjust the output voltage to be higher, lower, or the same as the input voltage(11]. This SEPIC converter integrates buck ‘and boost converters, enabling it to handle different input voltages while maintaining a stable output voltage[12]. The control switch (81)'s duty ratio regulates the SEPIC output.The SEPIC design allows energy transmission between capacitive and inductive components, making voltage levels easier ‘to change. Switch $1, a MOSFET transistor, controls, ‘the amount of energy delivered. he Figure 4. Diagram of the SEPIC converter circuit Figure 4 displays the circuit diagram of the SEPIC converter. For designing circuit, (5), (6) and (7) are used. ” B.3.Cuk-SEPIC fused converter: The Cuk-SEPIC fused converter is a combined DC-DC converter that, Integrates the structures of both the Cuk and SEPIC converters into a unified system. This one-of-a-kind design can generate output voltages of both polarities (Positive output from the SEPIC portion and negative output from the Cuk portion of the converter), making it ideal for applications that Vol 45 No. 11 November 2024 require various voltage levels, such as ‘microgrids(13). The converter uses a single switch to regulate the power transfer between its inductive and capacitive elements. One of the primary benefits of the Cuk-SEPIC fused converter is it's versatility in voltage conversion, ie., \Vo/Vin=20/D-1{10]. The Cuk-SEPIC fused converter provides numerous advantages, including bipolar output, high voltage gain, low input and output current ripple, and single-switch operation{14]. Figure 5. Schematic diagram of the Cuk-SEPIC converter, Figure 5 demonstrates the circuitry for the Cuk- ‘SEPIC converter.To design circuit,(8), (9) and (10) are used, Vous = Gay * Vin (29) ‘The Control System A. Mppt Control Algorithm MPT is a vital technology that dynamically adjusts the operating point of a photovoltaic system to maximize power output under changing conditions(15]. MPPT algorithms effectively optimize energy harvesting, increasing the total effectiveness and affordability of a PV system ‘Without MPPT, a large portion of accessible solar energy is squandered, resulting in inferior performance and a worse return on investment. B, FLC- BASED MPPT IMPLEMENTATION 497Journal of Harbin Engineering University ISSN: 1006-7043 Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC) isa practical approach for system governance that uses human-like reasoning. Unlike traditional control approaches that depend fon precise mathematical representations, FLC ‘works with language variables and fuzzy sets, which reflect the natural imprecision and uncertainties of real-world situations(16]. This makes FLC ideal for MPPT in solar PV systems, where sunirradiance and ‘temperature vary unpredictably. The Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) uses two inputs: error (E(k)) and the change in error (AE(k]), which are determined as follows. (a) (22) P(k} and V{k) denote instantaneous power and voltage of the panel, respectively — Vol 45 No. 11 November 2024 membership to linguistic concepts. During the rule evaluation stage, a set of predefined fuzzy rules based on the PV system's P.V characteristics are Utilized to determine the appropriate action in the form of a fuzzy output. The defuzzification stage converts fuzzy output to a crisp value, commonly representing the duty cycle (D) for the DC-DC converter This value then utilized for optimizing the extraction of power from the photovoltaic array(17], 18} ‘The fuzzy logic controller (FLC) employs 49 rules, utilizing triangular membership functions for two inputs (error and change in error) and one output (change in duty cycle), to precisely track the maximum power point (MPP).The membership functions are classified into categories such as NB (Negative Big), NM (Negative Medium), NS (Negative Small), ZE (Zero), PS (Positive Small), PM (Positive Medium), and PB (Positive Big).Table | provides a detailed list of the fuzzy rules.Rules are evaluated using the Mamdani “TABLE |. FUZZY RULE TABLE Figure 6. Flowchart for the Fuzzy Logic Controller system The FLCbased MPPT algorithm follows three distinct stages: 1) Fuzzification 2) Rule Evaluation (inference Engine) 4 3) Defuzzification Funtification converts crisp input variables, like error (E(k)) between current and prior power and error change (AE(k)), into fuzzy sets utilizing membership functions that assign degrees of Ae) ew] re [en | mo [ow [ows | ae | xs rs fom [om fom fos Pa [ows [x J Tae [me fom [ors [ze [as fxm [xe wees wf fos | fs fw [ow | inference approach, and defuzzification is carried out with the gravity method.Figure 3 depicts the overall fuzzy control mechanism, which includes a flowchart and Simulink model ‘Simulation of the Proposed System ‘The Simulink models shown in Fig 7, 8, and 9 were created and run using the MATLAB/Simulink environment. Three distinct DC-DC converters have been implemented: the CUK converter (Fig 7), the SEPIC converter (Fig 8), and the Cuk-SEPIC converter (Fig 9). The suggested framework 498,Journal of Harbin Engineering University ISSN: 1006-7043 analyzes the Cuk, SEPIC, and Cuk-SEPIC converters, incorporating a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT} algorithm based on Fuzzy Logic Control (FLc) for a solar photovoltaic system(S!, [9].A photovoltaic (PV) panel with a power rating of 5.3 kw is the primary energy source. The solar panel is exposed to 1000 W/m? of irradiation at a temperature of 25°C. ‘The converter is powered by the output of the PV panel and receives a gating pulse from the system's PWM converter. Table ll shows the circ Vol 45 No. 11 November 2024 parameters designed using the equations presented for each converter.To minimize ripple in the output voltage, each model includes a capacitor connected across the photovoltaic array. This ‘capacitor has a constant value of O.1mF.Figures 11 through 15 present the output graphs for each of the converters. The graphs illustrate the voltage and ‘current outputs for the photovoltaic array as well as. for the DC-DC converter Figure 7. Simulink model of DC-DC Cuk converter Figure 8, Simulink model of DC-DC SEPIC converter 499Journal of Harbin Engineering University Vol 45 No. 11 ISSN: 1006-7043 November 2024 Figure 9. Simulink model of Cuk-SEPIC converter Figure 10. Simulink model of Fuzzy Logic MPPT Controller TABLE Il, SPECIFICATIONS OF THE MODE Type of Converter Parameters Value ‘Open circuit voltage, | 21V (Voc) Short circuit current, | 7.4A Solar PV Array ‘ Voltage at MPP, (Vino ‘Current at MPP, (Inoo) | 6A Power a MPP, (Pao) | 5.3kW Parallel Strings, (Ne) [2 ‘Series Strings, (Ns) 26 Input Voltage (Vin) 420V Output Voltage (Vor) | 54av Inductors, u (0.905 mH b 1.63 mH cuK Capacitors [C0883 uF converter G@ [00307 WF “Switching Frequency | 100 kHz (Fs) Toad Resistor(R) | 67.930 Input Voltage (i a20V ‘Output Voltage (Vas) | S65V Inductors [ta | 0805mH 00Journal of Harbin Engineering University Vol 45 No. 11 ISSN: 1006-7043 November 2024 b | i63ma SEPIC Capacitors [Gr | 0883 ur converter | ose3uF ‘Switching Frequency | 100 KH? (Fs Load Resistor (Ri) | 67.93. Taput Voltage (Vn) | 420V ‘Output Voltage (Vou) | 9800 inductors [| 59mH tb | 04179 CUKSEPIC [Capacitors | C= | 02650F converter G @ =| oasaiF G ‘Switching Frequency | 100 kHz (Fs) Toad Resistor (R) | 188.680 Simulation Results This section presents the outcomes of simulating the proposed system using Cuk, SEPIC, and CukSEPIC converters. Figures 11,12, and 13 show the input] voltage, input current, and input power, as well as the - output voltage, output current, and output power with the CUK, SEPIC, and CukSEPIC converters | connected, Figure 11. Waveforms of the Cuk Converter with PV array igure 12. Waveforms of the SEPIC Converter with PV array Figure 13. Waveforms of the Cuk-SEPIC Converter with PV array S01Journal of Harbin Engineering University ISSN: 1006-7043 Figure 14. Cuk-SEPIC converter, producing both positive and negative voltage outputs. ‘The CukSEPIC fused converter demonstrates superior response dynamics in comparison to conventional Cuk and SEPIC converters, as depicted in Figure 4s. Figure 15. Waveforms of Solar PV , Cuk-SEPIC ,Sepic ‘and Cuk output voltages. TABLE II Comparative analysis of DC-DC Vol 45 No. 11 November 2024 characteristics. The Cuk-SEPIC fused converter Identified as the most promising architecture, with higher power output, efficiency, and MPP tracking capabilities than its individual competitors. Its unique ability to deliver both positive and negative output voltages, combined with low input current ripple, makes it an appealing option for a variety of applications, specially microgrid systems where flexibility and efficiency are critical, The FMPPT algorithm's ability to maximize power extraction from the PV array, particularly under unpredictable conditions, highlights its applicability to real-world PV system. 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