Chap 1: Environmental Issues supply with renewable resources and to recycle degradation, pollution, and resource depletion.

ution, and resource depletion. capture sunlight to produce carbohydrates),

- Environment: all living and nonliving things the waste and pollution produced by such While, wealth can also drive environmental photosynthesis process
with which an organism interacts. resource use. awareness, education, and innovation, leading to - Consumers (heterotrophs) eating and recycling
- Best describes the discipline: Biology, - Per capita ecological footprint is the average the development of cleaner technologies and to survive. Herbivores (Primary eatproducer).
chemistry, geology and economics. ecological footprint of an individual in a given sustainable practices. - Carnivores (Secondary eat primary. Third and
- Ecosystem is a set of organisms within a country or area. (higher pcef -> higher The IPAT & the ecological footprint emphasize higher level eat carnivores). Omnivores (eat both
defined area or volume that interact with one plant and animals: pig, rat, human).
consumption of natural resources) renewable and nonrenewable resources, while
Decomposers (bacteria/fungi) recycle nutrients
another and with their environment of nonliving - Footprints can also be expressed as number of the ecological footprint emphasizes the use of
in ecosystems. Detritivores: insects or other
matter and energy. Earths it would take to support consumption. renewable resources scavengers that feed on wastes or dead bodies
- Environmentalism is a social movement - Ecological deficit: means the ecological How poverty drives population growth? In - Aerobic respiration: The opposite of
dedicated to protecting life support systems for footprint is larger than the biological capacity. poor areas, children are often seen as an photosynthesis, break down carbohydrates
all species. Degradation Of Normally Renewable economic asset, providing labor and support. (Carbon dioxide + Water + Solar energy →
- Natural Capital = Natural resources+Natural Natural Resources Air/water pollution, Climate Limited access to education and healthcare, Glucose + Oxygen)
services change, Soil erosion, Shrinking forests, Species particularly for women, can lead to higher - Food chain is a sequence of organisms, each
- Three principles of sustainability extinction, Aquifier depletion, Declining ocean fertility rates. Additionally, high child mortality of which serves as a source of nutrients and
1. Life depends on solar energy. (form of fisheries. rates may prompt families to have more children energy for the next organisms.
natural capital gained directly or indirectly as a I (environmental impact) = P (population size) x to ensure some survive. Cultural and social - Food webs: complex arrangements of feeding
result of solar energy: forests, flowing water, A (affluence/person) x T (technology’s norms that value large families can further patterns in ecosystems
wind energy, coal and oil). Solar energy is beneficial and harmful effects). (Ehrlich and contribute to population growth in poverty- - Productivity of an ecosystem, GPP >NPP bcs
called perpetual resource of the metabolic process of respiration.
Holdren) stricken communities.
- The aquatic ecosystems with the highest
2. Biodiversity provides natural services & - 4 basic causes of environmental problems: Chap 3: Ecosystem
average net primary productivity are Estuaries
adaptability population growth, unsustainable resource use, - Ecosystem: made up of animals, plants and
- Ecosystems has the highest net primary
3. Chemical/nutrient cycling means that there poverty, excluding environmental costs from bacteria as well as the physical and chemical
productivity (NPP) swamps and marshes
is little waste in nature. market prices. environment they live in.
- The portion of the planet responsible for
– Nonrenewable resources exist in fixed - Point sources (single, identifiable sources - 5 levels of organization: organism, population,
majority of the Earth's annual biomass
quantities. (smokestack)) cheaper and easier to identify. community, ecosystem, and biosphere
production are open oceans
– Exhaustible energy (coal and oil). - 3 factors sustain: One-way flow of high-quality
- Nonpoint sources (dispersed, often difficult to - NPP is the rate…use photosynthesis to produce
energy/ Cycling of nutrients/ Gravity.
– Metallic minerals (copper and aluminum). identify (lawn runoff, pesticides blown from and store chemical energy minus the rate…use
Earth system
– Nonmetallic minerals (salt and sand). agricultural lands into the air) more difficult to this energy through aerobic respiration.
- Geosphere fossil fuels and minerals (rock and
• Sustainable solutions: reduce, reuse, recycle. control - Phosphorus (bone and teeth) not include the
soil samples): crust, core, and mantle
Natural resources : materials and energy • Pollution cleanup expensive, less effective atmosphere as a temporary reservoir
- Troposphere air layer (4–11 miles) above sea
Use/renewable resource > replacement rate because transfer pollutants from part of the The water cycle: Solar energy evaporates water;
level, contains greenhouse gases that absorb and
=> environmental degradation environment to another, once they are dispersed the water returns as precipitation (rain or snow),
release energy which warms the inner layer of
- Inexhaustible: solar/wind/geothermal energy it costs too much to reduce them to acceptable the atmosphere goes through organisms, goes into bodies of
- Nonrenewable (exhaustible): fossil fuels (oil, levels, and can be overwhelmed by growth in - Stratosphere ozone, a gaseous O3 molecule water, and evaporates => human withdraw
natural gas, coal), iron, copper population, consumption. that filters out harmful UV radiation found freshwater faster than nature can replenish it.
natural services : functions of nature • Pollution prevention reduces or eliminates the (above the troposphere between 11–31 miles) The carbon cycle: basic building block of
Air purification, Climate control, UV protection - Hydrosphere Liquid water on surface and carbohydrates, fats, proteins, DNA, and other
production of pollutants
underground, ice (cryosphere) and water vapor. compounds, included in fossil fuels Producers,
(ozone layer), Water purification, Soil renewal, - Root causes of unsustainability: wasteful use of
Natural of Ecology: Organism (living) -> consumers and decomposers circulate carbon in
Food production, Nutrient recycling, Population resources, Poverty, rapid population growth,
species (breed and fertile offspring) -> the biosphere.
control. widespread recycling programs The nitrogen cycle: Nitrogen gas (N2), 78% of
population -> community -> ecosystem ->
Nutrient cycling Organic matter in animals -> Environmental ethics beliefs about what is right biophere the atmosphere, not used directly by most living
Dead organic matter ->Decomposition -> and wrong with how we treat the environment. - Components of ecosystem organisms. This excessive input of nitrogen
Inorganic matter in soil ->Organic matter in Planetary management worldview holds that we Ecosystem: A community of different species into the air and water contributes to pollution
plants -> back start are separate from and in charge of nature. interacting with one another and with their Major reservoirs of phosphorus are rock
renewable resource the capacity to be Stewardshipz manage the earth for our benefit, nonliving environment of matter and energy formations and ocean bottom sediments.
replenished within days to several hundred but that we have an ethical responsibility to be Community: Populations of different species The Sulfur Cycle: stored underground in rocks
years. (groundwater, trees, fertile soil, fish caring and responsible managers. living in a particular place, and potentially and minerals. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is
populations) Environmental wisdom worldview holds that we interacting with each other released from volcanoes and anaerobic
- Developed countries: high-income, 88% are part of, and dependent on, nature and that Population: A group of individuals of the same decomposition of organic matter in bogs and
worlds resources / Developing countries: nature exists for all species, not just for us species living in a particular place swamps
middle-income/low-income, 80% world's • harmful costs of goods and services: Shift from Cell: The fundamental structural and functional Chap 4: Biodiversity and Evolution
population unit of life Biodiversity: genes, species, ecosystems, and the
environmentally harmful to beneficial gvt
Molecule: Chemical combination of two or more ecosystem processes of energy flow and nutrient
- Sustainable yield the highest rate at which a subsidies.Tax pollution and waste heavily while
atoms of the same or different elements cycling that sustain all life.
resource can be used indefinitely without reducing taxes on income and wealth. Atom: Smallest unit of a chemical element that – Species diversity the number and variety of
reducing its available supply. How wealth and affluence have harmful and exhibits its chemical properties
- Tragedy of the commons: overuse of shared beneficial environmental effects? On the one the species present in any biological community.
- Energy flows: flow from high-quality to low- – Genetic diversity the variety of genes found in
common resources. hand, high levels of consumption and quality energy in a oneway. a population or in a species.
- Ecological footprint: the amount of unsustainable resource use associated with - Producers (autotrophs): green plants (mostly – Ecosystem diversity refers to the earth’s
biologically productive land and water needed to affluent lifestyles can lead to environmental variety of deserts, grasslands, forests, mountains,
oceans, lakes, rivers, and wetlands. specialized traits that allow them to use shared Chap 6: Human Population and Urbanization energy sources. Protects biodiversity and
– Functional diversity includes a variety of resources differently. preserves surrounding land.
processes such as energy flow and matter 2. Predation: one species (predator: hide, attack) - Cultural carrying capacity: maximum number
cycling occurring within ecosystems. feeds directly on another species (prey: protect, of people who could live in reasonable freedom
- Sharks are important to humans bcs never escape, hide, retaliate). Ăn thịt and comfort indefinitely, without decreasing the
get cancer and are a keystone species. 3. Parasitism: organism feeds on another ability of the earth to sustain future generation.
- Species: 4 major roles organism (host), usually by living on (mistletoe, - Factors affect birth rates and fertility rates:
Native: normally live and thrive in a particular sea lampreys) or in the host (tapeworms). kí sinh Social Factors: Cultural norms and values/
ecosystem. Ex: Saola in VN. 4. Mutualism: 2 species interact in a way that Education/ Gender roles and empowerment/
Nonnative (invasive/alien/exotic): migrate into, benefit both. Ex: flower and bee. Tương hỗ Urbanization. Economic Factors: Economic
or are deliberately or accidentally introduced 5. Commensalism: benefit one species but has development/ Economic conditions/ Cost of
into, an ecosystem. Ex: golden apple snail. little or no effect on the other. hội sinh child-rearing. Health Factors: Contraception
Indicator: provide early warnings of damage to a Population change = (births + immigration) –
and family planning/ Maternal health/ Infant and
community or an ecosystem. (Ex: Birds, bcs (deaths + emigration)
child mortality rates. Environmental Factors:
almost everywhere and affected quickly by - Reproductive time lag: the period needed for
environmental changes) the birth rate to fall and the death rate to rise in Natural disasters and climate change.
Keystone: have a large effect on other species in response to resource overconsumption. - Factors affecting death rates
community. Ex: wolf, lion, alligator, - Dispersal: movement into new area Health Factors: Diseases/ Accidents and
- Biomes: large terrestrial regions of the earth - Environmental resistance: the combination of injuries/ Malutrition/ Infant mortality.
with distinct climate and certain species adapted all factors that act to limit the growth of a Socioeconomic Factors: Poverty/ Inequality/
to them, Ex: deserts, tropical/ coniferous forests, population. Education. Environmental Factors: Pollution/
- Speciation is the process where one species - Exponential growth (J-curve): start slowly then Climate change/ Natural disasters/ Sanitation.
splits into two or more different species. accelerates. Logistic growth (S-curve): a steady Lifestyle Factors: Smoking/ Alcohol, drug use.
2 phases: decrease in population growth with time until - 2 useful indicators of overall health are life
*Geographic isolation: different groups of the population size levels off. R-selected species expectancy and infant mortality rate.
same population of a species become physically (opportunists): high rate of population increase, - Migration: movement of people into
isolated from one another for a long period (may large number of offspring, low parental care, (immigration) and out of (emigration) specific
result from a volcanic eruption, an earthquake, a massive lose of offspring. K-selected species geographic areas. Factors: jobs, religious
mountain range) (competitors): small number of offspring. High persecution, ethnic conflicts, political
*Reproductive isolation: mutation and change parental care, mature slowly. oppression, wars, and environmental
by natural selection operate in the gene pools of - Adaptation: heritable traits improve ability of degradation (soil erosion, water/food shortage)
geographically isolated populations. an individual organism to survive more easily Population age-structure diagrams:
- Biological extinction: process by which an and reproduce at a higher rate under Prereproductive (0–14) > Reproductive (15–
entire species ceases to exist. environmental conditions. 44) > Postreproductive (45+).
• Local extinction: a population of a species - Genetic resistance: the ability to tolerate a - Demographic momentum: rapid population
becomes extinct over a large region, but not chemical designed to kill the population. (natural growth in a country that has a large percentage
globally. selection, antibiotics) of people <15, and happens when a large
• Endemic species: found in only one area and - Extinction: an entire species ceases to exist. number of girls enter their prime reproductive
are thus especially vulnerable to extinction. - Mass depletion: higher than normal but not years.
• Background extinction: occurred over most mass level. - Discouragement of immigration ->threaten
of Earth’s history (disappeared at a low rate) - Local extinction: extinct over a large region, economic growth, labour shortages, less gov
- Niche (pattern of living: space, food, but not globally. revenues, less business, less technology,
temperature) is different from habitat (place - Population crash: a population greatly increase public deficits, increase retirement age.
where an organism lives). Classify into: overshoots carrying capacity, and resulting - Demographic transition: refers to the decline in
Generalist species (broad niches, live many environmental pressures cause effects. death rates followed by decline in birth rates
places, eat many food, tolerate wide range of - Endemic species: found in only one area and when a country becomes industrialized.
environments. Ex: Racoon); Specialist species are vulnerable to extinction. Preindustrial (slow), Transitional (rapid),
(narrow niches, specific environments, prone to - Speciation: new species appears. Industrial (slow down) and Postindustrial (level
extinction when environment change. Ex: Panda - Disturbance : An event that alters an off and decline).
bamboo). ecosystem, either significantly changing it or - To slow population: Reduce poverty, Elevate
- Mass extinction: a significant rise in extinction wiping out entirely. the status of women, Encourage family planning
rates above the background level. - Succession: The gradual change in species (reduce abortions) and reproductive health care
- Environmental conditions will dictate which composition of a given area (reduce mother dying).
traits are beneficial, and will ultimately drive + Primary succession: begin with nothing, - Urbanization: Ad: More job opportunities,
evolution through process of natural selection follow severe disturbance, take long time Better education and health, Protect biodiversity
Chapter 5: Biodiversity, Species Interactions, + Secondary succession: begin with remains of of concentrating people. Disad: Threaten
and Population Control moderate disturbance, happen more rapidly biodiversity, lack vegetation, water problems,
5 species interaction: - Pioneer community: first colonizers Concentrate pollutant and noise, Spread
1. Interspecific competition: organisms seek the - Climax community: old forests infectious diseases, Centre of poverty crime and
same limited resources. Interspecific (different - 2 aspect of sustainability: terrorism
species: lion vs hyenas) and intraspecific + Inertia (persistence): ability to survive Eco green city: promotes sustainable
competition (within same species). Resource moderate disturbances. transportation. Aims to reduce pollution, waste,
partitioning (common type): species + Resilience: Ability of a living system to repair and resource consumption. Prioritizes recycling,
competing for similar scarce resources evolve damage after an external disturbance. reusing, and composting. Utilizes renewable