Chap 1: Environmental Issues Per capita ecological footprint is the average plant and animals: pig, rat, human).

and animals: pig, rat, human). decomposition of organic matter in bogs and
- Environment: all living and nonliving things ecological footprint of an individual in a given Decomposers (bacteria/fungi) recycle nutrients swamps => Human
with which an organism interacts. country or area. in ecosystems. Detritivores: insects or other burn sulfur-containing sulf
- Environmental Science: how the Earth Ecological deficit means the ecological scavengers that feed on wastes or dead bodies. Chap 4: Biodiversity and Evolution
works, how we interact with the environment footprint is larger than the biological capacity -photosynthesis: solar energy + CO2 + Water 4 scales: species, genes, ecosystems, functions
and how we can deal with environment Eutrophication is the ecosystem response to the >< Aerobic respiration: Glucozo + Oxygen
+ Species diversity: number and variety of the
problems and live more sustainably. addition of artificial or natural substance (such Food chain a sequence of organisms, each of
- Ecology: relationships between living as Nitrogen and Phosphorus)to aquatic system. which serves as a source of nutrients and energy species present in any biological community
organism, and their interaction with the Affluence (sự sung túc) for the next organisms( Single straight pathway, + Geneti c diversity: the variety of genes found
environment I = P x A x T (Environmental impact, Single type of organisms, Stability ecosystem, in a population or in a species.
- Environmentalism: a social movement Population, Affluence per person, Technology Adaptability and competitiveness of organisms: + Ecosystem diversity: the diversity of
dedicated to protecting life support systems for used) (Ehrlich and Holdren) (+) better education, no effect) ecosystems or habitats that exist in a given
all species. scientific research, and technological solutions, Food webs: Consumers feed on more than 1 region (grassland, forest,..)
- Nature’s survival strategies (3 principles): improvements in environmental quality (e.g., type of organism. Organism in ecosystems form Biome: Terrestrial (land) portion of the
+ solar energy + natural services + safe drinking water) (-) consumption and waste a complex network (number of interconnected biosphere.
Chemical/Nutrient cycling (little waste) of resource food chain, many organisms, Stability + Functional diversity: The variety of
=> Think globally, act locally Environmental ethics: beliefs about what is ecosystem, Adaptability and competitiveness of processes such as energy flow and matter
Environment includes all living (biotic) and right and wrong with how we treat the the organisms: improve) cycling that occur within ecosystems as species
nonliving (abiotic) things with which an environment. The water cycle: Solar energy evaporates water; interact.
organism interacts. CHAP 3: ECOSYSTEM the water returns as precipitation (rain or snow), - Biological evolution: life changes over time
Capital = Value/ money /form of wealth An ecosystem is made up of animals, plants and goes through organisms, goes into bodies of through changes in the genes of populations in
Natural capital = Natural resources (renew, bacteria as well as the physical and chemical water, and evaporates => human withdraw succeeding generations. Process: genes mutate
nonrenew) + Natural services environment they live in -> unique => study = freshwater faster than nature can replenish it; > individuals selected > adapt to environment
Natural resources: Natural resources are ecology Clear vegetation; Drain wetlands interferes with - Natural selection: individuals with certain
materials and energy that keeps all forms of life Biomes: Life exists on land system flood control. traits are more likely to survive and reproduce
alive and support our economics Earth system: Geophere hot core, thick mantle, The carbon cycle: Carbon is the basic building under a particular set of environmental
Natural services: Processes in nature (nutrient and thin crust. Hydrosphere Liquid water on block of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, DNA, and conditions than those without the traits.
cycling, water purification) surface and underground, ice (cryosphere) and other compounds, included in fossil fuels Genetic variability occurs through mutations,
Use/renewable resource > replacement rate water vapor. Biosphere: Living and dead Producers, consumers and decomposers circulate which are random changes in the DNA
=> environmental degradation organisms. Atmosphere (1) Thin membrane of carbon in the biosphere => human add more molecules of a gene in any cell.
Sustainable yield is the highest rate at which a air Troposphere (2) (air layer about 4–11 miles CO2 by burning fuels, clear cây An adaptation(an adaptive trait):heritable trait
renewable can be used indefinitely without above sea level, contains greenhouse gases that The nitrogen cycle: Nitrogen gas (N2), 78% of that improves the ability of an individual
reducing its available supply => 3R (reuse, absorb and release energy which warms the organism to survive and to reproduce at a higher
the atmosphere, not used directly by most living rate than other individuals
renew, recycle) inner layer of the atmosphere), Stratosphere organisms => human increased use of
Cause Pollution (point; non-point) : above the troposphere between 11–31 miles; it - Mutations: random changes (internal or
inorganic fertilizers to grow crops. This external) in the DNA molecules of a gene in any
Population (beyond support) ; poverty (short- filters out the sun’s harmful radiation) , excessive input of nitrogen into the air and
term survival), affluence (too high Mesosphere (trung), Ionosphere (điện ly) cell, creating genetic variability. Lethal or
water contributes to pollution beneficial.
comsumption), price (low now, high later) 3 factors sustain 1-way flow of high-quality The phosphorus cycle (grow algae): circulates
Point sources: Single, identifiable origins (e.g., energy, nutrients, gravity (Nutrients cycles, -Speciation is the process where one species
through water, Earth’s crust, and living splits into two or more different species. 2
smokestacks) Nonpoint sources: Dispersed and energy flows) organisms in the phosphorus cycle. +Does not
difficult to identify sources (e.g., pesticides, Natural of Ecology: Organism (living) -> phases: + Geographic isolation different groups
cycle through the atmosphere. +Slow cycle of the same population of a species become
species (breed and fertile offspring) -> Major reservoirs of phosphorus are rock
trash in streams) Protection (3 big idea) : physically isolated from one another for a long
population -> community -> ecosystem -> formations and ocean bottom sediments.
Renewable; biodiversity, prevent degradation; biophere time +Reproductive isolation mutation and
reduce waste, preserve natural chemical Transferred by food webs important component change by natural selection operate in the gene
Components of ecosystem of many biological molecules. => human
Tragedy of Commons: shared resources Producers (autotrophs): green plants, roses, pools of geographically isolated populations.
Ecological footprint: The amount of remove large amounts of phosphate from the -Biological extinction process by which an
daises (mostly capture sunlight to produce earth to make fertilizer, reduce phosphorous in
biologically productive land and water needed to carbohydrates), + entire species ceases to exist.
supply a population with renewable resouces. tropical soils by clearing forests. -Local extinction occurs when a population of a
Consumers (heterotrophs) eating and recycling The Sulfur Cycle: stored underground in rocks
2 ways to deal with difficult problems of to survive. Herbivores (Primary eatproducer). species becomes extinct over a large region, but
degradation (mat pham gia) + use share renew and minerals. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is not globally.
Carnivores (Secondary eat primary. Third and
+ convert open-access renew higher level eat carnivores). Omnivores (eat both released from volcanoes and anaerobic
-Endemic species are found in only one area population uses up its resources and exceeds the and public pension systems.+ Urbanization + stuck S2
and are thus especially vulnerable to extinction. carrying capacity. The educational and employment opportunities + Woman: educated, control, paid job, good
-Background extinction has occurred over most - Reproductive time lag: the period needed for available for women. + The average age at society = fewer children.
of Earth’s history (1-5 millions) Biodiversity the birth rate to fall and the death rate to rise in marriage. + The availability of legal abortions.+ - Poverty is becoming increasingly urbanized,
provides: natural resources & services, aesthetic response to resource overconsumption. The availability of reliable birth control mostly in less-developed countries.
pleasure - Dispersal: movement into new area - methods. + Religious beliefs, traditions, and - Urbanization:
- Niches: (pattern of living: space, food, Environmental resistance: the combination of cultural norms. - Factors affecting death rates Advantages: More job opportunities, Better
temperature, etc.) is different from habitat (place all factors that act to limit the growth of a + Increase in food supplies + Better nutrition + education and health, Protect biodiversity of
where an organism lives) population. Advances in medicine + Improved sanitation concentrating people.
- Generalist species: broad niches, live many - Adaptation: heritable traits improve ability of Personal hygiene + Safer water supplies + War + Disadvantages: Threaten biodiversity, lack
places, eat many food, tolerate wide range of an individual organism to survive more easily Famine/diseases + Accident vegetation, water problems, Concentrate
environments. Ex: Racoon. and reproduce at a higher rate under - Infant mortality rates: number of babies out pollutant and noise, Spread infectious diseases,
- Specialist species: narrow niches, specific environmental conditions. of 1000 born who die before their first birthday Centre of poverty crime and terrorism
environments, prone to extinction when - Genetic resistance: the ability to tolerate a > general level of nutrition and health care > Eco green city: Allows people to walk, bike or
environment change. Ex: Panda bamboo. chemical designed to kill the population. (natural best measure of society’s quality of live. take mass transit for most of their travel
- 4 types of species (Role in ecosystem) selection, antibiotics) - Migration: movement of people into Goals: Preventing pollution and reducing waste,
+ Native: species normally live and thrive in a - Extinction: an entire species ceases to exist (immigration) and out of (emigration) specific Using energy and matter resources efficiently,
particular community. Ex: Saola in VN. (natural or human cause) geographic areas. Factors: jobs, religious Recycling, reusing and composting at least 60%
+ Nonnative (Invasive/ Alien/ Exotic): migrate - Mass depletion: higher than normal but not persecution, ethnic conflicts, political of all municipal solid waste, Using solar and
into or accidentally introduced into a mass level. oppression, wars, and environmental other locally available, renewable energy
community. Ex: Golden apple snail. - Local extinction: extinct over a large region, degradation: soil erosion, water & food shortage resources, Protecting an encouraging
+ Indicator: serve as early warning of damage but not globally. (environmental refugees) biodiversity by preserving surrounding land.
to a community or an ecosystem. Ex: birds, - Endemic species: found in only one area and - Population age-structure diagrams: The total fertility rate (TFR) is the average
amphibian. are vulnerable to extinction. Prereproductive (0–14) > Reproductive (15– number of children born to women in a
+ Keystone: have a large effect on other species - Speciation: new species appears. 44) > Postreproductive (45+). population during their reproductive years.
in community. Ex: wolf, leopard, lion. - Disturbance : An event that alters an -Demographic momentum: rapid population
Chapter 5: Biodiversity, Species Interactions, ecosystem, either significantly changing it or growth in a country that has a large percentage
and Population Control wiping out entirely. of people <15, and happens when a large
- 5 species interaction: - Succession: The gradual change in species number of girls enter their prime reproductive
1. Interspecific Competition: shared or scared composition of a given area years.
food and space. Inter-specific (different species: + Primary succession: begin with nothing, - Japan population: discouragement of
lion vs hyenas) and intra-specific competition follow severe disturbance, take long time immigration > bleak economic future
(within same species). + Secondary succession: begin with remains of - Problems: threaten economic growth, labour
Resource partitioning: species competing for moderate disturbance, happen more rapidly shortages, less gov revenues, less business, less
similar scarce resources evolve specialized traits - Pioneer community: first colonizers - Climax tech development, increase public deficits for
that allow them to use shared resources community: old forests- Two aspect of pension and healthcare, pension cut, increase
differently. sustainability: retirement age.
2. Parasitism: one species (parasite) feeds on + Inertia (persistence): ability to survive - Demographic transition: high birth/death >
the body of, or the energy used by, another moderate disturbances. low birth/death during industrialization:
organism (host). + Resilience: ability being restored by 2 Preindustrial (slow), Transitional (rapid),
3. Predation: one species (predator: hide, sucession after severe disturbances. Industrial (slow down) and Postindustrial (level
attack) feed directly on all or part of a living Chap 6: Human Population and Urbanization off and decline). Sudden decrease in death
organism of another species (prey: protect, - Cultural carrying capacity: maximum rates > decrease in birth rates
escape, hide, retaliate). number of people who could live in reasonable Educated and more affluent populations:
4.Mutualism: 2 species interact in a way that freedom and comfort indefinitely, without dropping birth rates > growth rate = 0
benefit both. Ex: flower and bee. decreasing the ability of the earth to sustain - Solutions: Reduce poverty, Elevate the status
5. Commensalism: some species interact in the future generation. - Birth/Death rate: number of women, Encourage family planning (reduce
way that help 1 species but has no effect on the per 1000 people abortions) and reproductive health care (reduce
other. - Factors affect birth rates and fertility rates: mother dying).
Population change = (births + immigration) – + The importance of children as a part of the + Less-developed: richer = slower growth
(deaths + emigration) labor force. + The cost of raising and educating + Rapid population growth, extreme poverty,
- Population crash: sharp decline in size when a children. + The availability of, or lack of, private and increasing environmental degradation: