MAJOR EXPERIMENT- ( 5 MARKS)

ISOLATION OF DNA FROM PLANT MATERIALS

AIM:To isolate DNA from available plant material such as green pea seeds.

PROCEDURE: take a small amount of plant material ( green pea seeds) and grind it in
a mortar. Break the cell wall and other envelope of plant cell by treaCng the material
by enzyme cellulase. Treat the material with the enzyme protease to remove histone
proteins which are interlined with DNA. Dissolve the associated RNA with enzyme
ribonuclease and also dissolve lipids with enzyme lipase. Precipitate out DNA by
adding chilled ethanol. Separate out the precipitated DNA as fine threads
byspooling.
OBSERVATION: DNA appears as white precipitate of very fine threads on the spool.

PRECAUTIONS:
❖ All the glass wares used must be thoroughly cleaned and dried.
❖ The enzyme and other chemicals used for the experiment must be
ofstandard quality.

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 MINOR EXPERIMENTS ( 4 MARKS)

STUDY THE PLANT POPULATION DENSITY BY QUADRAT METHOD

AIM
To study the plant populaKon density by quadrat method

PLANTSPECIES Number of individuals in Total Total Densi

each quadrant number numb ty
of er of (D)=
individua quadra S/ Q
ls (S) nt
s (Q)
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X
1
A
B
C

RESULT
The population density is the highest for species --------- and the
lowest for species--------- . The density value is expressed as the
number of individuals per unit area.

PrecauKons:
1. the measurement of quadrats should be accurate.
2. The string or cord used should not be very thick
3. One individual of a species should be counted only once in
thequadrat.

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 MINOR EXPERIMENT
STUDY THE PLANT POPULATION FRQUENCY BY QUADRAT
METHOD

AIM
: Το study the plant populaCon frequency
OBSERVATION:

PLA Number of individuals in each quadrant Total Total FREQUE

N T numbe numb NCY=A/
SPE r of er of BX100
CIES quadra quadr
ts in an ts
which studie
specie d (B)
s
occurr
ed (A)
1 I II III I V VI VII VIII IX X
V
A
B
C

CONCLUSION

The population frequency is the highest for species---------- and

the lowest for species------- . The frequency value is expressed
as the percentage of individuals per unit area.

PrecauKons:
1.the measurement of quadrats should be
accurate.2.The string or cord used should not be

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very thick

3. One individual of a species should be counted

only once in thequadrat

SLIDE PREPARATION (5 MARKS)

STUDY OF POLLEN GERMINATION

AIM: To study the pollen germinaCon on a clean glass slide.

PROCEDURE: Take a few drops of nutrient soluCon on a clean slide and dust a few
pollen grains from the stamen of a mature flower on it. Wait for about half an hour
and pour a drop of safranin soluCon and put the coverslip. Observe the preparaCon
under the high power of microscope and draw the diagram of different stages of
pollen grains

OBSERVATION:

Conclusion:
In a nutrient soluCon the pollen grain germinate and pollen tube comes out
throughone of the germ pore. The generaCve cell divides into 2 male gametes
within the
pollen tube. Each male gamete is tenCcular to spherical in outline. Pollen grain has 2

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 layered wall. Exine is the outer layer which is composed of sporopollenin and inCne
is the inner layer composed of pecCn and cellulose.

PrecauKons:
1. Use clean slide to observed the pollen grains.
2. Flowers should be plucked freshly.
3.Excess stain should be removed

SPOTTERS

STUDY OF FLOWERS FOR POLLINATION

IdenKficaKon: the given specimen is Salvia.
It is a insect pollinated flower.
Characters:
❖ the flowers are brightly coloured for a\racCng pollinaCng insects.
❖ Flowers secrete nectar to feed visiCng insects.
❖ The flowers have a landing pla]orm for the insects
IdenKficaKon: the given specimen is MAIZE.It is a wind
pollinated plant.

Characters:
o flowers are colourless, odourless and nectarless.
o Pollen grains are light, small and dusty.
SCgma is hairy, feathery to catch wind born pollen grains.

EXCERSICE ON CONTROLLED POLLINATION

A. IdenKficaKon: The given method of arCficial hybridizaCon is scissor method of

emasculaCon.
Comment:
➢ This method is employed in the crops having flowers of large size.
➢ in this method anthers are removed from the flowers before their maturaCon.
the anthers are cut with the help of sterilized scissors.

B. IdenKficaKon: the given method of arCficial hybridizaCon is bagging, tagging and

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labelling.
Comment:
➢ Aber emasculaCon, the flowers are removed with small bags to
preventpollinaCon with undesired pollen grains.
➢ These bags are made up of polythene , muslin cloth or parchment paper.
➢ The flowers of male parents are protected in bags to prevent mixing of
theirpollen grain with foreign pollens.
➢ Aber dusCng of the desired pollen grains on the emasculated flowers,
thebags are retagged.
➢ A label of paper is tagged on the plant which displays the date ofemasculaCon,
crossing and brief account of the parents

DISEASE CAUSING ORGANISMS

A. IdenKficaKon: the given disease causing organism is Ascaris lumbricoides.
It causes ascariasis.
Symptoms: impaired digesCon, diarrhea and vomiCng
B.IdenKficaKon: the given disease causing organism is Plasmodium vivax.
It causes malaria.
Symptoms: less appeCte, headache, chills, body temperature starts rising and may
reach 106 F .
C.IdenKficaKon: the given disease causing organism is Entamoeba histoly5ca.
It causes Amoebiasis.
Symptoms: abdominal pain, repeated moCon with blood and mucus.
D. IDENTIFICATION: the given disease causing organism is Epidermophyton.
It causes ringworm
Symptoms: dry scaly
skin, intense itching
GAMETE DEVELOPMENT

IdenKficaKon: The given slide of gamete development is t.s of tesCs

Comment: mammalian tesCs is covered by thick fibrous Cssue called tunica

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albuginea.
TesCs consists numerous seminiferous tubules.

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Various types of germinal cells are present towards lumen in the following
sequence.
Spermatogonia ------- spermatocytes ------ spermaCds --------spermatozoa

Large number of spermatozoa with their heads embedded in sertoli cells are
presentin the lumen of seminiferous tubule.

IntersCCal cells contain leydig cells which produce testosterone

B. IdenKficaKon: The given slide is t s of ovary.

Comment:

The ovary consists outer cortex and inner medulla.

The medulla contain graffian follicle at various stages of development.
Each follicle contain a large ovum surrounded by many layers of follicle cells.
Empty graffian follicle transformed into corpus luteum which secrete progesterone

c.THE GIVEN SLIDE IS T.S OF BLASTULA

it is a spherical mass of sixty four cells.
It consists outer layer of trophoblast and inner cell mass.
Within the envelope there is a fluid filled cavity called
blastocoel.The inner cell mass is the precursor of the embryo.

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 FLASH CARD MODELS

symbolic associaKon in root modules of leguminous plants and lichens.

PEDIGREE ANALYSIS

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