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DM&GT PRACTICE PROBLEMS UNIT-1

The document covers various topics in mathematical logic, including propositions, logical expressions, well-formed formulas, truth tables, logical equivalences, tautologies, and normal forms. It provides exercises on translating English sentences into logical expressions, constructing truth tables, and proving the validity of arguments. Additionally, it explores the implications of logical statements and the relationships between different logical forms.

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7 views

DM&GT PRACTICE PROBLEMS UNIT-1

The document covers various topics in mathematical logic, including propositions, logical expressions, well-formed formulas, truth tables, logical equivalences, tautologies, and normal forms. It provides exercises on translating English sentences into logical expressions, constructing truth tables, and proving the validity of arguments. Additionally, it explores the implications of logical statements and the relationships between different logical forms.

Uploaded by

bhanu.kodeboina
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UNIT-I

Mathematical Logic
1. Let p, q, and r be the propositions
P: You have the swine flu. Q: You miss the final examination. R: You pass the course.
Express each of these propositions as an English sentence.
i) p → q ii) ¬q ↔ r iii) q →¬r iv) p ∨ q ∨ r v) (p →¬r) ∨ (q →¬r)
vi) (p ∧ q) ∨ (¬q ∧ r)
2. How can this English sentence be translated into a logical expression?
a) “You cannot ride the roller coaster if you are under 4 feet tall unless you are older than 16 years old.”
b) You cannot edit a protected Wikipedia entry unless you are an administrator.
c) You can see the movie only if you are over 18 years old or you have the permission of a parent
3. What is a Well Formed Formula? What are rules of the Well Formed Formulas?
4. Construct the truth table for the following statement (~P↔~Q) ↔ (Q↔R)?
5. Show that (p → q) → (r → s) and (p → r) → (q → s) are not logically equivalent.
6. Show that ￢(p ∨ (￢p ∧ q)) and ￢p ∧ ￢q are logically equivalent by developing a series of logical
equivalences
7. Show that the following statements are logically equivalent without using truth table
(P→Q) ∧ (P→R) ⇔P→ (Q∧ R)?
8. Define tautology. Show that [(p ˅ q) ˄ (p → r) ˄ (q → r)] → r is a tautology, by constructing a
truth table
9. Explain the term tautology? Show that [(p→q)→r]→[(p→q)→(p→r)] is tautology ?
10. Show the following implication without constructing the truth table P  Q  Q  P  Q
11. Obtain the PCNF of the following formula ~ P  R  Q  P
(i)Using Truth Table. (ii) Without using Truth Table
12. Obtain the principal conjunctive normal form of the formula
(i) P  R  Q  P ii P  P  Q  Q  R
13. Obtain the principal disjunctive and conjunctive normal forms of the formula of the following
i  P  P  Q  P ii ~ P ~ Q  P ~ Q iii Q  P ~ Q
iv ~ P  ~ Q ~ R vP  P  Q  Q  P
14. Using normal forms, show that the formula Q∨(P∧7Q)∨(7P∧7Q) is a tautology.
15. Find the disjunctive normal form of  p  q  r ?
16. Find conjunctive normal form of (P→ ( Q Λ R) ) Λ (¬ P → ( ¬ Q Λ ¬ R )
17. Derive the following using rule CP if necessary P  Q  R, Q  R  S   P  Q  S 

18. (i) Show that S  R is tautologically implied by P  Q  P  R  Q  S 

(ii) Using automatic theorem proving, show that (P V Q) Λ(Q→R) Λ(P→M) ⇒(R V M).

(iii) Show that the following premises are inconsistent P→Q, P→R, Q→ ¬R , P

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19. Show that ¬P follows from the set of premises (R → ¬Q), R∨S, S → ¬Q, P → Q using indirect method of proof
20. Test the Validity of the Following argument.
(a) If there were a meeting, then catching the bus was difficult. If they arrived on time then catching the bus was
not difficult. They arrived on time therefore there was no meeting. Show that the statements constitute a valid
argument
(b) “It is not sunny this afternoon and it is colder than yesterday,” “We will go
swimming only if it is sunny,” “If we do not go swimming, then we will take a canoe trip,” and “If we
take a canoe trip, then we will be home by sunset” lead to the conclusion “We will be home by sunset.”

(c) “If you send me an e-mail message, then I will finish writing the program,
“If you do not send me an e-mail message, then I will go to sleep early,” and “If I go to sleep early,
then I will wake up feeling refreshed” lead to the conclusion “If I do not finish writing the program,
then I will wake up feeling refreshed.”
(d) “Everyone in this discrete mathematics class has taken a course in computer science”
and “vedansh is a student in this class” imply the conclusion “vedansh has taken a course
in computer science.”
21. (a) Establish the validity of the following argument “All integers are rational numbers. Some integers are powers of
2. Therefore, some rational numbers are powers of 2”

(b) Verify the validity of the following argument “every living thing is a planet or an animal. sunny’s gold fish is alive
and it is not a planet. All animals have hearts. Therefore sunny’s gold fish has a heart

© Prove that the following argument is valid: No Mathematicians are fools. No one who is not a fool is an
administrator. Jashvika is a mathematician. Therefore Jashvika is not an administrator.
22. Prove that (∃x) (P(x) ∧ Q(x)) ⇒ (∃x)P(x) ∧ (∃x)Q(x). Does the converse hold?
23. Show that (x) (P(x) ∨ Q(x)) ⇒ (x)P(x) ∨ (∃x)Q(x)
24. Prove or disprove the validity of the following arguments
Some animals are dogs.
Some cats are animals.
Therefore, some dogs are cats.

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