Q. No. 2.

What did lead to the occurrence of Ultra-degree of

mega development towards the close of 17th century A.D. in
Britain known as “Glorious Revolution”?
The Glorious Revolution: Key Factors Leading to Mega
Development in Britain
The Glorious Revolution of 1688 was a pivotal moment in British history, marking
the transition from absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy. This event set
the stage for significant political, social, and economic changes in Britain. Here’s an
overview of the factors that led to this remarkable development.

1. Political Context
1.1. Absolute Monarchy
King James II's reign (1685-1688) was marked by his attempts to consolidate power
and rule without Parliament, leading to tensions with both Parliament and the
public.

1.2. Religious Conflicts

James II, a Catholic, attempted to promote religious tolerance for Catholics, which
alarmed the predominantly Protestant society and Parliament. His policies
threatened the Protestant establishment in England.

1.3. Succession Concerns

The birth of James II’s son raised fears that a Catholic dynasty would follow. This
created widespread anxiety about the future of Protestantism and the monarchy.

2. Economic Factors
2.1. Rising Middle Class
The growth of the merchant and middle classes demanded more political power
and representation, leading to conflicts with the monarchy.
2.2. Economic Stability
The prosperity brought by trade, particularly with the colonies, increased demands
for a government that would protect business interests rather than suppress them.

3. Influential Figures
3.1. William of Orange
The invitation to William of Orange by a group of English nobles was crucial. He was
seen as a Protestant leader who could challenge James II. William’s acceptance of
the invitation was a turning point.

3.2. Support from Key Groups

Support from various groups, including the Whigs and Tories, was vital in rallying
opposition against James II. This coalition worked towards ensuring a Protestant
succession.

4. Events Leading to the Revolution

4.1. The Glorious Invasion
William landed in England in November 1688 with a relatively small force, but he
garnered significant support from English nobility and common people, leading to
minimal resistance.

4.2. Flight of James II

Faced with overwhelming opposition, James II fled to France, effectively
abandoning his throne. This act was crucial as it showed the monarchy's
vulnerability.

5. Outcomes of the Glorious Revolution

5.1. Constitutional Monarchy
The revolution led to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy, limiting the
powers of the king and ensuring the supremacy of Parliament.

5.2. Bill of Rights (1689)

The Bill of Rights was enacted, outlining the rights of Parliament and limiting the
powers of the monarchy. This document laid the foundation for modern British
democracy.

5.3. Religious Tolerance

Although not fully realized, the revolution paved the way for increased religious
tolerance and the eventual establishment of laws ensuring rights for non-
Conformists.

Conclusion
The Glorious Revolution was a culmination of political strife, economic growth, and
social changes in 17th-century Britain. It resulted in a significant transformation of
the political landscape, establishing principles of constitutional governance that
influenced future democratic developments. This period marked the beginning of
a new era for Britain, shaping its modern identity.

Q. No. 3. “The 18th century A.D. witnessed the Emergence, Rise

and Growth of the two Movements (Agrarian and Industrial)
which revolutionised the lives of the English people in
particular and later on, of the world in general.” Comment on
the statement.
The 18th Century: Emergence, Rise, and Growth of Agrarian and
Industrial Movements
The 18th century was a transformative period in British history, marked by
significant developments in agriculture and industry. These two movements not
only revolutionized the lives of the English people but also had a lasting impact on
the world.

1. The Agrarian Movement

1.1. Agricultural Revolution
The 18th century saw significant advancements in farming techniques, known as
the Agricultural Revolution. Innovations such as crop rotation, selective breeding,
and the introduction of new crops (like potatoes and turnips) increased agricultural
productivity.

1.2. Enclosure Movement

Enclosure acts allowed landowners to consolidate small farms into larger fields.
This movement displaced many small farmers but increased efficiency and
production. It also led to the rise of commercial farming.

1.3. Impact on Society

Improved agricultural practices resulted in surplus food, which supported a
growing population. Many rural workers were pushed off the land and migrated to
cities, providing labor for emerging industries.

2. The Industrial Movement

2.1. Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution began in the late 18th century, transitioning economies
from agrarian-based to industrial-based. This period introduced new machinery
and technologies, particularly in textiles, iron, and coal mining.

2.2. Key Innovations

Innovations like the spinning jenny, steam engine, and power loom transformed
production processes. Factories emerged, centralizing work and enabling mass
production of goods.

2.3. Urbanization
As factories sprang up, people flocked to urban areas in search of jobs. This rapid
urbanization led to the growth of cities and significant changes in living conditions.

3. Interconnection of Agrarian and Industrial Movements

3.1. Economic Synergy
The Agricultural Revolution provided the necessary food supply and workforce for
the Industrial Revolution. Increased agricultural efficiency allowed more people to
move to cities and work in factories.

3.2. Social Changes

Both movements contributed to a shift in social structures. A new working class
emerged, leading to changes in labor dynamics and the rise of labor movements
advocating for workers’ rights.

4. Global Impact
4.1. Spread of Ideas
The innovations and ideas developed during the 18th century spread beyond
Britain, influencing industrialization in Europe, North America, and eventually the
world.

4.2. Economic Transformation

Countries worldwide began to adopt industrial practices, leading to economic
growth and changes in global trade patterns. This laid the groundwork for modern
economies and global capitalism.

Conclusion
The 18th century was a pivotal era that witnessed the emergence and growth of
the agrarian and industrial movements. These movements fundamentally
transformed the lives of the English people and laid the foundation for global
changes in society, economy, and industry. The impacts of these revolutions are
still felt today, marking a significant turning point in human history.
Q. No. 4. Shed ample light on the Interior as well as Exterior
policy of Sir Robert Peel as British Premier with particular
emphasis on Irish issue.

Sir Robert Peel: Interior and Exterior Policies as British Premier

Sir Robert Peel served as Prime Minister of Britain during two distinct periods
(1834-1835 and 1841-1846). His leadership was marked by significant reforms and
a focus on national unity, particularly concerning the Irish issue. Below is an
overview of his interior and exterior policies.

1. Interior Policies
1.1. Economic Reforms
Repeal of the Corn Laws (1846): Peel's most notable domestic
achievement was the repeal of the Corn Laws, which imposed tariffs on imported
grain. This decision aimed to lower food prices for the working class and improve
economic conditions.
Free Trade Advocacy: Peel was a strong proponent of free trade, believing it would
lead to economic growth. He worked to reduce tariffs on various goods, promoting
a more open market.

1.2. Social Reforms

Factory Acts: Peel supported reforms to improve working conditions in factories.
These acts aimed to limit working hours for women and children, promoting better
labor practices.
Police Reforms: He established the Metropolitan Police Force in London in 1829,
which served as a model for modern policing. This aimed to reduce crime and
maintain public order.

1.3. The Irish Issue

Famine Response: During the Great Irish Famine (1845-1852), Peel's
government faced immense pressure to provide relief. He initially imported Indian
corn to help feed the starving population.
Irish Poor Law Amendment Act (1847): Peel's government introduced this act to
provide assistance to the impoverished Irish, although the response was criticized
for being insufficient.

2. Exterior Policies
2.1. Foreign Relations
Relations with France: Peel worked to maintain good relations with France,
promoting diplomatic cooperation and trade agreements. His policies aimed to
enhance Britain’s position in Europe.
Opium Wars: Peel's government faced challenges related to the Opium Wars in
China. He continued the policy of using trade and diplomacy to expand British
interests abroad.

2.2. Imperial Concerns

Expansion of the Empire: Peel supported efforts to expand the British Empire,
focusing on trade and economic interests rather than territorial conquest. This
approach aimed to strengthen Britain’s global position without overstretching
resources.

3. Challenges and Criticisms

3.1. Opposition to Reforms
Peel faced criticism from both Conservatives and Liberals for his policies. Many
Conservatives opposed the repeal of the Corn Laws, viewing it as a betrayal of
traditional agricultural interests.
Party Division: His reforms led to a split within the Conservative Party, as many
members were unwilling to support his free trade agenda.

3.2. Irish Nationalism

Peel's handling of the Irish issue was seen as inadequate by many Irish nationalists.
Although he made efforts to address the famine, the long-term solutions for Irish
governance and rights remained unresolved.

Conclusion
Sir Robert Peel's tenure as Prime Minister was characterized by significant interior
reforms aimed at economic and social improvements, particularly in response to
the Irish issue. His foreign policies focused on maintaining Britain’s global influence
through trade and diplomacy. Despite his achievements, he faced considerable
challenges, particularly regarding party divisions and the complexities of Irish
nationalism. His legacy includes both advancements in domestic policy and the
ongoing struggles related to Ireland, setting the stage for future political
developments.

Q. No. 5. What measures were taken for the Democratisation

of British Parliament round the decades?

Measures for the Democratization of the British Parliament

The democratization of the British Parliament has been a gradual process that
unfolded over several decades. Various reforms aimed to expand voting rights,
improve representation, and make the political system more accessible to the
general population. Below are the key measures taken throughout the years.

1. Early Reforms
1.1. Reform Act of 1832
Expanded Franchise: This act increased the number of voters by lowering
property requirements. It granted voting rights to more men, particularly in
industrial towns.
Redistribution of Seats: The act redistributed parliamentary seats to better
represent the growing urban population, reducing the influence of "rotten
boroughs" (areas with very few voters).

1.2. Reform Act of 1867

Further Expansion of Voting Rights: This act further extended the
franchise to urban working-class men, nearly doubling the electorate.
New Constituencies: It created new constituencies to ensure better representation
for urban areas.

2. Further Reforms
2.1. Reform Act of 1884
Extension to Rural Areas: This act extended voting rights to many rural
workers, aligning rural and urban voting rights more closely.

Improved Representation: It also increased the number of constituencies,

allowing for better representation of the populace.

2.2. Representation of the People Act of 1918

Universal Suffrage for Men: This act granted voting rights to all men over
the age of 21, significantly widening the electorate.

Women’s Suffrage: It also allowed women over 30 to vote, marking a crucial

step toward gender equality in voting rights.

3. Post-War Reforms
3.1. Representation of the People Act of 1928
Equal Voting Rights for Women: This act finally gave women equal voting
rights with men, allowing all women over the age of 21 to vote.
Impact on Society: The act was a significant milestone in the fight for gender
equality and democratization in Britain.
3.2. The Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011
Stability in Elections: This act established fixed terms for Parliament, ensuring
that elections would occur at regular intervals, promoting political stability and
accountability.

4. Ongoing Efforts
4.1. Devolution of Powers
Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland: The late 20th century saw the
establishment of devolved parliaments and assemblies in these regions, giving
them greater control over local affairs.
Increased Local Governance: Devolution has enhanced democratic representation
and allowed for policies tailored to the specific needs of different regions.

4.2. Ongoing Electoral Reforms

Proportional Representation Debates: Discussions about adopting proportional
representation continue, aiming to create a more representative electoral system.
Encouraging Voter Participation: Various initiatives are in place to encourage voter
participation, particularly among young people and marginalized communities.

Conclusion
The democratization of the British Parliament has been a complex and ongoing
process, marked by significant reforms aimed at expanding the electorate and
improving representation. From the early Reform Acts to modern-day initiatives,
these measures have collectively worked towards creating a more inclusive and
representative political system in Britain. The journey towards full democracy
reflects broader social changes and the evolving demands of the British populace.

SECTION – B
Q. No. 6. How Britain put a halt to “The policy of Splendid
Isolation”? What were its positive and negative aspects?
Britain’s Shift from the Policy of Splendid Isolation
The term "Splendid Isolation" refers to Britain's foreign policy in the late 19th and
early 20th centuries, characterized by a reluctance to form formal alliances or
participate in continental conflicts. However, by the early 20th century, this policy
began to change. Below is an overview of how Britain put a halt to this policy and
the positive and negative aspects of this shift.

1. Reasons for the Shift

1.1. Growing Threats
Rise of Germany: The unification of Germany in 1871 led to its emergence as a
major power in Europe, causing concern for Britain regarding potential military and
economic competition.
Naval Arms Race: Germany’s naval expansion threatened Britain's supremacy at
sea, prompting a reassessment of its isolationist stance.

1.2. Changing Global Dynamics

Imperial Interests: As Britain sought to protect its vast empire, it realized that
alliances could be essential for safeguarding its overseas territories.
Colonial Conflicts: Conflicts in Africa and Asia highlighted the need for cooperation
with other powers, especially in dealing with colonial rivalries.

2. Key Developments
2.1. The Entente Cordiale (1904)
Agreement with France: Britain signed the Entente Cordiale with France,
marking a significant shift away from isolation. This agreement resolved colonial
disputes and laid the groundwork for closer cooperation.
Strengthened Diplomatic Relations: The agreement fostered a better
relationship between the two countries, helping to counterbalance German
influence in Europe.

2.2. The Anglo-Russian Entente (1907)

Collaboration with Russia: Britain and Russia resolved their differences,
particularly in Central Asia and Persia, leading to the Anglo-Russian Entente.
Formation of Alliances: This agreement further solidified a network of alliances,
helping to encircle Germany and mitigate threats.

3. Positive Aspects of the Shift

3.1. Enhanced Security
Stronger Alliances: By forming alliances, Britain could better protect its interests
and maintain a balance of power in Europe.
Military Cooperation: Collaborations with allies improved military preparedness
and strategic planning.
3.2. Economic Benefits
Trade Opportunities: Stronger diplomatic relations facilitated trade agreements,
enhancing economic ties with other nations.
Colonial Protection: Allies could provide support in defending British colonies,
securing economic interests globally.

4. Negative Aspects of the Shift

4.1. Increased Entanglement
Involvement in European Conflicts: The shift towards alliances meant that
Britain could become entangled in continental wars, leading to military
commitments that might not align with its interests.
Compromised Neutrality: The policy change compromised Britain's traditional
stance of neutrality in European affairs.
4.2. Rise of Tensions
Escalating Rivalries: The formation of alliances contributed to a climate of
mistrust and competition, particularly with Germany, which may have increased
the likelihood of conflict.
World War I: Ultimately, the network of alliances contributed to the outbreak of
World War I, with Britain drawn into a conflict it might have otherwise avoided.

Conclusion
Britain's shift from the policy of Splendid Isolation was driven by evolving global
threats and the need to protect its interests. While the move towards alliances
provided enhanced security and economic benefits, it also brought about increased
entanglement in European conflicts and contributed to the rise of tensions that
culminated in World War I. This shift marked a significant turning point in British
foreign policy, shaping its role in international relations for years to come.

Q. No. 7. Why it is believed by certain circles that after

Decolonization, Britain has been subservient to US-Line of
Action during Cold War and thereafter down to 9/11 and
subsequent years? Do you agree or not? Argue.

Britain’s Subservience to U.S. Line of Action Post-Decolonization

After decolonization, particularly during the Cold War and leading up to events like
9/11, some argue that Britain became increasingly aligned with U.S. foreign policy.
This belief stems from several historical events and shifts in global politics. Below
is an examination of this perspective, along with arguments for and against it.

1. Context of Post-Colonial Relations

1.1. Decolonization
Loss of Empire: Following World War II, Britain rapidly decolonized, losing
control over its vast empire. This shift changed its role on the global stage.
Need for Alliances: With diminished global influence, Britain sought to maintain
relevance through strong alliances, particularly with the United States.

1.2. The Cold War

Ideological Conflict: The Cold War was marked by the struggle between the
capitalist West, led by the U.S., and the communist East, led by the Soviet Union.
British Alignment: Britain found itself aligning closely with U.S. strategies to counter
the Soviet threat.

2. Arguments for Subservience

2.1. Military Alliances
NATO Membership: As a founding member of NATO, Britain committed itself to
collective defense under U.S. leadership, which some see as a sign of subservience.
Joint Military Operations: Britain often participated in military operations led by the
U.S., such as in Korea and later in the Gulf War, reflecting alignment with U.S.
strategies.

2.2. Economic Dependence

Trade Relations: Britain's economic policies increasingly reflected U.S.
interests, with significant trade dependence on American markets and
investments.

Financial Aid: During the post-war period, Britain relied on American financial
support, particularly through the Marshall Plan, which may have influenced its
foreign policy alignment.

2.3. Political Influence

Support for U.S. Policies: Britain often supported U.S. foreign policies,
including interventions in places like Iraq and Afghanistan, indicating alignment
with American objectives rather than pursuing independent actions.
3. Arguments Against the Subservience Perspective
3.1. Strategic Independence
Maintaining National Interests: Proponents of Britain’s strategic
independence argue that the country still prioritized its national interests, even
when aligned with the U.S.
Unique British Foreign Policy: Britain sometimes diverged from U.S. policies, such
as its initial hesitation to invade Iraq in 2003, demonstrating a degree of autonomy.

3.2. Shared Values and Goals

Common Democratic Ideals: The U.S. and Britain share similar democratic values,
leading to natural alignment on various issues rather than subservience.
Global Leadership Role: Britain has historically played a leadership role in global
organizations, such as the United Nations, suggesting it maintained significant
influence on the world stage.

3.3. Evolving Geopolitical Landscape

Changing Global Dynamics: As new global powers emerged, Britain adapted
its foreign policy to address complex international issues rather than simply
following U.S. directives.
Post-9/11 Realities: After 9/11, Britain faced its own security challenges, leading to
a partnership with the U.S. that was based on mutual interests rather than one of
subservience.

Conclusion
The belief that Britain has been subservient to U.S. actions after decolonization is
rooted in historical events and geopolitical dynamics. While there are compelling
arguments for this perspective, including military and economic dependencies,
there are also strong counterarguments highlighting Britain’s strategic
independence and shared values. Ultimately, the relationship between Britain and
the U.S. has been complex, shaped by both cooperation and moments of
divergence, reflecting a balance between national interests and alliance
commitments.

Q. No. 8. Write short Notes on any TWO of the following: (10 each)
(a) Sir Winston Churchil
(b) Britain’s role in EU
(c) Lady Diana

(a) Sir Winston Churchill

Early Life and Career
Birth: Winston Churchill was born on November 30, 1874, in Oxfordshire, England.
Education: He attended the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst and served as an
officer in the British Army.
Political Entry: Churchill began his political career as a Member of Parliament in
1900 and held various government positions over the years.

Leadership During World War II

Prime Minister: Churchill became Prime Minister in 1940, during the height of
World War II. His leadership was crucial in rallying the British people against Nazi
Germany.
Famous Speeches: He is renowned for his inspiring speeches, including phrases like
"We shall fight on the beaches," which motivated the nation during dark times.
Alliance with the U.S.: Churchill fostered a strong alliance with U.S. President
Franklin D. Roosevelt, which was vital for the Allied war effort.

Post-War Influence and Legacy

Post-War Years: After the war, Churchill continued to influence politics, becoming
Prime Minister again in the early 1950s.
Iron Curtain Speech: In 1946, he delivered his famous "Iron Curtain" speech,
warning of the dangers of Soviet expansion in Europe, which highlighted the
emerging Cold War.
Nobel Prize: Churchill received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1953 for his historical
writings and speeches.

Conclusion
Sir Winston Churchill is remembered as one of Britain’s greatest leaders, known for
his determination, oratory skills, and significant role in shaping the outcome of
World War II and the post-war world.

(b) Britain’s Role in the EU

Joining the European Union

Initial Entry: Britain joined the European Economic Community (EEC), the
precursor to the EU, in 1973, alongside Ireland and Denmark.
Economic Benefits: Membership offered access to a larger single market, which was
crucial for trade and economic growth.

Influence within the EU

Policy Shaping: Britain played a significant role in shaping EU policies, particularly
in areas like trade, competition, and environmental regulations.
Financial Contributions: As one of the largest contributors to the EU budget, Britain
helped fund various programs and initiatives.

The Brexit Decision

Referendum: In 2016, Britain held a referendum where 52% of voters chose to leave
the EU, leading to a significant political shift.
Negotiations: Following the vote, the UK government entered complex
negotiations with the EU to determine the terms of its exit, which culminated in
formal departure on January 31, 2020.
Legacy and Future Implications
Post-Brexit Relationships: Britain’s departure from the EU has led to new trade
agreements and adjustments in international relations.
Economic Impact: The long-term effects of Brexit on Britain’s economy and its
relationship with the EU remain topics of discussion and analysis.

Conclusion
Britain’s role in the EU was marked by significant influence and contributions but
ultimately culminated in the historic decision to leave. This move has reshaped
Britain’s political and economic landscape and its relationship with Europe.