LAWS OF MOTION

AUTHOR: NGUYEN VAN HOA

 Vector: review
A vector has magnitude and direction but not position.

y 𝐵 In 2D coordinate:
𝑦𝐵
𝑨𝑩 = (𝒙𝑩 − 𝒙𝑨 , 𝒚𝑩 − 𝒚𝑨 )
b
𝐴𝐵 = 𝒂, 𝒃
L 𝒓 = 𝒂Ԧ𝒊 + 𝒃Ԧ𝒋,
𝐴
𝑦𝐴 (Ԧ𝒊 = 𝟏, 𝟎 ; 𝒋Ԧ = 𝟎, 𝟏 )

𝐋= 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐
O x
𝑥𝐴 a 𝑥𝐵
NGUYEN VAN HOA
 Vector: review
Adding vectors
y
𝑨𝑩 = 𝒂𝟏, 𝒃𝟏
𝐵
𝑩𝑪 = 𝒂𝟐, 𝒃𝟐

𝐶 𝑨𝑩 + 𝑩𝑪 = 𝑨𝑪
𝐴
= 𝒂𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐, 𝒃𝟏 + 𝒃𝟐
= (𝒂𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐)Ԧ𝒊 + (𝒃𝟏 + 𝒃𝟐)Ԧ𝒋
O x

NGUYEN VAN HOA

 Vector: review
Subtracting vectors
y
𝐷
𝑨𝑩 = 𝒂𝟏, 𝒃𝟏

𝐵 𝑩𝑪 = 𝒂𝟐, 𝒃𝟐

𝑨𝑩 − 𝑩𝑪 = 𝑨𝑫

𝐶 = 𝒂𝟏 − 𝒂𝟐, 𝒃𝟏 − 𝒃𝟐
𝐴
= (𝒂𝟏 − 𝒂𝟐)Ԧ𝒊 + (𝒃𝟏 − 𝒃𝟐)Ԧ𝒋
O x

NGUYEN VAN HOA

 Vector: review
Multiplying/dividing a vector by a number.

𝑨𝑩 = 𝒂, 𝒃 ; 𝒌: real number
𝐵
𝐴 𝐷 𝒌 × 𝑨𝑩 = 𝑪𝑫
= 𝒌𝒂, 𝒌𝒃
𝐶 = (𝒌𝒂)Ԧ𝒊 + (𝒌𝒃)Ԧ𝒋

O x
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 Vector: review
Differentiating a vector.

𝒓 = 𝒂, 𝒃 = 𝒂Ԧ𝒊 + 𝒃Ԧ𝒋
If 𝒂, 𝒃 are functions of 𝒕, then:

𝒅𝒓 𝒅𝒂 𝒅𝒃
= 𝒊Ԧ + 𝒋Ԧ
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕

NGUYEN VAN HOA

 LAWS OF MOTION – NEWTON’S LAWS
• First law: in the absence of external forces, 𝑭𝒏𝒆𝒕 = σ 𝑭 = 𝟎 an object
at rest remains at rest and an object in motion continues in motion
with a constant velocity in a straight line.
• Second law: 𝑭𝒏𝒆𝒕 = σ 𝑭 = 𝒎𝒂 = 𝒅𝒑Τ𝒅𝒕 , with 𝒑 = 𝒎𝒗

𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡 = ෍ 𝐹𝑥 , ෍ 𝐹𝑦 , ෍ 𝐹𝑧 = 𝑚. (𝑎𝑥 , 𝑎𝑦 , 𝑎𝑧 )

• Third law:
𝑭𝟏𝟐 = − 𝑭𝟐𝟏
𝑭𝟏𝟐 : obj 1 exerts on obj 2.
𝑭𝟐𝟏 : obj 2 exerts on obj 1.

NGUYEN VAN HOA

 Solving Newton’s laws problems

1. Draw a free-body diagram for each object.

2. Write the equations of Newton's second law.

3. Project equations of Newton's second law on the

axes of a coordinate system.

4. Solve for the unknowns.

5. Check to see whether your results have the

correct units and seem reasonable.

NGUYEN VAN HOA

 Conventional Forces

1. Applied force
• Push, pull, press,…

2. Gravity force
• Every object having mass is
affected by the gravity.

3. Normal force
• When object lying on / in
contact with a surface, the
surface exerts a vertical
normal force on the objects.

NGUYEN VAN HOA

 Conventional Forces
• Newton’s second law:
The book is at rest:
y
𝑭𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝟎 = 𝑭 + 𝑭𝒈 + 𝒏
𝑭 = 𝟎, −𝑭 x
𝑭𝒈 = 𝟎, −𝑭𝒈
𝒏 = 𝟎, 𝒏

• Project equations:
x: 𝟎 + 𝟎 + 𝟎 = 𝟎
⇒ ቊ y: − 𝑭 − 𝑭 + 𝒏 = 𝟎
𝒈

• Solve: 𝒏 = 𝑭 + 𝑭𝒈

NGUYEN VAN HOA

 Conventional Forces
4. Friction force
• 𝑭𝒇𝒓𝒊𝒄 = 𝝁𝒌 × |𝒏|
• Always has the opposite 𝒏
direction of motion.
5. Spring force: Hooke’s law
𝑭𝒇𝒓𝒊𝒄
•𝑭𝒔 = −𝒌𝒙
𝒌 is the force/spring constant; 𝒙 is the
relative position to the equilibrium.

6. Tension force 𝑚𝒈
• When stretching a
rope/chain/string/cord, there
will be a reaction force called
tension force.
NGUYEN VAN HOA
 Conventional Forces
4. Friction force
• 𝑭𝒇𝒓𝒊𝒄 = 𝝁𝒌 × |𝒏|
• Always has the opposite
direction of motion.
5. Spring force: Hooke’s law
•𝑭𝒔 = −𝒌𝒙
𝒌 is the force/spring constant; 𝒙 is the
relative position to the equilibrium.

6. Tension force
• When stretching a
rope/chain/string/cord, there
will be a reaction force called
tension force.
NGUYEN VAN HOA
 Conventional Forces
4. Friction force
• 𝑭𝒇𝒓𝒊𝒄 = 𝝁𝒌 × |𝒏|
• Always has the opposite
direction of motion.
5. Spring force: Hooke’s law
•𝑭𝒔 = −𝒌𝒙
𝒌 is the force/spring constant; 𝒙 is the
relative position to the equilibrium.

6. Tension force
• When stretching a
rope/chain/string/cord, there
will be a reaction force called
tension force.
NGUYEN VAN HOA
 Conventional Forces
4. Friction force
• 𝑭𝒇𝒓𝒊𝒄 = 𝝁𝒌 × |𝒏|
• Always has the opposite
direction of motion.
5. Spring force: Hooke’s law
•𝑭𝒔 = −𝒌𝒙
𝒌 is the force/spring constant; 𝒙 is the
relative position to the equilibrium.

6. Tension force
• When stretching a
rope/chain/string/cord, there
will be a reaction force called
tension force.
NGUYEN VAN HOA
 Example: draw the free-body diagrams
A car of mass m is on an frictionless icy driveway inclined at
an angle 𝜃 as in Figure.

NGUYEN VAN HOA

 Example: draw the free-body diagrams

NGUYEN VAN HOA

 Example: draw the free-body diagrams

When two objects of

unequal mass are hung
vertically over a frictionless
pulley of negligible mass as
in Figure, the arrangement is
called an Atwood machine.

NGUYEN VAN HOA

 Example: draw the free-body diagrams

NGUYEN VAN HOA

 Example: draw the free-body diagrams
A ball of mass 𝑚1 and a block of mass 𝑚2 (> 𝑚1 )are
attached by a lightweight cord that passes over a frictionless
pulley of negligible mass as in Figure. The block lies on a
frictionless incline of angle 𝜃.

NGUYEN VAN HOA

 Example: draw the free-body diagrams

NGUYEN VAN HOA

 Example: draw the free-body diagrams

NGUYEN VAN HOA

 Example - solving problem: 1
The coefficient of static friction between a car’s tires and the
road on a particular day is 0.7. What is the steepest angle of
inclination of the road for which the car can be parked with its
wheels locked and not slide down the hill?

NGUYEN VAN HOA

 Example - solving problem: 1

𝑭𝒇𝒓𝒊𝒄

NGUYEN VAN HOA

 Example - solving problem: 1
• Newton’s second law:
The car doesn’t slide meaning:
𝑭𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝟎 = 𝑷 + 𝒏 + 𝑭𝒇𝒓𝒊𝒄
𝑷 = 𝒎𝒈𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽, −𝒎𝒈𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
𝒏 = 𝟎, 𝒏
𝑭𝒇𝒓𝒊𝒄 = (−𝝁𝒏, 𝟎) 𝑭𝒇𝒓𝒊𝒄

• Project equations:
x : 𝒎𝒈𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 + 𝟎 − 𝝁𝒏 = 𝟎
⇒ቊ
y: − 𝒎𝒈𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 + 𝒏 + 𝟎 = 𝟎 𝑥

• Solve: 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 = 𝝁𝒏Τ𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟕

• ⇒ 𝜽 = 𝟑𝟓°

NGUYEN VAN HOA

 Example - solving problem: 2
An object of mass m1 hangs from a
string that passes over a very light
fixed pulley P1 as shown in Figure.
The string connects to a second
very light pulley P2. A second string
passes around this pulley with one
end attached to a wall and the
other to an object of mass m2 on a
frictionless, horizontal table.
(a) If a1 and a2 are the accelerations of m1 and m2, respectively, what is
the relation between these accelerations?
(b) Find expressions for the tensions in the strings and the
accelerations a1 and a2 in terms of the masses m1 and m2, and g.

NGUYEN VAN HOA

 Example - solving problem: 2

m1 connected to P2, so m1 and P2

have the same accelerations of a1.
We call:
𝑥2 is the position of m2.
𝑑2 𝑥2ൗ
𝑎2 = 𝑑𝑡 2 𝑥2 𝑥𝑝
𝑥𝑝 is the position of P2.
𝑑2 𝑥𝑝൘
𝑑𝑡 2 = 𝑎1
The length of the rope is:
𝑙 = 𝑥𝑝 − 𝑥2 + 𝑥𝑝 + 𝜋𝑟
Derive it twice via time:
𝑑2 𝑥2ൗ 𝑑2 𝑥𝑝൘
𝑑𝑡 2 = 2 𝑑𝑡 2 ⇔ 𝑎2 = 2𝑎1
NGUYEN VAN HOA
 Example - solving problem: 2
𝒂𝟏
𝑦 𝑻𝟐
𝑻𝟏
𝒂𝟐

𝑻𝟐 𝑻𝟐

𝑷𝟐 = 𝒎𝟐 𝒈
𝑻𝟏

𝒂𝟏

𝑥
𝑷𝟏 = 𝒎𝟏 𝒈
NGUYEN VAN HOA
 Example - solving problem: 2

Object m1:
𝑎2 = 2𝑎1 𝑚1 𝑚2
𝑇2 = 𝑔
2𝑚2 + 0.5𝑚1
Object m1: 𝑚1 𝑚2
𝑇1 − 𝑚1 𝑔 = −𝑚1 𝑎1 𝑇1 = 𝑔
𝑚2 + 0.25𝑚1
Object m2: 𝑚1 𝑔
𝑎1 =
𝑇2 = 𝑚2 𝑎2 4𝑚2 + 𝑚1
𝑚1 𝑔
Pulley P2: 𝑎2 =
2𝑚2 + 0.5𝑚1
𝑇1 − 2𝑇2 = 𝑚𝑃2 𝑎1
= 0𝑎1 = 0
NGUYEN VAN HOA
 Example - solving problem: 3
A 500-kg car moving on a flat,
horizontal road negotiates a
curve as shown in Figure. If the
radius of the curve is 35.0 m
and the coefficient of static
friction between the tires and
dry pavement is 0.523, find the
maximum speed the car can
have and still make the turn
successfully?

NGUYEN VAN HOA

 Example - solving problem: 3
𝒂𝒓 𝒂𝒕
|𝑣|2 𝑑𝑣
𝑎Ԧ𝑟 = ; 𝑎Ԧ𝑡 =
𝑅 𝑑𝑡
𝑚|𝑣|2
⇒ 𝐹Ԧ𝑟 =
𝑅

𝒎|𝒗|𝟐
• 𝑭𝒓 = = 𝑭𝒇𝒓𝒊𝒄
𝑹
𝑭𝒓
• 𝑭𝒇𝒓𝒊𝒄 ≤ 𝑭𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒄−𝒇𝒓𝒊𝒄

NGUYEN VAN HOA

 Example - solving problem: 3
𝒂𝒓 𝒂𝒕

𝑚|𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 |2
= 𝐹Ԧ𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐−𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐
𝑅
= 𝜇𝑠 𝑚𝑔

⇒ 𝒗𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝝁𝒔 𝒈𝑹

= 0.523 × (9.8 𝑚/𝑠 2 ) × (35 𝑚)

𝑭𝒓 = 13.4 𝑚/𝑠

NGUYEN VAN HOA

 Inertial force - fictitious force
𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 = −𝒎𝑨 𝑨 is the acceleration of non-
inertial frame relative to the
𝒎𝒂 = 𝑭𝒏𝒆𝒕 + 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 inertial frame.

NGUYEN VAN HOA

 Inertial force: example
An object of mass m = 0.500 kg is suspended from the ceiling
of an accelerating truck as shown in Figure. Taking A = 3.00
m/s2, find:
(a) The angle 𝜃 that the string makes with the vertical.
(b) The tension T in the string.
𝑨

NGUYEN VAN HOA

 Inertial force: example
𝑨
• Newton’s second law:
𝑷 + 𝑻 + 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 = 𝟎
𝑷 = 𝟎, −𝒎𝒈 𝑻
𝑻 = 𝑻𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽, 𝑻𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 = (−𝒎𝑨, 𝟎) 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 = −𝒎𝑨
• Project equations:
𝑦
x : 𝑻𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 − 𝒎𝑨 = 𝟎
⇒ቊ
y: − 𝒎𝒈 + 𝑻𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 + 𝟎 = 𝟎

𝟑 𝒎/𝒔𝟐
• Solve: 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 = 𝑨Τ
𝒈 =
𝟗.𝟖 𝒎/𝒔𝟐
𝒎𝑨 𝑥 𝑷 = 𝒎𝒈
• ⇒ 𝜽 = 𝟏𝟕° ⇒ 𝑻 = =
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
𝟎.𝟓 𝒌𝒈 ×𝟑 𝒎/𝒔𝟐
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟏𝟕°
= 𝟓. 𝟏𝟐 𝑵
NGUYEN VAN HOA
 Thank you for your attention!

End

NGUYEN VAN HOA